¶¶ Unification of GERMANY...

]] European govt tried it's best to unify Germany .

]] but they could not as German Empire was under the rule of king William 4.

]] Prussia took responsibility to unify Germany . OTTO VON BISMARCK was the chief minister of Prussia.

]] otto von Bismarck with the help of Prussian army and bureaucracy took on the leadership of the movement for National unification.

]] 3 wars between 1864- 1870 over 7 years ended in Prussian victory and completed the process of unification.

]] new German Empire was found which was based on legal and judicial system . kASIER William 1 of Prussia headed the new German Empire.



¶¶ Unification of ITALY...


]] Italy was a scattered Empire consisting 7 States. out of 7 only one was governed by European government.

]] sardinia Piedmont was ruled by an Italian princely state.

To understand about unification of Italy we study about 3 person....

1. Giuseppe Mazzini :-
• head of Republican party.
• unification through EDUCATION.

2. Giuseppe Garibaldi :-
• known as hero of Red shirt.
• won support of Italian peasants
• drove out Spanish rulers.

3. Cavour :-
• neither revolutionary nor a Democrat.
• real maker of Italy because he won war against France and Austria through his diplomatic ways.

]] initially a unification programme was initiated by guiseppe mazzini but it failed.

]] chief minister Cavour led the moment with the help of Guiseppe Garibaldi.

]] 1961 victor Emmanuel II was proclaimed king of United Italy.


hope gonna be helpful..!

The unification of Italy and Germany were significant events that occurred in the 19th century. Italy and Germany were once a collection of small states that were divided and weak. However, after a series of political and military struggles, both countries emerged as powerful and unified nations.



Italy was divided into several small states, each with its own rulers and laws. The process of unification started in the mid-19th century, led by Italian nationalists who wanted to create a united, independent Italian state.

• Political instability


• Nationalism


• Desire for economic progress


• Influence of revolutionary ideas

• Giuseppe Garibaldi


• Count Camillo di Cavour


• King Victor Emmanuel II

• Revolutionary uprisings in 1820, 1831, and 1848


• Wars of Independence (1848-1861)


• Unification of Italy (1861)

Germany was also divided into several small states, each with its own ruler and laws. The process of unification started in the mid-19th century, led by German nationalists who wanted to create a united, independent German state.

• Desire for political and economic unity


• Nationalism


• Industrialization


• Influence of revolutionary ideas

• Otto von Bismarck


• King Wilhelm I

• Wars of German Unification (1864-1871)


• Unification of Germany (1871)

In conclusion, the unification of Italy and Germany was a significant event in the 19th century that led to the creation of powerful and unified nations. It was the result of a series of political and military struggles, led by nationalists who wanted to create an independent state. The unification of Italy and Germany had a significant impact on the balance of power in Europe and set the stage for future conflicts.