- The syllabus for UPSC includes the study of the Geological Time Scale, which is a chronological system used by geologists to divide Earth's history into different time intervals.
- The Geological Time Scale is divided into various eons, eras, periods, epochs, and ages, each representing a specific span of time.
- Candidates are expected to have a basic understanding of the major divisions and the significant events that occurred during these time intervals.


- Stratigraphic units refer to the distinct layers of rock or sediment that accumulate over time and can be used to study Earth's history.
- The syllabus may include the study of different stratigraphic units, such as formations, groups, and supergroups.
- Candidates should be familiar with the characteristics and significance of these units in understanding the geological history of a particular region.


- Formations are specific rock units that are defined by their lithology, fossil content, and other distinctive features.
- The syllabus may mention certain formations that are important in the study of geology.
- Candidates should have knowledge about the formation's age, composition, and depositional environment.
- Examples of formations that may be mentioned in the syllabus include the Siwalik Formation, Vindhyan Supergroup, and Deccan Traps.


- Sequence stratigraphy is a branch of geology that studies the vertical and lateral relationships between sedimentary strata.
- It focuses on the identification and interpretation of depositional sequences, which are packages of sediments that were deposited during specific periods of time.
- The syllabus may include the study of sequence stratigraphy and its application in understanding Earth's history and predicting the distribution of sedimentary deposits.


- Fossil assemblages are groups of fossils found within a specific stratigraphic unit.
- The syllabus may mention the study of fossil assemblages and their significance in determining the age and environmental conditions of a particular rock unit.
- Candidates should be familiar with the types of fossils commonly found in different stratigraphic sequences and their use in biostratigraphy and paleoenvironmental reconstructions.

Overall, the syllabus for UPSC may include the study of various stratigraphic sequences and formations, as well as their significance in understanding Earth's geological history. Candidates should be well-versed in the concepts of the Geological Time Scale, stratigraphic units, sequence stratigraphy, and fossil assemblages.