The Rowlatt Act and its Impact on the National Movement

The Rowlatt Act, also known as the Anarchical and Revolutionary Crimes Act, was passed by the Imperial Legislative Council in 1919 in India under the rule of the British Raj. It is named after the committee chairman, Sir Sidney Rowlatt, who introduced the act. The act provided the government with extensive powers to suppress political activities, curtail civil liberties, and detain individuals without trial.

Key Provisions of the Rowlatt Act:
1. Suspension of Civil Liberties: The act allowed the government to arrest and detain individuals without trial for an indefinite period. It suspended the right to habeas corpus, which protects individuals from unlawful detention.
2. Preventive Detention: The act empowered the government to arrest and detain any person suspected of being involved in revolutionary activities or promoting unrest.
3. Prohibition of Public Gatherings: The act prohibited public gatherings and gave the government the authority to disperse any assembly, meeting, or procession.
4. Curbing Freedom of Speech: The act curtailed freedom of speech and expression, making it an offense to criticize government actions.

Impact on the National Movement:
1. Mass Protests: The Rowlatt Act sparked widespread protests and public outrage across India. People from all walks of life, including students, workers, and political leaders, joined the protests.
2. Jallianwala Bagh Massacre: One of the most tragic incidents during the national movement was the Jallianwala Bagh massacre. On April 13, 1919, British troops under the command of General Dyer opened fire on a peaceful gathering in Amritsar, Punjab, resulting in the death of hundreds of innocent people. This brutal act further fueled the resistance against the Rowlatt Act.
3. Non-Cooperation Movement: The Rowlatt Act played a significant role in shaping the Non-Cooperation Movement led by Mahatma Gandhi in 1920. The movement aimed to unite all sections of society to protest against oppressive British policies.
4. Boycott of British Goods: In response to the Rowlatt Act, Indians boycotted British goods and encouraged the use of swadeshi (indigenous) products. This economic boycott served as a form of protest against the unjust law.
5. International Attention: The Rowlatt Act attracted international attention and criticism, highlighting the repressive policies of the British Raj. This led to increased support for the Indian freedom struggle on a global scale.

In conclusion, the Rowlatt Act of 1919 was a repressive legislation that severely curtailed civil liberties and sparked widespread protests and resistance. It played a significant role in shaping the national movement and strengthening the resolve of Indians to fight for their freedom from British colonial rule.