Different Forms of Power Sharing with Common Arrangement

Federal Form of Government:
- In this form of power sharing, powers are divided between the central government and the state governments.
- Both levels of government have their own jurisdiction and powers.
- The central government takes care of matters of national importance such as defense, foreign affairs, and currency.
- The state governments handle issues related to their respective states such as law and order, education, and healthcare.
- Examples of countries with a federal form of government include the United States, Canada, and India.

Horizontal Division of Power:
- This form of power sharing involves the separation of powers between the three branches of government - the legislature, the executive, and the judiciary.
- The legislature is responsible for making laws, the executive enforces laws, and the judiciary interprets laws.
- This division ensures a system of checks and balances where each branch holds the other branches accountable.
- It prevents concentration of power in one branch and safeguards against authoritarian rule.
- This form of power sharing is followed in countries like the United States, where the President is separate from the Congress and the judiciary.

Community Government:
- In this form of power sharing, power is decentralized to local communities or regions.
- It allows communities to have a say in matters that directly affect them.
- Local governments are elected by the people and have the authority to make decisions on local issues.
- This form of power sharing is effective in diverse countries or regions where different communities or ethnic groups have distinct needs and aspirations.
- Examples include Switzerland, where power is shared among cantons, and Belgium, which has a complex system of regional and linguistic divisions.

Power Sharing among Social Groups:
- This form of power sharing involves accommodating various social and cultural groups within a country.
- It is particularly relevant in diverse societies with different religious, linguistic, or ethnic groups.
- Power is shared among different communities, ensuring their representation in decision-making bodies.
- This form of power sharing helps to prevent the domination of one group over others and fosters inclusivity and social harmony.
- Examples include India, which has reserved seats for scheduled castes, scheduled tribes, and other backward classes in legislative bodies to ensure their representation.

Power Sharing between Political Parties:
- In this form of power sharing, different political parties participate in the governance of a country through elections.
- Parties that win elections form the government and exercise power for a specific period of time.
- Opposition parties play a crucial role in providing checks and balances to the ruling party.
- This form of power sharing ensures that different political ideologies and opinions are represented in decision-making processes.
- It promotes democratic values and prevents the concentration of power in one party or individual.
- Examples include parliamentary democracies like the United Kingdom and India, where multiple political parties participate in the electoral process.