The world's richest countries until the 18th century were primarily located in Europe and Asia. These nations amassed significant wealth through various means, including trade, colonization, and natural resources. Here is a detailed explanation of the countries that dominated the global economy during this period.

1. Ming Dynasty (China):
- The Ming Dynasty in China was one of the world's wealthiest nations during the 15th and 16th centuries.
- China's prosperity was fueled by its advanced agricultural techniques, vibrant trade networks, and manufacturing industries.
- The country had a strong economy, thanks to its production of silk, porcelain, and tea, which were highly sought-after commodities in Europe.

2. Ottoman Empire (Turkey):
- The Ottoman Empire emerged as a major economic power during the 16th century.
- Located strategically between Europe, Asia, and Africa, the empire controlled key trade routes, allowing it to dominate the Mediterranean and Middle Eastern trade.
- The empire's wealth was primarily derived from its control over lucrative trade routes, including the Silk Road, which connected Europe with Asia.

3. Spanish Empire:
- Spain became one of the wealthiest countries in Europe during the 16th century due to its vast colonial empire.
- The Spanish conquistadors explored and conquered territories in the Americas, bringing back enormous wealth in the form of gold, silver, and other valuable resources.
- The influx of precious metals from the New World significantly boosted Spain's economy and made it a global superpower.

4. Dutch Republic (Netherlands):
- The Dutch Republic emerged as a powerful economic force during the 17th century, often referred to as the "Dutch Golden Age."
- The Dutch were pioneers in international trade, establishing vast colonial networks and dominating various industries, such as shipbuilding, finance, and textiles.
- The country's economic prosperity was fueled by its merchant fleet, which controlled trade routes across the globe, including the lucrative spice trade with Asia.

5. Great Britain:
- By the 18th century, Great Britain had risen as the world's leading economic power, primarily due to its industrial revolution.
- The country experienced significant advancements in manufacturing, agriculture, and transportation, leading to increased productivity and economic growth.
- British colonies in North America, the Caribbean, and India further contributed to the nation's wealth through trade and the exploitation of resources.

These countries dominated the global economy until the 18th century, amassing immense wealth through trade, colonization, and industrial advancements. Their economic strength allowed them to exert significant influence on the world stage and shape global history.

India and China