Animal bones found at Harappan sites indicate that these animals were domesticated.

The Harappan civilization, also known as the Indus Valley civilization, was one of the most ancient urban civilizations in the world, flourishing around 2600 to 1900 BCE in the region that is now modern-day Pakistan and northwest India. The discovery of animal bones at Harappan sites has provided valuable insights into the relationship between humans and animals during this time period.

1. Importance of Animal Bones
The study of animal bones, known as zooarchaeology, is a crucial aspect of archaeological research. Animal bones found at archaeological sites can reveal important information about the environment, subsistence practices, and cultural practices of the people who lived there. In the case of Harappan sites, the analysis of animal bones has shed light on the domestication of animals by the ancient inhabitants.

2. Evidence of Domestication
The presence of animal bones at Harappan sites indicates that these animals were domesticated. Domestication refers to the process by which humans selectively breed and control the reproduction of animals for various purposes, such as food, labor, or companionship. The domestication of animals was a significant development in human history, as it allowed for the establishment of settled agricultural societies.

3. Types of Animal Bones
The animal bones found at Harappan sites include those of domesticated animals such as cattle, sheep, goats, and pigs. These animals were likely raised for their meat, milk, wool, and other byproducts. The bones of these animals show signs of butchery, such as cut marks and breakage patterns, indicating that they were processed for consumption.

4. Animal Husbandry Practices
The presence of animal bones also provides insights into the animal husbandry practices of the Harappan civilization. For example, the analysis of cattle bones has revealed that the Harappans practiced selective breeding to improve the size and productivity of their cattle herds. The presence of young and old animals in the bone assemblages suggests that the Harappans had a sustainable breeding program.

5. Economic and Social Significance
The domestication of animals had significant economic and social implications for the Harappan civilization. The ability to raise and control animals allowed for the development of a stable food supply, which in turn supported the growth of urban centers. The surplus of animal products, such as meat and dairy, could be traded and used for social and economic purposes, contributing to the overall prosperity of the civilization.

In conclusion, the presence of animal bones at Harappan sites indicates that these animals were domesticated. The analysis of these bones has provided valuable insights into the animal husbandry practices, economic activities, and social organization of the Harappan civilization.