**Science Class 10 Chapter-wise Short Notes**

**1. Chemical Reactions and Equations:**
- Chemical reactions involve the transformation of substances into new substances.
- Chemical equations represent the reactants and products of a chemical reaction.
- Balancing chemical equations ensures the conservation of mass.
- Types of chemical reactions include combination, decomposition, displacement, and redox reactions.

**2. Acids, Bases, and Salts:**
- Acids are sour in taste, turn blue litmus paper red, and have a pH less than 7.
- Bases are bitter in taste, turn red litmus paper blue, and have a pH greater than 7.
- Salts are formed by the neutralization of acids and bases.
- Indicators help in identifying acids and bases.
- The pH scale is used to measure the acidity or basicity of a substance.

**3. Metals and Non-metals:**
- Metals are generally hard, malleable, ductile, and good conductors of heat and electricity.
- Non-metals are generally soft, non-malleable, non-ductile, and poor conductors of heat and electricity.
- Metals and non-metals react with each other to form ionic compounds.
- Certain metals show displacement reactions with acids.
- Metal oxides are basic in nature, while non-metal oxides are acidic in nature.

**4. Carbon and its Compounds:**
- Carbon is a versatile element that forms the basis of all organic compounds.
- Hydrocarbons are compounds made up of carbon and hydrogen.
- Carbon compounds exhibit properties like catenation, isomerism, and allotropy.
- Functional groups determine the properties and reactivity of organic compounds.
- Carbon compounds find applications in various fields, including fuels, plastics, and medicines.

**5. Periodic Classification of Elements:**
- The periodic table arranges elements in order of increasing atomic number.
- Elements in the same group have similar properties and valence electron configurations.
- The modern periodic table contains periods, groups, and blocks.
- Metals, non-metals, and metalloids are distributed across the periodic table.
- Periodic trends include atomic size, ionization energy, electronegativity, and metallic character.

**6. Life Processes:**
- All living organisms carry out essential life processes like nutrition, respiration, transportation, and excretion.
- Plants prepare their own food through photosynthesis, while animals obtain food by various means.
- Cellular respiration releases energy from food molecules.
- Transportation is the movement of substances within a living organism.
- Excretion is the process of removing waste products from the body.

**7. Control and Coordination:**
- Nervous and hormonal systems help in control and coordination in animals.
- The nervous system consists of neurons that transmit electrical impulses.
- The endocrine system secretes hormones that regulate body functions.
- Reflex actions are automatic and rapid responses to stimuli.
- Coordination in plants is achieved through plant hormones.

**8. How do Organisms Reproduce?:**
- Reproduction ensures the continuity of a species.
- Asexual reproduction involves the production of offspring without the involvement of gametes.
- Sexual reproduction involves the fusion of male and female gametes.
- Fertilization leads to the formation of a zygote, which develops into a new individual.
- Reproductive health includes aspects like safe sex, contraception, and

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