Explanation:

Cellular genes which take part in producing cancer are known as cellular oncogens. These genes are normal genes in the human body that have the potential to become cancer-causing genes when mutations occur.

Proto-oncogenes:

Proto-oncogenes are normal genes that regulate cell growth and differentiation. They can undergo mutation and become oncogenes. Proto-oncogenes can be activated by mutation, chromosomal translocation, gene amplification or changes in gene expression.

Oncogenes:

Oncogenes are genes that have undergone mutation and have the ability to cause cancer. They are dominant genes, meaning that a single copy of the mutated gene is sufficient to cause cancer.

Activation mechanism of oncogenes:

Oncogenes can be activated by various mechanisms including:

- Point mutations: a single nucleotide change in the DNA sequence of the gene.
- Gene amplification: an increase in the number of copies of the gene in the genome.
- Chromosomal translocation: a rearrangement of chromosomes that results in the fusion of two genes.
- Gene regulation: changes in gene expression that result in increased activity of the gene.

Examples of cellular oncogenes:

- Ras: A family of genes that encode proteins involved in cell signaling pathways. Mutations in the Ras genes have been found in many types of human cancers including lung, colon and pancreatic cancer.
- MYC: A gene that regulates cell growth and division. Amplification of the MYC gene has been found in many types of cancer including breast and lung cancer.
- BCL2: A gene that blocks programmed cell death. Overexpression of the BCL2 gene has been found in many types of cancer including lymphoma and leukemia.

Conclusion:

Cellular oncogenes are normal genes that have undergone mutations and have the potential to cause cancer. They can be activated by various mechanisms and play a critical role in the development of cancer. Understanding the mechanisms of oncogene activation is important for the development of targeted cancer therapies.

Proto-oncogenes are mutated into oncogenes .... here cellular oncogenes are known to take part in producing the cancer