Technological Change in Europe by the Eleventh Century:
- Advancements in Agriculture: By the eleventh century, Europe saw significant advancements in agricultural technology. The introduction of the heavy plow, horse collar, and rotating crops improved agricultural productivity.
- Urbanization and Trade: The growth of cities and towns led to the development of new technologies such as water mills, windmills, and improved navigation tools. This facilitated trade and commerce.
- Medieval Inventions: The eleventh century saw the rise of medieval inventions like the compass, mechanical clocks, and the blast furnace. These inventions revolutionized navigation, timekeeping, and metallurgy.
- Architecture and Engineering: European architecture flourished with the construction of cathedrals, castles, and bridges. Advancements in engineering techniques and tools like the use of flying buttresses and pointed arches were notable.

Effects of Technological Changes:
- Economic Growth: The technological advancements in agriculture and trade led to increased food production and economic prosperity. Urbanization and trade boosted commerce and created new opportunities for merchants.
- Cultural Exchange: The developments in navigation and exploration facilitated cultural exchange between Europe and other regions. This led to the exchange of ideas, knowledge, and goods.
- Social Changes: The growth of cities and towns created a shift from rural to urban living. This transformation in demographics and lifestyles impacted social structures and norms.
- Scientific Progress: The innovations in medieval inventions laid the foundation for further scientific progress in Europe. These technological changes contributed to the advancement of knowledge in various fields.
Overall, the technological changes in Europe by the eleventh century had a profound impact on society, economy, and culture, setting the stage for further developments in the centuries to come.