Technological Changes in Europe by the Eleventh Century:
- The eleventh century saw significant technological advancements in Europe, particularly in the fields of agriculture, architecture, and warfare.
- One of the most notable changes was the introduction of the heavy plow, which allowed for more efficient and effective farming practices.
- The development of water mills and windmills also revolutionized the way that grains were processed, leading to increased agricultural production.
- In architecture, the widespread use of pointed arches and ribbed vaults allowed for the construction of larger and more elaborate buildings, such as cathedrals and castles.
- Additionally, advancements in military technology, such as the use of stirrups and improved armor, gave European armies a significant advantage in warfare.

Effects of Technological Changes:
- The technological changes of the eleventh century had a profound impact on European society and economy.
- The increased agricultural productivity led to population growth and urbanization, as well as the rise of a merchant class.
- The construction of grand cathedrals and castles served as symbols of power and wealth, and contributed to the cultural and political dominance of Europe.
- The advancements in military technology allowed European kingdoms to expand their territories and exert control over neighboring regions.
- Overall, the technological changes of the eleventh century laid the foundation for the development of medieval Europe and set the stage for further innovations in the centuries to come.