Evolution of Development Administration in India
The evolution of development administration in India reflects the changing socio-economic landscape from the Nehruvian era to the post-liberalization phase. Here are the key stages:
Nehruvian Era (1947-1964)
- Planned Development: The cornerstone was the establishment of the Planning Commission in 1950, focusing on five-year plans to enhance economic growth.
- Emphasis on Social Justice: Initiatives like the Community Development Programme aimed to empower rural populations and promote self-sufficiency.
Green Revolution (1960s-1980s)
- Agricultural Transformation: Introduction of high-yield crop varieties and modern farming techniques increased food production, making India self-sufficient in food grains by the 1970s.
- Institutional Framework: The establishment of institutions like the Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI) played a pivotal role in agricultural research.
Gandhian Approach (1970s-1980s)
- Integrated Rural Development: Programmes like the Integrated Rural Development Programme (IRDP) focused on poverty alleviation through self-employment and skill development.
- Participatory Development: Emphasis on grassroots participation through local self-governance institutions like Panchayati Raj.
Post-Liberalization Phase (1991-Present)
- Economic Reforms: The 1991 economic liberalization led to a shift towards a market-oriented economy, promoting privatization and foreign investment.
- Public-Private Partnerships (PPP): Increased focus on infrastructure development through PPP models, exemplified by the National Highway Development Project.
Digital Revolution (2000s-Present)
- E-Governance Initiatives: Programs like Digital India aim to enhance service delivery and transparency through technology.
- Data-Driven Decision Making: Use of big data and analytics in policy formulation to address urbanization and demographic changes.
Conclusion
The evolution of development administration in India showcases a shift from a state-led approach to a more participatory, market-driven model, adapting to the challenges of globalization and technological advancement.