Explanation:

Hybridization of Carbon Atom in Aryl Halides:

In aryl halides, the carbon atom is sp2-hybridized.

What is Hybridization?

Hybridization is the process of mixing atomic orbitals of similar energy to form new hybrid orbitals. These hybrid orbitals have different shapes and energies, which allows them to bond with other atoms.

Hybridization in Carbon Atom:

Carbon is an element that can form different types of hybrid orbitals, depending on its bonding environment. The most common hybridizations of carbon are sp3, sp2, and sp.

Explanation of sp2 Hybridization in Aryl Halides:

Aryl halides are organic compounds that contain a halogen atom (such as chlorine, bromine, or iodine) attached to an aromatic ring. The carbon atom in aryl halides is bonded to three other atoms: two carbon atoms and one halogen atom.

In aryl halides, the carbon atom is sp2-hybridized. This means that it forms three sigma bonds by overlapping its sp2 hybrid orbitals with the orbitals of other atoms. The remaining p orbital of carbon is unhybridized and forms a pi bond with the aromatic ring.

Explanation of sp2 Hybridization:

In sp2 hybridization, one s orbital and two p orbitals of carbon atom undergo hybridization to form three sp2 hybrid orbitals. The three hybrid orbitals are arranged in a trigonal planar geometry, with bond angles of approximately 120 degrees.

The remaining p orbital is perpendicular to the plane of the sp2 hybrid orbitals and forms a pi bond with the aromatic ring. This pi bond is responsible for the delocalized electron system in the aromatic ring.

Importance of sp2 Hybridization in Aryl Halides:

The sp2 hybridization of the carbon atom in aryl halides allows for the formation of strong sigma bonds with the carbon and halogen atoms. This makes aryl halides stable and resistant to chemical reactions.

The unhybridized p orbital of carbon in aryl halides also contributes to the stability of the molecule by participating in the delocalized pi electron system of the aromatic ring. The delocalized pi electrons provide additional stability and contribute to the unique properties of aryl halides.

Conclusion:

In conclusion, the carbon atom in aryl halides is sp2-hybridized. This hybridization allows for the formation of strong sigma bonds and contributes to the stability and unique properties of aryl halides.