**India as a Federal Country**

India is often described as a federal country due to its unique system of governance that combines both unitary and federal elements. The federal nature of India's political system is evident in various aspects, including the distribution of powers between the central government and the state governments, the existence of a written constitution, and the presence of an independent judiciary.

**Distribution of Powers**

One of the key features of a federal system is the division of powers between the central and state governments. In India, this division is clearly defined in the Constitution. The Constitution of India delineates a list of subjects on which the central government has exclusive jurisdiction (Union List), a list of subjects on which the state governments have exclusive jurisdiction (State List), and a list of subjects on which both the central and state governments can make laws (Concurrent List). This distribution of powers ensures that both levels of government have their respective areas of authority and can function independently within their spheres.

**Written Constitution**

Another characteristic of federalism is the presence of a written constitution that serves as the supreme law of the land. In India, the Constitution is a comprehensive document that outlines the powers, functions, and responsibilities of the central and state governments, as well as the fundamental rights and duties of the citizens. The Constitution provides a framework for the functioning of the government and establishes the principles and institutions that uphold federalism in the country.

**Independent Judiciary**

A robust and independent judiciary is crucial for maintaining the federal structure of a country. In India, the judiciary plays a vital role in interpreting and upholding the Constitution. The Supreme Court of India acts as the guardian of the Constitution and has the power to adjudicate disputes between the central and state governments. It ensures that the distribution of powers between the two levels of government is respected and upheld.

**Conclusion**

India's federal nature can be attributed to the distribution of powers between the central and state governments, the existence of a written constitution, and the presence of an independent judiciary. These aspects contribute to a system of governance that allows for the coexistence and cooperation of the central and state governments while safeguarding the rights and interests of the citizens.

Federalism is a form of govt in which power is divided between central authority and subunits (state govt.).... *Central govt. can't pass any order to state govt or State govt. is not answerable to central govt. Moreover, India follows Holding Together Federalism in which a large country divides it power among subunits (states)..... in this form of Federalism central authority is more powerful