, the different forms of communalism in politics are
1) the most common expression of communalism is in everyday believe this involve religious prejudice setrotypes types of religious communities and beliefs in the superiority of one's religion over other religion
.2) a communal mind often wants to dominate one's own religious community.
3) political mobilisation on religious lines is another frequent form of communalism this involves the use of scared symbols religious leaders emotional appeal and also pain fear in o in order to bring the followers of one religion together in the political Arena.
4) sometimes communalism takes it ugliest form in communal violence riots and massacre. India and Pakistan suffered some of the worst communal riots at the time of partition the post independence period has also been large scale communal violence.

Introduction:

Communalism refers to the belief that individuals should be primarily loyal to their own religious or ethnic group rather than to the wider society. It often manifests in politics through the promotion of communal identities and the exploitation of religious or ethnic divisions for political gain. There are several different forms of communalism in politics, each with its own characteristics and implications.

Types of Communalism in Politics:

1. Religious Communalism:
- This form of communalism involves the promotion of a particular religious identity as the basis for political mobilization and power.
- Political parties or leaders may use religious symbols, rhetoric, and appeals to mobilize support and consolidate power.
- It often leads to the exclusion or marginalization of religious minorities and the reinforcement of religious divisions within society.

2. Ethnic Communalism:
- Ethnic communalism focuses on promoting the interests of a particular ethnic group in the political sphere.
- It involves the mobilization of ethnic identity and the use of ethnic symbols, language, and cultural markers to rally support.
- Ethnic communalism can lead to tensions, conflicts, and discrimination against other ethnic groups, often resulting in social fragmentation.

3. Regional Communalism:
- Regional communalism centers around the assertion of regional identity and interests in politics.
- It often involves demands for greater autonomy or regional self-determination, driven by a sense of regional distinctiveness.
- Regional communalism can lead to tensions between different regions within a country and can undermine national cohesion.

4. Caste Communalism:
- Caste communalism is rooted in the hierarchical caste system prevalent in certain societies.
- It involves the mobilization of caste-based identities and the exploitation of caste divisions for political gain.
- Caste communalism perpetuates social inequalities, discrimination, and oppression based on caste, hindering social progress.

5. Secular Communalism:
- Secular communalism may seem contradictory, but it refers to the exploitation of secular ideologies for communal purposes.
- It involves the manipulation of secular ideologies, such as nationalism or socialism, to further communal interests and divisions.
- Secular communalism can undermine the principles of inclusivity, equality, and secularism in society.

Conclusion:

Communalism in politics takes various forms, each with its own characteristics and consequences. Whether based on religion, ethnicity, region, caste, or even secular ideologies, communalism often reinforces divisions, promotes exclusivity, and hampers social cohesion. It is important to recognize and address these forms of communalism in order to foster a more inclusive and harmonious society.