India is a holding together federation
power is divided between different levels of govt.
central govt. is more powerful
different constituent units of federation have unequal powers
some units are granted special powers
eg: jammu& kashmir has its own contitution
some special provisions exist for states like assam
union territories enjoy very little power
HOLDING TOGETHER
second route of formation of federalism
power is divided between state and central govts. in a country
absence of pooling sovereignity and retaining identity
central govt. is more powerful
eg:India,Spain,Belgium

Introduction:
India is often referred to as a "holding together federation" due to its unique federal structure. The country has a federal system where power is shared between the central government and the state governments. This system has helped to keep India united despite its diversity.

Reasons why India is called a holding together federation:

1. Diversity: India is a diverse country with different religions, cultures, languages, and ethnicities. The federal system allows for the recognition and protection of these differences, which helps to promote unity in diversity.

2. Decentralization of power: The Indian Constitution divides power between the central government and the state governments. This decentralization of power allows for the state governments to have autonomy in making decisions that are specific to their state. This helps to prevent the concentration of power in the central government, which can lead to authoritarianism.

3. Flexible Constitution: The Indian Constitution is flexible and can be amended to accommodate changing circumstances. This flexibility has allowed for the inclusion of new states into the Indian Union and the devolution of power to the state governments.

4. Cultural nationalism: India's cultural nationalism is based on the idea of unity in diversity. This idea promotes the idea of a shared national identity while also recognizing and respecting the diversity of the country.

5. Shared history: India has a shared history that dates back thousands of years. This shared history helps to promote a sense of shared identity and unity among the people of India.

Conclusion:
India's federal system has helped to keep the country united and promote unity in diversity. The decentralization of power, flexible Constitution, cultural nationalism, and shared history all contribute to India's unique federal structure. The country's federal system allows for the recognition and protection of diversity while also promoting a shared national identity.