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Name any two states where over irrigation is responsible for land degradation .?
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**States where over irrigation is responsible for land degradation**

Over irrigation can lead to land degradation in various states around the world. Two examples of states where over irrigation has caused land degradation are:

1. Punjab, India:
Punjab is a state located in northern India that is known as the "Granary of India" due to its high agricultural productivity. However, over irrigation has resulted in significant land degradation in this region.

**Causes and impacts of over irrigation in Punjab:**
- Excessive groundwater extraction: Farmers in Punjab heavily rely on groundwater for irrigation, leading to over-extraction of water. This has caused a decline in the water table, making it necessary for farmers to dig deeper wells to access water.
- Waterlogging and salinization: Over irrigation has resulted in waterlogging and subsequent salinization of the soil. Waterlogging occurs when the soil becomes saturated with water, preventing proper root growth and oxygen supply to plants. Salinization refers to the accumulation of salts in the soil, making it unsuitable for cultivation.
- Decreased soil fertility: Continuous over irrigation without proper drainage systems has led to leaching of essential nutrients from the soil. This has resulted in decreased soil fertility, affecting crop productivity.
- Groundwater depletion: Over irrigation has caused a significant decrease in the groundwater levels in Punjab. This not only affects agriculture but also poses a threat to the availability of drinking water.

2. California, United States:
California is a state in the western United States known for its agricultural productivity. However, over irrigation has led to land degradation in various parts of the state.

**Causes and impacts of over irrigation in California:**
- Unsustainable water use: California has a Mediterranean climate with limited rainfall, leading to heavy reliance on irrigation for agriculture. Over irrigation practices have resulted in unsustainable water use, leading to depletion of groundwater reserves and reduced surface water availability.
- Soil erosion: Over irrigation can cause excessive runoff, leading to soil erosion. When water is applied in excess, it can wash away the topsoil, which is rich in nutrients and essential for plant growth.
- Saltwater intrusion: Overuse of groundwater due to over irrigation can lead to saltwater intrusion in coastal areas. This occurs when excessive pumping of groundwater creates a pressure gradient, allowing saltwater to infiltrate freshwater aquifers. This makes the groundwater unsuitable for irrigation and can lead to the degradation of agricultural land.
- Environmental impact: Over irrigation contributes to the depletion of water resources, which can have detrimental effects on ecosystems and wildlife. It can also lead to the loss of wetlands, which are important habitats for various species.

In both Punjab, India, and California, United States, over irrigation has resulted in land degradation, decreased agricultural productivity, and the depletion of water resources. Adapting sustainable irrigation practices, such as improved water management techniques, precision irrigation, and the use of efficient irrigation systems, is crucial to mitigate the negative impacts of over irrigation and ensure the long-term sustainability of agricultural practices.
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Read the extract given below and answer the questions that follows:We have shared our land with the past generations and will have to do so with the future generations too. Ninety-five per cent of our basic needs for food, shelter and clothing are obtained from land. Human activities have not only brought about degradation of land but have also aggravated the pace of natural forces to cause damage to land. Some human activities such as deforestation, overgrazing, mining and quarrying too have contributed significantly in land degradation. Mining sites are abandoned after excavation work is complete leaving deep scars and traces of overburdening. In states like Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh and Odisha deforestation due to mining have caused severe land degradation. In states like Gujarat, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra overgrazing is one of the main reasons for land degradation. In the states of Punjab, Haryana, western Uttar Pradesh, over irrigation is responsible for land degradation due to water logging leading to increase in salinity and alkalinity in the soil. The mineral processing like grinding of limestone for cement industry and calcite and soapstone for ceramic industry generate huge quantity of dust in the atmosphere. It retards the process of infiltration of water into the soil after it settles down on the land. In recent years, industrial effluents as waste have become a major source of land and water pollution in many parts of the country.Answer the following MCQs by choosing the most appropriate option:Name some Indian states which are deforested due to mining and overgrazing activities.

Read the extract given below and answer the questions that follows:We have shared our land with the past generations and will have to do so with the future generations too. Ninety-five per cent of our basic needs for food, shelter and clothing are obtained from land. Human activities have not only brought about degradation of land but have also aggravated the pace of natural forces to cause damage to land. Some human activities such as deforestation, overgrazing, mining and quarrying too have contributed significantly in land degradation. Mining sites are abandoned after excavation work is complete leaving deep scars and traces of overburdening. In states like Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh and Odisha deforestation due to mining have caused severe land degradation. In states like Gujarat, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra overgrazing is one of the main reasons for land degradation. In the states of Punjab, Haryana, western Uttar Pradesh, over irrigation is responsible for land degradation due to water logging leading to increase in salinity and alkalinity in the soil. The mineral processing like grinding of limestone for cement industry and calcite and soapstone for ceramic industry generate huge quantity of dust in the atmosphere. It retards the process of infiltration of water into the soil after it settles down on the land. In recent years, industrial effluents as waste have become a major source of land and water pollution in many parts of the country.Answer the following MCQs by choosing the most appropriate option:Which of the following activities leads to land degradation?

Read the extract given below and answer the questions that follows:We have shared our land with the past generations and will have to do so with the future generations too. Ninety-five per cent of our basic needs for food, shelter and clothing are obtained from land. Human activities have not only brought about degradation of land but have also aggravated the pace of natural forces to cause damage to land. Some human activities such as deforestation, overgrazing, mining and quarrying too have contributed significantly in land degradation. Mining sites are abandoned after excavation work is complete leaving deep scars and traces of overburdening. In states like Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh and Odisha deforestation due to mining have caused severe land degradation. In states like Gujarat, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra overgrazing is one of the main reasons for land degradation. In the states of Punjab, Haryana, western Uttar Pradesh, over irrigation is responsible for land degradation due to water logging leading to increase in salinity and alkalinity in the soil. The mineral processing like grinding of limestone for cement industry and calcite and soapstone for ceramic industry generate huge quantity of dust in the atmosphere. It retards the process of infiltration of water into the soil after it settles down on the land. In recent years, industrial effluents as waste have become a major source of land and water pollution in many parts of the country.Answer the following MCQs by choosing the most appropriate option:With whom do we share our land?

Read the extract given below and answer the questions that follows:We have shared our land with the past generations and will have to do so with the future generations too. Ninety-five per cent of our basic needs for food, shelter and clothing are obtained from land. Human activities have not only brought about degradation of land but have also aggravated the pace of natural forces to cause damage to land. Some human activities such as deforestation, overgrazing, mining and quarrying too have contributed significantly in land degradation. Mining sites are abandoned after excavation work is complete leaving deep scars and traces of overburdening. In states like Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh and Odisha deforestation due to mining have caused severe land degradation. In states like Gujarat, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra overgrazing is one of the main reasons for land degradation. In the states of Punjab, Haryana, western Uttar Pradesh, over irrigation is responsible for land degradation due to water logging leading to increase in salinity and alkalinity in the soil. The mineral processing like grinding of limestone for cement industry and calcite and soapstone for ceramic industry generate huge quantity of dust in the atmosphere. It retards the process of infiltration of water into the soil after it settles down on the land. In recent years, industrial effluents as waste have become a major source of land and water pollution in many parts of the country.Answer the following MCQs by choosing the most appropriate option:What harm does the mineral processing and cement industry do to the environment and land?

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Name any two states where over irrigation is responsible for land degradation .?
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