Law of dominance states that when mono hybrid cross takes place between two organisms only a single character is observed in F1 generation such characters are known as dominant character and which is not a observed in f1 generation is called recessive character example when a cross takes place between two pea plant only tallness is observed in f1 generation.

Law of segregation states that the genes that are present together for long time but did not affect Each Other but after sometime they get segregated It is seen when result of F1 generation undergoes self pollination in monohybrid cross. when F1 generation plant of monohybrid cross undergoes self pollination result of F2 generation Are geno typically and pheno typically different.
A ccording to the law of independent assortment the character or traits are independently inherited.

Law of Dominance
- The Law of Dominance, proposed by Gregor Mendel, states that in a heterozygous organism (having two different alleles for a trait), one allele may dominate the other.
- The dominant allele is expressed in the phenotype, while the recessive allele is masked.
- For example, in pea plants, the allele for purple flowers (P) is dominant over the allele for white flowers (p). Thus, a plant with the genotype Pp will have purple flowers.

Law of Segregation
- The Law of Segregation states that during gamete formation, the two alleles for a trait separate from each other.
- Each gamete receives only one allele from each pair, ensuring that offspring inherit one allele from each parent.
- For instance, in a cross between two heterozygous pea plants (Pp x Pp), the possible gametes are P and p, leading to a phenotypic ratio of 3:1 in the offspring.

Law of Independent Assortment
- The Law of Independent Assortment states that alleles for different traits segregate independently of one another during gamete formation.
- This principle applies to genes located on different chromosomes or far apart on the same chromosome.
- In a dihybrid cross (e.g., AaBb x AaBb), the inheritance of one trait does not influence the inheritance of another, resulting in a phenotypic ratio of 9:3:3:1.
These laws form the foundation of classical genetics, explaining how traits are inherited from one generation to the next. Understanding these principles is essential for studying heredity and genetic variation.