UPSC Daily Current Affairs: 13th June 2025 | Current Affairs & Hindu Analysis: Daily, Weekly & Monthly PDF Download

GS3/Defence & Security

Passage Exercise in the North Arabian Sea

Source: The Hindu

The Passage Exercise (PASSEX) recently took place in the North Arabian Sea, showcasing enhanced operational collaboration between the Indian Navy and the United Kingdom's naval forces.

Key Takeaways

• The exercise involved key assets from both navies, including the Indian stealth frigate INS Tabar and the UK's HMS Prince of Wales.
• It demonstrated advanced operational coordination and interoperability between Indian and UK naval forces.
• Joint tactical maneuvers and unified helicopter control operations were significant highlights of the exercise.
• The exercise underscored the combat readiness and operational strength of Indian naval units.

Additional Details

• Strategic Importance: The North Arabian Sea is a crucial maritime corridor for global trade, particularly for energy shipments.
• The joint exercise reflects the commitment of India and the UK to maritime stability and the safeguarding of sea lines of communication.
• Both navies exhibited high-end combat capabilities, with submarines and warships performing complex maritime tasks effectively.

In conclusion, the PASSEX exercise not only strengthens the operational ties between India and the UK but also serves as a demonstration of their readiness to project a credible naval presence in the Indo-Pacific region.

GS2/Polity

Navigating the Legal and Ethical Crisis in Higher Judiciary

Source: Live Law

Why in News?

Recent allegations against sitting High Court judges, particularly the case involving Justice Yashwant Varma, have brought to light the pressing need to examine the constitutional, legal, and ethical dimensions of judicial accountability in India. This situation highlights the delicate balance between judicial independence and accountability, which is increasingly relevant in discussions of governance, polity, ethics, and law.

Key Takeaways

• The ongoing debate centers around the question: “Who judges the judges?”
• Judicial accountability mechanisms are under scrutiny following serious allegations.
• There is a tension between maintaining judicial independence and ensuring accountability.

Additional Details

• Constitutional Safeguards: The judiciary's independence is protected by several constitutional provisions, including Articles 124 and 217, which govern the removal of judges for proven misbehavior or incapacity.
• Judges (Protection) Act, 1985: This act provides a framework for investigating judicial misconduct and ensures protections for judges while maintaining accountability.
• Recent Case of Justice Yashwant Varma: The discovery of burnt currency at his residence led to an in-house investigation and a recommendation for impeachment, raising questions about procedural lapses in the inquiry.
• Legal Position: As established in the Veeraswami Case (1991), judges can only be prosecuted with the consent of the Chief Justice of India, ensuring a balance between accountability and protection from harassment.
• Global Frameworks: The judicial accountability frameworks in countries like the US, Canada, and Australia offer insights into best practices for initial investigations and legislative involvement.

In conclusion, the judiciary's strength lies in its ability to remain free from political interference while being responsive to constitutional accountability. Recent incidents underscore the need for legislative reforms, administrative clarity, and a commitment to ethical standards to uphold the integrity of India's justice system.

GS2/Polity

Global Gender Gap Report 2025

Source: The Hindu

Why in News?

India has been ranked 131 out of 148 countries in the World Economic Forum's Global Gender Gap Report 2025, experiencing a decrease of two places from the previous year.

Key Takeaways

• India's gender parity score is 64.1%, placing it among the lowest in South Asia.
• Significant improvements noted in female literacy and tertiary education enrollment.
• India shows progress in Economic Participation and Opportunity, with a score increase of 0.9% to 40.7%.
• A slight decline in political empowerment, with female representation in Parliament dropping from 14.7% to 13.8%.
• Iceland remains the top-ranked country in gender equality for the 16th year, achieving 92.6% parity.

Additional Details

• Global Gender Gap Index: This annual index measures gender equality across four key areas: economic participation and opportunity, educational attainment, health and survival, and political empowerment. It has been tracking progress since 2006.
• In the 2024 report, India scored 97.1% in female literacy and tertiary education enrollment, indicating notable advancements.
• The index reveals that eight of the top ten most gender-equal countries are from Europe, highlighting regional disparities in gender equality.
• The bottom 10 countries, including Pakistan, Sudan, Chad, and Iran, show significant gender disparities.

In conclusion, while India has made strides in certain areas of gender equality, challenges remain, particularly in political representation. The Global Gender Gap Report serves as a critical tool in measuring progress and identifying areas needing improvement.

GS3/Environment

AviList 2025: World’s First Unified Global Bird Checklist

Source: DTE

Why in News?

The Working Group on Avian Checklists has announced the release of AviList, marking the world's first unified global bird checklist. This initiative aims to standardize bird classification, thereby enhancing global research and conservation efforts.

Key Takeaways

• AviList is the first comprehensive global checklist of bird species, launched on June 12, 2025.
• Developed by a coalition of organizations including BirdLife International, Cornell Lab of Ornithology, International Ornithologists’ Union, American Ornithologists’ Society, and Avibase.

Additional Details

• Purpose: The checklist seeks to eliminate confusion stemming from conflicting taxonomies and improve global coordination in bird research and conservation.
• Standalone feature: AviList replaces multiple resources like the IOC World Bird List and Clements Checklist with a single, consensus-based taxonomy.
• Accessibility: It is freely available at www.avilist.org and will be updated annually to reflect the latest scientific consensus.
• Target Users: AviList serves ornithologists, birdwatchers, conservationists, researchers, and policymakers worldwide.
• Key Features:
  • Standardized Taxonomy: Merges input from global and regional checklists for taxonomic consistency.
  • Comprehensive Coverage: Includes 11,131 species, 19,879 subspecies, 2,376 genera, 252 families, and 46 orders.
  • Consensus-Driven Process: Taxonomic decisions are based on structured assessments and expert committee voting.
  • Transparency in Changes: Offers justifications for taxonomic updates, particularly for disputed species.
  • Living Document: Designed to evolve with new scientific discoveries and updates.
  • Conservation Impact: Enhances biodiversity assessments and conservation planning by clarifying species boundaries.

In conclusion, AviList represents a significant advancement in avian research and conservation, fostering collaboration and clarity in the field.

GS3/Environment

Birth of a Mouse Deer at Indira Gandhi Zoological Park

Source: TOI

Why in News?

The Indira Gandhi Zoological Park (IGZP) recently announced a significant achievement in its conservation and breeding efforts with the birth of a mouse deer within the zoo premises.

Key Takeaways

• The mouse deer, also known as the Indian Chevrotain, is the smallest species of deer.
• It has a shy and elusive nature, making it a unique animal in the deer family.
• The species plays a vital role in its ecosystem as a seed disperser.

Additional Details

• Physical Features: The Indian spotted chevrotain has dark brown fur with white underparts. It features four to five light rows of white spots on its back. Males possess tusk-like upper canines.
• Unique Adaptation: Unlike other ruminants, mouse deer have a three-chambered stomach instead of a typical four-chambered stomach.
• Diet: Their diet consists of fruits, roots, leaves, and herbs found on the forest floor. They have also been observed consuming insects, crustaceans, and small mammals.
• Distribution: This species is endemic to the Indian Subcontinent, predominantly found in peninsular India, with historical records from Nepal. A separate species exists in Sri Lanka, known as Moschiola meminna. In India, they are commonly found in various forested regions, including the Western and Eastern Ghats, and central India.
• Ecological Role: The mouse deer is important in the forest ecosystem, acting as a seed disperser and serving as prey for many large and small carnivores.
• Conservation Status: According to the IUCN, the species is classified as Least Concern and is listed under Schedule I of the Wildlife Protection Act (1972).

The successful breeding of the mouse deer at IGZP highlights the importance of conservation efforts aimed at protecting this unique species and its habitat.

GS2/International Relations

International Organization for Marine Aids to Navigation

Source: PIB

Why in News?

India recently took on a significant role as the Vice President of the International Organization for Marine Aids to Navigation (IALA), participating in the 2nd Session of the IALA Council held in Nice, France. This event highlights India's commitment to enhancing maritime safety and navigation standards globally.

Key Takeaways

• IALA was established in 1957 as a Non-Governmental Organization (NGO).
• In 2024, it transitioned to an Intergovernmental Organization (IGO) after a Convention ratified by 34 States.
• IALA serves as the key decision-making body for marine aids to navigation.

Additional Details

• Aims:The organization aims to foster the safe, economic, and efficient movement of vessels by:
  • Improving and harmonizing aids to navigation worldwide.
  • Encouraging support and communication of recent developments.
  • Enhancing international cooperation among members.
  • Facilitating the mutual exchange of information with organizations representing users of aids to navigation.
• Mandate: IALA's mandate includes harmonizing global maritime navigation systems, promoting safety initiatives, and collaborating with member states and international organizations to tackle emerging challenges in maritime safety and environmental protection.
• Members: The organization comprises 200 members, including 80 national authorities and 60 commercial firms. India has been a member since 1957.
• Headquarters: The headquarters of IALA is located in Saint-Germain-en-Laye, France.

In conclusion, India's involvement as Vice President in IALA underscores its leadership role in maritime safety and navigation, emphasizing the importance of international collaboration in addressing maritime challenges.

GS3/Science and Technology

Salmonella Outbreak Linked to Eggs

Source: Hindustan Times

Why in News?

A recent outbreak of Salmonella linked to eggs has affected at least 79 individuals across seven states in the US, resulting in 21 hospitalizations.

Key Takeaways

• Salmonella is a type of bacteria responsible for food poisoning.
• The bacteria is commonly found in the intestines of animals and can spread through contaminated food, water, and contact with infected animals or people.
• Common sources of Salmonella include raw or undercooked eggs, meats, and unwashed fruits and vegetables.
• The outbreak highlights the importance of proper hygiene during food preparation.

Additional Details

• Salmonella Infection: This condition is characterized by symptoms such as diarrhea, fever, and stomach cramps. Some groups, including children under 5 and adults over 65, are at higher risk for severe illness.
• Common sources of contamination include:
  • Raw or undercooked eggs
  • Raw meats, including chicken, turkey, and beef
  • Unwashed fruits and vegetables
  • Untreated water and unpasteurized dairy products, like milk and cheese
• Pets such as dogs, cats, birds, and reptiles can also carry Salmonella, increasing the risk of transmission.
• Maintaining good hand hygiene during food preparation is crucial to prevent infection.

The recent outbreak serves as a reminder of the importance of food safety and hygiene practices to mitigate the risks associated with Salmonella infections.

GS2/Governance

Urbanisation and the Challenge of Ideal Transit Solutions

Source: The Hindu

Why in News?

As India aims to become a developed nation, Viksit Bharat, by 2047, urbanisation is set to play a crucial role. With more than 60% of the population expected to migrate from rural to urban areas by the 2060s, the nation faces significant challenges in urban mobility and public transportation.

Key Takeaways

• India's urbanisation is critical for its economic growth and development.
• Mass rural-to-urban migration will test urban planners and policymakers.
• The current public transport system is under significant pressure due to rapid urban expansion.

Additional Details

• Government Initiatives: The Indian government has launched initiatives such as the PM e-Bus Sewa and PM e-Drive to enhance public transport. However, the need for urban buses far exceeds the current operational capacity.
• Metro Projects: While metro rail projects have received increased funding, only 37% of urban residents currently have convenient access to public transit, highlighting a significant gap compared to countries like Brazil and China.
• Alternative Solutions Needed: There is a pressing need for alternative transit solutions beyond metros and e-buses, focusing on cost-effective road-based public transportation and considering the potential of trams and trolleybuses.
• Kochi's Tram Initiative: The planned reintroduction of trams in Kochi could serve as a model for sustainable urban mobility, offering lower operational costs and reduced dependency on subsidies.

In conclusion, as India progresses towards its 2047 vision, a comprehensive reevaluation of urban mobility policies is essential. By integrating sustainable and financially viable modes of transport like trams and trolleybuses with existing systems, India can better achieve its urban resilience and equitable growth goals.

GS2/International Relations

Rising Threat of War in the Middle East

Source: BBC

Why in News?

A recent CBS report indicates that Israel is fully prepared to initiate military operations against Iran. This development has led the U.S. to issue travel advisories for its personnel in Iraq, Israel, and surrounding regions due to escalating tensions. The situation is further complicated by reports suggesting that U.S. President Donald Trump has urged Israeli Prime Minister Netanyahu to conclude the conflict in Gaza and avoid provoking Iran, raising fears of a larger regional conflict in the Middle East.

Key Takeaways

• Israel's readiness for military action against Iran has increased tensions in the Middle East.
• The IAEA's recent resolution marks a significant escalation regarding Iran's nuclear compliance.
• Iran's response includes threats to withdraw from the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT).

Additional Details

• Israel's Opposition and IAEA's Resolution: Israel has consistently opposed the Iran-U.S. nuclear talks, advocating for military action to address Iran's nuclear capabilities. The IAEA has declared Iran non-compliant with its nuclear obligations for the first time in two decades.
• Impact on the Nuclear Deal: The Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA), initially aimed at limiting Iran's nuclear program, is still technically active despite the U.S. withdrawal in 2018. The IAEA's findings may prompt European countries to trigger snapback sanctions.
• Iran's Response: Iran has declared plans to enhance its uranium enrichment capacity and has criticized the IAEA's resolution as politically motivated.
• Broader Implications: The combination of European and U.S. sanctions may significantly impact Iran's economy, while Tehran's actions could destabilize the region further.

The current geopolitical situation is fragile, with potential triggers for escalation including military actions by Israel, European sanctions, and Iran's withdrawal from the NPT, all of which could lead to a significant deterioration in Middle East stability.

GS2/International Relations

Is Bangladesh Slipping into Authoritarianism?

Source: The Hindu

Why in News?

Bangladesh is undergoing significant political changes as interim leader Professor Muhammad Yunus postpones elections until April 2026 and introduces the "July Proclamation," which aims to reform or replace the 1972 Constitution.

Key Takeaways

• The July Proclamation is perceived as a threat to Bangladesh's democratic foundations.
• Concerns arise about the legitimacy of an unelected interim government pursuing constitutional reforms.
• The sidelining of major political parties like BNP and Awami League raises further democratic concerns.

Additional Details

• Lacks Democratic Legitimacy: The reforms are being pushed by an unelected interim regime without a popular mandate or proper parliamentary debate. For example, Professor Yunus’s government is not elected, yet is attempting to implement constitutional reforms intended for a legislature.
• Distorts Historical Legacy: The July Proclamation seeks to marginalize the legacy of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman and diminish the significance of key historical events such as December (Victory Day) and August (Mujib’s assassination), promoting a new political narrative.
• Risks of an Unelected Interim Government: An unelected government lacks the constitutional authority to undertake major reforms, violating democratic norms and potentially consolidating power, which could lead to authoritarian rule.
• Political Instability and Polarization: Proposed constitutional changes without bipartisan consensus can lead to unrest and deepen political divisions, as evidenced by the opposition from the BNP, which, despite opposing the Awami League, is uncomfortable with the interim government's actions.
• Impact of Proposed Humanitarian Corridor: The establishment of a demilitarized humanitarian corridor may violate national sovereignty and increase military tensions, as Bangladesh's Army chief has expressed concerns over international enforcement undermining sovereignty.
• Uncertain Aid Distribution: There are fears that humanitarian aid may be misappropriated by militant factions, exacerbating regional conflicts and raising concerns about increased militancy near the Northeast and Indo-Myanmar border areas.
• Sidelining Major Parties: The exclusion of major political parties like the Awami League and BNP diminishes democratic legitimacy and narrows the space for public representation, potentially leading to the rise of unaccountable or extremist groups.

Moving forward, it is essential to initiate an inclusive political dialogue involving all major political parties to build consensus on constitutional reforms and ensure free and fair elections, while clearly defining the interim government's mandate to limit its powers to conducting elections only.

GS1/Geography

Shipki La Pass

Source: The Print

Why in News?

The Shipki La Pass in Himachal Pradesh has recently been opened to domestic tourists. This motorable mountain pass stands at an impressive altitude of 3,930 meters in the tribal district of Kinnaur and plays a significant role in the region's connectivity and economy.

Key Takeaways

• Shipki La Pass is located at an altitude of 3,930 meters, bordering India and China.
• It serves as a critical boundary post on the frontier between India and China.
• The Sutlej River, known as Langqen Zangbo in Tibet, enters India through this pass.
• Historically, it has been an important trade corridor between India and Tibet.

Additional Details

• Historical Significance: Originally named Pema La, or Shared Gate, Shipki La was renamed after the Indo-Tibetan Border Police designated it as a strategic location post-1962.
• The decision to open Shipki La to tourists aims to enhance economic growth in the Kinnaur and Lahaul-Spiti districts, which share a 240-km border with China.

The opening of the Shipki La Pass not only facilitates tourism but also strengthens the historical ties and trade routes between India and Tibet, promoting local development and connectivity.

GS2/International Relations

Trump’s Tariffs and a U.S.-India Trade Agreement

Source: The Hindu

The global trade landscape is significantly affected by the tensions between national economic strategies and international legal commitments. This was notably illustrated by U.S. President Donald Trump's imposition of tariffs, representing a considerable challenge to both international trade norms and American constitutional governance.

Key Takeaways

• Trump's tariffs ranged from 10% to 135% on imports from over 100 countries, disrupting established trade commitments.
• The tariffs were challenged legally by small U.S. businesses in the Court of International Trade, reflecting concerns over executive overreach.
• India faced punitive tariffs despite attempts to negotiate trade agreements, highlighting the complexities of U.S.-India trade relations.

Additional Details

• Tariff Regime: The tariffs were justified under a broad claim of national emergency due to trade deficits, which overlooked the U.S.'s surplus in services trade with countries like India.
• Legal Challenges: In a landmark case, five American businesses argued that the tariffs violated trade commitments. The Court ruled against the tariffs, but the decision was temporarily stayed by an appeals court.
• India's Position: India was subjected to U.S. tariffs on steel and aluminum, affecting ongoing trade dialogues and its strategic positioning amid U.S.-China trade tensions.
• Future Trade Considerations: India must pursue tariff elimination, protect its digital services sector, and address visa restrictions in any future trade agreements with the U.S.

In conclusion, Trump's tariff policy marked a significant shift in U.S. trade strategy, emphasizing unilateralism and raising concerns about constitutional limits. For India, this experience underscores the necessity of multilateralism and strategic negotiation in trade matters.