UPSC Daily Current Affairs: 15th February 2025 | Current Affairs & Hindu Analysis: Daily, Weekly & Monthly PDF Download

GS3/Science and Technology

Foetus in Foetu

Source: The Hindu

Why in News?

Recently, a rare case of "foetus in foetu" was detected in a pregnant woman at the Buldhana District Women’s Hospital in Maharashtra, highlighting the complexities of twin pregnancies.

• Foetus in foetu is a rare congenital disorder affecting approximately one in 500,000 births.
• Less than 200 cases have been reported globally, with about 10 to 15 cases in India.

Additional Details

• Definition: Foetus in foetu is a condition where a malformed foetus develops inside the body of its twin in a monozygotic (identical) twin pregnancy.
• The condition occurs when one twin is significantly underdeveloped and becomes enveloped within the other twin's body, often going undetected for years.
• This parasitic twin can exhibit some characteristics of a normal foetus, such as an umbilical cord-like structure, but typically lacks vital organs.
• The presence of the parasitic twin can impact the health of the host twin, creating risks of complications due to nutrient sharing through a single umbilical cord.
• The parasitic twin is usually located in the abdomen of the host twin, but it can occasionally be found in other organs such as the brain or chest.

This extraordinary condition was discovered during a routine pregnancy scan, leading to a C-section delivery. Understanding foetus in foetu is crucial for prenatal care and awareness of the potential complications associated with twin pregnancies.

GS3/Economy

Prime Minister Dhan-Dhaanya Krishi Yojana (PMDKY)

Source: PIB

Why in News?

The Finance Minister announced the introduction of the Prime Minister Dhan-Dhaanya Krishi Yojana (PMDKY) during the Union Budget presentation, emphasizing its significance for the agricultural sector.

• The PMDKY aims to improve agricultural productivity and diversify crops.
• It will enhance storage infrastructure, irrigation systems, and access to credit for farmers.
• The initiative targets 100 districts identified as underperforming in agriculture.

Additional Details

• Focus Areas: The program prioritizes districts with low productivity, moderate cropping intensity, and limited credit access.
• Development Initiatives: The plan includes developing storage facilities at the panchayat/block level and expanding irrigation coverage.
• Financial Support: It ensures that farmers receive affordable loans for both short-term and long-term needs.
• Data-Driven Approach: The implementation will utilize data-driven governance and district rankings to assess progress.

Structural Mandate

• Implementation: The PMDKY will be executed collaboratively by both Central and State Governments.
• Funding: Financial resources will be allocated from existing schemes under the Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers’ Welfare, as well as the Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry & Dairying.
• Evaluation Criteria: The success of the scheme will be evaluated based on improvements in yield, credit flow, and irrigation expansion.

The Prime Minister Dhan-Dhaanya Krishi Yojana is a strategic initiative aimed at revitalizing agriculture in underperforming districts, thereby enhancing food security and economic stability for farmers across the country.

GS3/Science and Technology

Scientists Discover ‘Einstein Ring’

Source: Indian Express

Why in News?

The European Space Agency’s (ESA) Euclid Space Telescope has successfully captured a rare phenomenon known as an Einstein Ring, located around a galaxy approximately 590 million light-years away from Earth.

• An Einstein Ring is a circular ring of light produced by gravitational lensing.
• This phenomenon confirms predictions made by Einstein’s General Theory of Relativity.
• The discovery was made around the galaxy NGC 6505, which acts as a lens for a distant galaxy 4.42 billion light-years away.

Additional Details

• Einstein Ring: A circular formation of light that occurs when a massive celestial body, such as a galaxy, bends and amplifies light from a background galaxy located directly behind it.
• Features of an Einstein Ring:
  • Exhibits a perfect circular shape when the source, lens, and observer are perfectly aligned.
  • Represents an example of strong gravitational lensing, which distorts the light from the background object.
  • Is extremely rare, found in less than 1% of galaxies, and is not observable with the naked eye, requiring advanced telescopes like Euclid or Hubble.

Significance of the Discovery

• Reveals Dark Matter: The discovery aids in the indirect mapping of dark matter, which constitutes about 85% of the universe.
• Magnifies Hidden Galaxies: It allows for the observation of faint, distant galaxies for further study.
• Measures Universe’s Expansion: Tracks the stretching of light over time, helping refine cosmological models.
• Confirms Einstein’s Theory: Provides evidence that light bends in curved space-time, validating the theory of gravitational lensing.
• Demonstrates Euclid’s Capabilities: Showcases the high-resolution potential of the Euclid telescope, promising further discoveries.

Previous Year Question (PYQ)

[2018]

Consider the following phenomena:

1. Light is affected by gravity.
2. The Universe is constantly expanding.
3. Matter warps its surrounding space-time.

Which of the above is/are the prediction/predictions of Albert Einstein’s General Theory of Relativity, often discussed in media?

(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3

This discovery of the Einstein Ring not only enriches our understanding of the universe but also illustrates the powerful capabilities of modern astronomical instruments.

GS2/Polity

Panchayat Devolution Index Report Released

Source: PIB

Why in News?

The Ministry of Panchayati Raj recently published a report in Delhi on the distribution of powers to Panchayats across various states. This report evaluates and ranks states and Union Territories (UTs) based on six fundamental areas.

• The report assesses states and UTs using six dimensions: Framework, Functions, Finances, Functionaries, Capacity Enhancement, and Accountability.
• Overall devolution increased from 39.9% to 43.9% between 2013-14 and 2021-22.
• The top five states in the devolution ranking are Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, and Uttar Pradesh.
• Uttar Pradesh notably improved its rank from 15th to 5th place due to enhanced accountability measures.

Additional Details

• Capacity Building & Infrastructure Growth: The Rashtriya Gram Swaraj Abhiyan (RGSA) significantly boosted the capacity enhancement index from 44% to 54.6%, along with the development of Panchayat infrastructure.
• The percentage of functionaries assigned to Panchayats rose from 39.6% to 50.9%, indicating progress in recruitment efforts.

Concerns Regarding Effective Devolution

• Election Management: State Election Commissions (SECs) often consult with state governments on election dates, which can lead to delays or political manipulation. For example, Panchayat elections in Maharashtra were postponed in 2022 due to state government interference.
• Non-centrality of Panchayats: Although Panchayats have designated subjects in the eleventh schedule, they often face challenges that hinder their constitutional authority.
• Inadequate Devolution: The transfer of functions, funds, and personnel to Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs) is insufficient, limiting their operational capabilities. States like Jharkhand and Odisha demonstrate limited control over health and education schemes despite legal provisions for devolution.
• Lack of Financial Autonomy: PRIs rely heavily on inconsistent and insufficient state grants, affecting their financial independence. For instance, Gram Panchayats in Uttar Pradesh depend primarily on state grants for local project execution.
• Lack of Support Staff: Many Panchayats suffer from a shortage of essential personnel, such as secretaries and engineers, hampering their service delivery. In Bihar, some Gram Panchayats operate with only one Panchayat Secretary covering multiple villages.

Recommendations from the Report

• Comprehensive Curriculum Development: Introduce a two-year course in Local Public Service Management covering public systems, financial management, and e-governance for Panchayat functionaries.
• Enhance Capacity Building & Digital Governance: Improve digital infrastructure and training programs, drawing on Telangana's success as a model for effective governance.
• Ensure Greater Transparency & Accountability: Implement real-time financial monitoring and grievance redressal systems, as seen in Uttar Pradesh's improved rankings due to anti-corruption measures.

Way Forward

• Strengthening Institutional Autonomy: Full devolution of functions, funds, and functionaries to PRIs is crucial, with legal measures to prevent state interference.
• Capacity Building & Technology Integration: Expand digital infrastructure and conduct regular training for PRI members while adopting real-time monitoring for enhanced transparency.

The Panchayat system plays a vital role in local governance in India. Beyond government grants, Panchayats can explore various sources for financing developmental projects, including community contributions, local taxes, and partnerships with NGOs.

GS3/Science and Technology

Understanding Alzheimer’s Disease

Source: Nature

Why in News?

A recent study published in the journal Alzheimer’s & Dementia has identified a potential primary cause of Alzheimer’s disease: the formation of stress granules. This insight is crucial as it may pave the way for new therapeutic strategies.

• Alzheimer's disease is a progressive neurological disorder that severely impacts memory and cognitive functions.
• It is the leading cause of dementia, accounting for 60-80% of dementia cases.
• The disease predominantly affects individuals aged 65 and older.

Additional Details

• About Alzheimer’s Disease: It is characterized by a gradual decline in memory and thinking skills, eventually impairing the ability to perform even simple tasks.
• Symptoms: Initial signs include forgetting recent events or conversations, which can progress to more severe memory loss and difficulty in daily activities.
• Life Expectancy: On average, individuals diagnosed with Alzheimer’s may live for four to eight years post-diagnosis, though some can survive for as long as 20 years.
• Treatment Options: While there is currently no cure for Alzheimer’s, various medications and therapies exist that can help manage symptoms temporarily.
• Causes: The exact causes of Alzheimer’s remain unclear, but a mix of genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors is believed to contribute.

Understanding Alzheimer's disease is vital for developing effective treatments and improving the quality of life for those affected. As research continues to uncover underlying causes, future medical advancements may offer hope for better management and potential cures.

GS3/Environment

The Teesta Dam and the Long Shadow of Climate Change

Source: The Hindu

Why in News?

The recommendation to reconstruct the Teesta-3 dam in Sikkim, following its destruction by a Glacial Lake Outburst Flood (GLOF) in October 2023, has ignited significant debate. While the dam was initially considered successful and commercially viable, its rebuilding raises critical environmental, geological, and socio-economic issues that must be thoroughly examined.

• The Teesta-3 dam was destroyed due to a moraine slope failure, leading to catastrophic flooding.
• Over 100 lives were lost, and significant damage occurred across four districts.
• Climate change is increasing the risks associated with glacial lake expansions and GLOFs.
• Experts have raised concerns about the adequacy of risk assessments and the wisdom of rebuilding the dam.

Additional Details

• Causes of Destruction: The dam's destruction was triggered when a moraine on the South Lhonak lake's flank failed, releasing approximately 50 billion liters of water into the valley, leading to multiple landslides and exacerbated flood damage.
• Climate Change Impact: Global warming has accelerated glacier melt in the Himalayas, leading to an increase in glacial lakes and the associated risk of GLOFs. Between 2011 and 2024, the number of glacial lakes in the Himalayan region grew by 10.8%, with a surface area increase of 33.7%.
• Reconstruction Concerns: Experts have criticized the proposed reconstruction plan for relying on rainfall-centric models, which may not adequately capture the complexities of GLOF dynamics. The 2025 assessment highlighted significant gaps in current flood models, including factors like erosion and sediment transport.
• Energy Needs vs. Environmental Risks: While hydroelectric projects like Teesta-3 can meet India’s growing energy demands, they must be carefully sited to minimize risks. Critics argue that decisions should prioritize community resilience over commercial viability.

The discussion surrounding the Teesta-3 dam reflects the larger challenge of balancing energy infrastructure with the realities of climate change. As risks continue to rise, infrastructure planning needs to evolve to prioritize sustainability, resilience, and risk reduction.

GS3/Environment

Amsterdam Island Wildfires

Source: BBC

Why in News?

For nearly a month, the French territory of Amsterdam Island located in the southern Indian Ocean has been battling extensive wildfires, raising concerns about its unique ecosystem and biodiversity.

• Amsterdam Island is a small French territory in the southern Indian Ocean.
• It is home to unique flora and fauna, including the rare Amsterdam albatross.
• The island has no permanent human population, hosting only a scientific research station.

Additional Details

• Geographical Location: Amsterdam Island, also known as Nouvelle Amsterdam or Île Amsterdam, is situated roughly midway between Australia, Antarctica, Madagascar, the Cocos (Keeling) Islands, and the British Indian Ocean Territory, at an approximate distance of 3,200 km from each.
• Physical Characteristics: The island, shaped elliptically, spans about 55 sq.km, measuring 10 km in length and 7 km in maximum width. It is a relatively young landform, having emerged between 400,000 and 200,000 years ago, and features a potentially active stratovolcano, though no historical eruptions have been recorded.
• Flora & Fauna: The endangered Amsterdam albatross is one of the world's rarest bird species, found exclusively on this island. Additionally, Amsterdam Island is the only French sub-Antarctic island that supports a native tree species, Phylica nitida.
• Human Presence: The island does not have a permanent resident population but is equipped with a small scientific research station named Martin-de-Viviès, staffed by a rotating team of researchers.

The ongoing wildfires on Amsterdam Island pose a significant threat to its delicate ecosystem and highlight the urgent need for environmental protection measures in remote areas. The situation calls for increased awareness and action to safeguard the unique wildlife and habitats found on the island.

GS3/Environment

Bhadra Tiger Reserve

Source: The Hindu

Why in News?

Wildlife activists have recently expressed concerns regarding the circumstances surrounding the death of a leopard in the Bhadra Tiger Reserve, calling for an investigation into the incident.

• The Bhadra Tiger Reserve is located in the Western Ghats region of India.
• It was officially designated as the 25th Project Tiger reserve in India in 1998.
• The reserve features a diverse habitat with a notable population of elephants and is classified as an Elephant Reserve.

Additional Details

• Geography: The reserve is characterized by its unique positioning among several hill ranges and is well-drained by the Bhadra River and its tributaries.
• Vegetation: The area showcases a variety of ecosystems, including dry-deciduous, moist-deciduous, shola, and semi-evergreen patches.
• Flora: Prominent plant species include Teak, Rosewood, Mathi, Honne, Nandi, and various medicinal plants.
• Fauna: The reserve is home to a diverse array of wildlife, including Tigers, Leopards, Leopard cats, Dholes, Indian Civets, and ungulates such as Gaur, Sambar, and Barking Deer.
• Other Tiger Reserves in Karnataka: Other notable reserves include Bandipura, Nagarahole, Dandeli-Anshi, and Biligiriranga Tiger Reserve.

The recent concerns over the leopard's death highlight the importance of wildlife conservation and the need for ongoing monitoring and protection of habitats like the Bhadra Tiger Reserve.

GS3/Science and Technology

Indirect Prompt Injection

Source: The Hindu

Why in News?

Recent studies have highlighted concerns regarding the vulnerability of AI chatbots to a specific type of security threat known as indirect prompt injection attacks. This technique poses risks by manipulating chatbots into executing harmful commands.

• Indirect prompt injection exploits the capabilities of large language models (LLMs).
• Attackers can embed malicious instructions in seemingly harmless documents or communications.
• Such attacks may lead chatbots to perform unauthorized actions, including retrieving sensitive information.

Additional Details

• Indirect Prompt Injection: This method involves embedding covert commands within content that chatbots process, effectively tricking them into acting against their intended purpose.
• Examples of unauthorized actions include searching for confidential data or altering a chatbot’s long-term memory settings.
• Mitigating these risks requires improved security measures and awareness among users and developers.

In conclusion, understanding and addressing the potential threats posed by indirect prompt injection is crucial for enhancing the security of AI chatbots and protecting sensitive information.

GS2/International Relations

Dealing with China’s Weaponisation of E-Supply Chains

Source: The Hindu

Why in News?

Recently, China has halted the travel of its engineers and technicians to work at Foxconn's facilities in India, raising concerns about the implications for global supply chains.

• China's dominance in critical manufacturing equipment poses a significant challenge to global supply chains.
• China controls a substantial share of rare earth elements, essential for various technology sectors.
• Restrictions on workforce and knowledge transfer can hinder the growth of competing nations.
• China's ability to manipulate supply chains provides it with geopolitical leverage over other countries.

Additional Details

• Monopoly Over Critical Manufacturing Equipment: China plays a pivotal role in the production of high-tech machinery necessary for semiconductor and electronics manufacturing. For example, in early 2024, China restricted the export of specialized machinery to Foxconn in India, which hampered iPhone assembly.
• Control Over Key Raw Materials: With a significant share of the global supply of rare earth elements (REEs) crucial for electronics and defense, China imposed export restrictions on gallium and germanium in 2023, impacting global supply chains.
• Workforce and Knowledge Transfer Restrictions: By limiting the movement of its engineers, China restricts the transfer of valuable knowledge to other nations, as seen when Chinese engineers at Foxconn in India were recalled, affecting Apple’s production capacity.
• Disrupting Supply Chains to Gain Geopolitical Leverage: China can manipulate logistics and trade policies to exert pressure on countries reliant on its supply chains. During the U.S.-China trade war, for instance, China imposed export controls on key components affecting American companies.
• Deep Integration into Global Manufacturing Networks: Initiatives like the Belt and Road Initiative ensure that multinational corporations remain dependent on China's supply chains, as seen with companies like Tesla and Apple.

The control that China exerts over e-supply chains presents significant risks, including disruptions to critical industries and geopolitical coercion. Countries like India, heavily reliant on Chinese electronic components, face vulnerabilities in sectors such as telecommunications and defense. To mitigate these risks, nations and companies are adopting strategies like diversifying supply chains, strengthening domestic manufacturing, and forming strategic alliances to reduce dependence on China.

GS2/Polity

Corruption Perceptions Index 2024

Source: The Hindu

Why in News?

According to the Transparency International report, India ranked 96 out of 180 countries in the Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI) for 2024, reflecting ongoing challenges in public sector integrity.

• India's CPI score for 2024 is 38, a decline from previous years (39 in 2023 and 40 in 2022).
• Denmark, Finland, and Singapore ranked at the top of the index.
• The average CPI score for the Asia-Pacific region dropped to 44.
• The report emphasizes the connection between climate action and corruption.

Additional Details

• Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI): The CPI is a widely recognized global ranking that assesses the perceived levels of public sector corruption across countries. It is published annually by Transparency International, with a scoring scale from 0 (highly corrupt) to 100 (very clean).
• The CPI score for each country is based on a minimum of three data sources, collected from various reputable organizations, including the World Bank and the World Economic Forum.
• This year's report draws attention to the detrimental impacts of corruption on development, democracy, and human rights.

The ongoing decline in India's CPI score indicates a pressing need for reforms to combat corruption effectively and to uphold democratic values and human rights within the country.