UPSC Daily Current Affairs: 23rd May 2025 | Current Affairs & Hindu Analysis: Daily, Weekly & Monthly PDF Download

GS3/Science and Technology

Tiangong Space Station

Why in News?

Chinese scientists have recently identified a new species of bacteria, Niallia tiangongensis, aboard the Tiangong Space Station, highlighting the station's role in advancing scientific research in space.

Key Takeaways

• The Tiangong Space Station, meaning ‘Sky Palace’, is China's permanently crewed facility in Low Earth Orbit (LEO).
• Launched in April 2021, it is the culmination of China's Manned Space Program.
• The station features three modules: the core module Tianhe, and two science modules Wentian and Mengtian.
• It is significantly smaller and lighter than the International Space Station (ISS).

Additional Details

• Structure: The Tiangong Space Station has a core module, Tianhe, which connects to two additional science modules, Wentian and Mengtian, along with plans for a space telescope module named Xuntian.
• Capacity: The station can host up to three astronauts for six-month missions and accommodate six during crew handovers.
• Scientific Aims: The station aims to conduct experiments in various fields including space life sciences, microgravity fluid physics, material science, and fundamental physics.
• The facility is equipped with 23 enclosed experiment racks, allowing for diverse scientific inquiries in microgravity.

The establishment of the Tiangong Space Station marks a significant milestone in China's ambitions for long-term space exploration and research, providing crucial opportunities for scientific advancements in a unique environment.

GS3/Economy

Self Reliant India (SRI) Fund Scheme

Why in News?

The Self Reliant India (SRI) Fund Scheme has gained attention for its substantial investments aimed at supporting Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) in India. As of March 2025, the fund has infused approximately Rs 10,979 crore into 577 MSMEs since its inception.

Key Takeaways

• The SRI Fund aims to provide a total of Rs 50,000 crore in equity funding to viable MSMEs.
• It includes Rs 10,000 crore from the Government of India and Rs 40,000 crore from Private Equity and Venture Capital funds.
• The fund operates through a mother-fund and daughter-fund structure for equity or quasi-equity investments.
• Implementation is managed by NSIC Venture Capital Fund Limited (NVCFL), an Alternative Investment Fund registered with SEBI.

Additional Details

• Investment Structure: The SRI Fund is designed to channel growth capital to MSMEs through daughter funds, which are required to invest at least five times the amount of capital received from the SRI Fund.
• Objectives:The fund supports the following initiatives:
  • Enhancing equity financing for MSMEs and facilitating their listing on stock exchanges.
  • Promoting rapid growth of MSME businesses to stimulate the economy and create job opportunities.
  • Encouraging enterprises that can evolve beyond the MSME category and become national or international champions.
  • Supporting MSMEs that contribute to India's self-reliance by producing essential technologies, goods, and services.

The Self Reliant India (SRI) Fund Scheme plays a crucial role in empowering MSMEs, which are vital for economic growth and job creation in India. By infusing substantial equity, the scheme aims to foster an environment where MSMEs can thrive and contribute significantly to the national economy.

GS2/Governance

E-Zero FIR to Speed Up Action on Cyber Frauds

Why in News?

The Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) has initiated a pilot project for the e-Zero FIR (First Information Report) system in Delhi. This system is designed to facilitate quicker police responses to high-value cyber financial frauds.

Key Takeaways

• The e-Zero FIR project aims to expedite action on cyber financial frauds exceeding ₹10 lakh.
• Developed by the Indian Cybercrime Coordination Centre (I4C), it allows victims to report crimes without geographical limitations.

Additional Details

• What is Zero FIR: A Zero FIR permits any police station to register a FIR for a cognisable offence without initially assigning a regular FIR number. Instead, these FIRs are identified by the number '0'.
• How It Works: Victims can file complaints through the National Cybercrime Reporting Portal (NCRP) or by calling the 1930 helpline. The e-Crime Police Station in Delhi will register the FIR digitally, which is then transferred electronically to the appropriate local police station.
• Legal Basis: The implementation of this project is grounded in Section 173(1) and 173(1)(ii) of the Bharatiya Nagrik Suraksha Sanhita (BNSS), 2023.
• Jurisdiction-Free Filing: Victims can report crimes without being constrained by police station jurisdictions.
• Digital Integration: The system connects I4C's NCRP, Delhi Police's e-FIR portal, and the National Crime Records Bureau's (NCRB) CCTNS platform.

The e-Zero FIR system aims to improve the recovery of lost funds in time-sensitive fraud cases by enabling automatic registration and fast FIR transfer. Victims are required to visit a cybercrime police station within three days to convert the Zero FIR into a regular FIR, thus simplifying the legal process and making it more accessible for cybercrime victims.

In the context of Indian jurisprudence, consider the following statements regarding judicial custody:

Statement 1: Judicial custody means an accused is in the custody of the concerned magistrate and is locked up in a police station, not in jail.

Statement 2: During judicial custody, the police officer in charge of the case is not allowed to interrogate the suspect without the approval of the court.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

• (a) 1 only
• (b) 2 only
• (c) Both 1 and 2
• (d) Neither 1 nor 2

GS3/Economy

Tariff Wars and a Reshaping of AI’s Global Landscape

Why in News?

The aftermath of the 2024 U.S. presidential election has led to a new wave of protectionist economic policies, particularly through significant tariffs on imported components essential for artificial intelligence (AI) infrastructure. These tariffs aim to bolster domestic industry and reduce reliance on foreign technology but are reshaping global technology supply chains crucial for AI development.

Key Takeaways

• U.S. tariffs on AI hardware components reached up to 27%, making AI infrastructure development costly.
• Tariffs have historically led to inefficiencies, higher costs, and a trend of firms relocating operations abroad.
• India is emerging as a strategic alternative in the U.S.-China tech rivalry, with potential growth in AI and manufacturing.

Additional Details

• Economic Impact of Tariffs: In 2024, U.S. electronics imports totaled nearly $486 billion, with data processing machines being a significant portion. The tariffs could lead to a 0.4% reduction in output growth over five years.
• AI Infrastructure Needs: By 2030, data center power requirements are expected to increase significantly, highlighting the need for advanced computational infrastructure to maintain U.S. competitiveness in AI.
• India's IT export growth rates are between 3.3% and 5.1%, positioning it as a viable hub for manufacturing and innovation, despite its dependencies on imported hardware.
• Tariff policies have driven companies to focus more on algorithmic efficiency and model innovations, resulting in substantial cost reductions for using AI models.

The restructuring of global AI supply chains, driven by recent tariff policies, highlights the need for a careful balance between national economic strategies and global technological advancement. While these tariffs aim to protect domestic industries, they may inadvertently hinder innovation and inflate costs, creating challenges and opportunities for emerging players like India in the evolving AI landscape.

GS3/Environment

Nagarhole Tiger Reserve

Why in News?

Recently, members of 52 Jenu Kuruba tribal families residing within the Nagarhole Tiger Reserve (NTR) in Ponnampet taluk, Kodagu district, have made headlines by putting up a board in their hamlet asserting their land rights under the Forest Rights Act (FRA).

Key Takeaways

• Nagarhole Tiger Reserve is located at the tri-junction of Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, and Kerala.
• The reserve is part of the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve, a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
• It is known for its diverse flora and fauna, including the largest population of wild Asian elephants in South Asia.

Additional Details

• Geographical Significance: Nagarhole is situated within an ecological confluence of the Western and Eastern Ghats, enhancing its biodiversity.
• Flora and Fauna: The reserve features dry deciduous forests in the east, transitioning to tropical moist and semi-evergreen forests in the west. It is home to various species, including Bengal tigers, gaurs, and sloth bears.
• Rivers: The reserve is bordered by significant rivers, including the Kabini and Moyar, which contribute to its rich ecosystem.
• Vegetation: Notable plant species include rosewood, Indian kino tree, sandalwood, and several types of bamboo.

The Nagarhole Tiger Reserve plays a crucial role in conservation efforts and supports local communities, emphasizing the balance between wildlife protection and Indigenous rights.

GS3/Defence & Security

Key Facts about Chenab Valley

Why in News?

Recently, a significant anti-terror operation in the Chenab Valley's Kishtwar district resulted in the tragic death of one soldier. This operation highlights ongoing security challenges in the region.

Key Takeaways

• The Chenab Valley is known for its breathtaking landscapes and diverse topography.
• It is located in the eastern part of Jammu and Kashmir, encompassing the Kishtwar, Doda, and Ramban districts.
• The region is home to various ethnic groups and languages, enhancing its cultural richness.

Additional Details

• Chenab Valley: This region, also called the Chenab Region, is defined by the Chenab River and characterized by deep gorges, lush meadows, and cascading rivers.
• Geography: The valley is bordered by the majestic Pir Panjal range to the north and the Zanskar range to the south, creating a stunning natural backdrop.
• Area: It covers a total area of approximately 11,885 sq. km.
• Population: Inhabitants of the valley are commonly referred to as "Chenabis" or "Chenabi."
• Languages: The region showcases a mosaic of ethnic groups speaking multiple languages, including Kashmiri, Gojri, Bhaderwahi, Sarazi, Kishtwari, and Padari.
• Tourist Attractions: Notable sites include Bhaderwah, Jai Valley, Padri Pass, Sinthan Top, Lal Draman, and Jantroon Dhar.
• Hydroelectric Projects: The valley harnesses its hydroelectric potential through significant dams like Baglihar Dam, Dulhasti Dam, and Salal Dam.
• Connectivity: The region is traversed by National Highway 244, facilitating access and movement.

The Chenab Valley remains a region of both beauty and strategic importance, reflecting the complexities of security and cultural diversity in Jammu and Kashmir.

GS2/Polity

Supreme Court Stays ED Probe into TASMAC

Why in News?

The Supreme Court of India has stayed the Enforcement Directorate’s (ED) ongoing probe into alleged financial irregularities within the Tamil Nadu State Marketing Corporation (TASMAC), a state-run liquor monopoly. This development has significant implications for federalism, corruption investigations, and political rivalries.

Key Takeaways

• The Supreme Court intervened by staying the ED's money laundering investigation against TASMAC.
• The court criticized the ED for overstepping its jurisdiction and violating the federal structure.
• Allegations against TASMAC include financial misconduct involving kickbacks and bribery.

Additional Details

• TASMAC Overview: TASMAC operates approximately 7,000 liquor outlets in Tamil Nadu as a state monopoly in alcohol retail.
• Initiation of Probe: The ED's investigation began based on 41 FIRs filed by the Tamil Nadu Vigilance Department starting in 2014, with allegations under the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988.
• The ED conducted searches at 20 locations, including TASMAC headquarters in Chennai, under the Prevention of Money Laundering Act, 2002 (PMLA).
• Nature of Allegations: Allegations include overcharging at outlets, kickbacks to officials for supply orders, and bribery in staff transfers.
• ED findings revealed incriminating data related to tender manipulations and collusion among TASMAC staff and distilleries.
• Financial Fraud Mechanism: Certain distilleries and bottling companies are allegedly involved in a Rs 1,000 crore fraud, manipulating financial records and routing illicit payments.
• The Tamil Nadu government claims that the current Union government is misusing central agencies for political gain.

The Supreme Court's decision to stay the ED investigation may redefine the relationship between central investigative agencies and state autonomy, reinforcing the principle of cooperative federalism. Ensuring transparency in public sector undertakings like TASMAC is crucial for restoring public trust and preventing the misuse of institutional powers for political ends.

GS3/Science and Technology

Inauguration of Sagar Bhavan and Polar Bhavan

Why in News?

The Union Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES) has recently inaugurated two significant facilities, "Sagar Bhavan" and "Polar Bhavan," at the National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research (NCPOR) located in Goa. This marks a major step in enhancing India's capabilities in polar and ocean research.

Key Takeaways

• The NCPOR was established in 1998 as an autonomous research and development institute.
• It was formerly known as the National Centre for Antarctic and Ocean Research (NCAOR).
• Both facilities together cover an area of 11,378 sq. m and were built at a total cost of ₹68 crore.
• These facilities will support India's polar and oceanic research initiatives significantly.

Additional Details

• Mandate and Functions: NCPOR serves as the nodal agency for planning and executing polar expeditions in the Arctic, Southern Ocean, and Himalayas. It also coordinates scientific research and logistics in polar and oceanic domains.
• Facilities: The new buildings include state-of-the-art laboratories, 55 rooms for scientists, conference halls, and a library. Notably, the "Science on Sphere" (SOS) platform allows for 3D visualization of Earth systems.
• India’s Expanding Polar Footprint: NCPOR maintains India's research presence in Antarctica with stations such as Maitri and Bharati, and in the Arctic through the Himadri and Himansh stations.
• Legislative Framework: The Indian Antarctic Act (2022) and the Arctic Policy (2022) are key frameworks guiding India’s engagement in polar research, ensuring environmental responsibility and alignment with international obligations.

The establishment of Sagar Bhavan and Polar Bhavan is a significant enhancement to India's research infrastructure, aimed at bolstering scientific exploration and outreach in polar and oceanic domains, thereby contributing to global scientific knowledge.

GS3/Environment

PM E-Drive Scheme

Why in News?

The PM E-Drive initiative has recently allocated ₹2,000 crore to establish 72,000 public electric vehicle (EV) charging stations across India, marking a significant step towards enhancing electric mobility in the country.

Key Takeaways

• The PM E-DRIVE (Electric Drive Revolution in Innovative Vehicle Enhancement) scheme aims to promote electric mobility through various incentives.
• The scheme has a total financial allocation of ₹10,900 crore and will be implemented from 2024 to 2026.

Additional Details

• Objectives: The scheme's primary goals include:
  • Promoting the adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) such as e-2Ws, e-3Ws, e-buses, e-ambulances, and e-trucks.
  • Establishing a comprehensive national EV charging grid to alleviate range anxiety and ensure smooth travel across urban and rural areas.
• Demand Incentives: Buyers will receive Aadhaar-authenticated e-vouchers sent directly to their mobile numbers post EV purchase, incentivizing the transition to electric mobility.
• BHEL as Nodal Agency: Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited (BHEL) has been designated as the nodal agency responsible for:
  • Demand aggregation for charging infrastructure.
  • Developing a Unified EV Super App that offers:
    • Real-time charger availability.
    • Slot booking options.
    • Payment integration.
    • Deployment progress tracking.

This initiative underscores India's commitment to enhancing energy security, reducing carbon emissions, and improving air quality through increased adoption of electric vehicles.

GS3/Economy

SPICED Scheme

Why in News?

The Spices Board of India has announced the allocation of ₹130 crore to nearly 45,000 beneficiaries for the fiscal year 2025-2026 under the SPICED (Sustainability in Spice Sector through Progressive, Innovative and Collaborative Interventions for Export Development) Scheme.

Key Takeaways

• The scheme aims to enhance spice exports and improve productivity in the spice sector.
• It has a total budget of ₹422.30 crore and is aligned with the 15th Finance Commission period.
• Special focus is given to marginalized groups, including farmer organizations and small exporters.

Additional Details

• Background: The Spices Board was established on February 26, 1987, through the merger of the Cardamom Board and the Spices Export Promotion Council, under the Spices Board Act of 1986. It serves as a vital link between Indian exporters and international importers.
• Objectives: The SPICED scheme seeks to improve cardamom productivity, enhance post-harvest quality, and promote value addition and sustainability in the spice sector.
• Funding Support: In 2025-2026, substantial financial support will be distributed to beneficiaries across various focus areas.
• Focus Areas: The scheme emphasizes initiatives such as Mission Value Addition, Mission Clean and Safe Spices, and the promotion of GI-tagged spices.
• Monitoring: Activities under the scheme will be geo-tagged to ensure transparency and effective tracking.

In summary, the SPICED scheme represents a significant effort by the Indian government to boost the spice sector, enhance export capabilities, and provide support to various stakeholders within the industry.

Key Facts about Spices Production and Trade

• Global Position: India is among the largest producers and exporters of spices, cultivating 75 out of 109 ISO-listed spices.
• Major Producing States: Key states include Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh, and Kerala.
• Key Spices: Major spices grown include pepper, chili, ginger, turmeric, coriander, and cumin.
• Export Leaders: Chili, cumin, turmeric, ginger, and coriander make up 76% of India's spice production.
• Export Value: In 2023-2024, India is projected to export spices worth $4.25 billion, capturing 12% of the global spice market.
• Export Destinations: Spices are exported to 159 countries, with key markets being China, the USA, and Bangladesh, collectively accounting for 70% of total exports.

These initiatives and statistics highlight India's crucial role in the global spice market and the importance of the SPICED scheme in sustaining and enhancing this sector.

Question:

Among the agricultural commodities imported by India, which one of the following accounts for the highest imports in terms of value in the last five years?

• (a) Spices
• (b) Fresh fruits
• (c) Pulses
• (d) Vegetable oils

GS2/International Relations

Key Facts about Chagos Islands

Why in News?

India has recently welcomed the United Kingdom's decision to transfer the sovereignty of the Chagos Islands, including the tropical atoll of Diego Garcia, to Mauritius as part of a historic agreement.

Key Takeaways

• The Chagos Islands are located in the central Indian Ocean, approximately 1,000 miles (1,600 km) south of the southern tip of the Indian subcontinent.
• Established as a British overseas territory on November 8, 1965, the archipelago houses a significant US military base.

Additional Details

• Geography: The principal islands in the Chagos Archipelago include the atolls of Diego Garcia, Danger Island, Egmont Islands, Eagle Islands, Nelsons Island, Peros Banhos atoll, Three Brothers Islands, and the Solomon Islands. The total area is approximately 30 sq.km, with the largest island being Diego Garcia, which features flat and low terrain, rarely exceeding 2 meters in elevation. Notably, there are no rivers or lakes on the islands.
• Climate: The islands experience a tropical marine climate characterized by high temperatures and humidity, significantly moderated by trade winds.
• History: The Chagos Islands were first inhabited by enslaved people brought from Madagascar and Mozambique by French colonizers to work on coconut plantations. Over time, these individuals established their identity as Chagossians, with a unique culture and language. In 1965, British authorities persuaded Mauritian nationalists to relinquish their claims to the islands in exchange for independence. Subsequently, in 1966, Chagos was designated as the 'British Indian Ocean Territory' (BIOT), leading to the forced relocation of its residents, primarily to Mauritius. The UK also entered into an agreement with the US to maintain a military base there, which remains significant for Indian Ocean defense strategies.
• In 2019, the International Court of Justice (ICJ) ruled against the UK's governance of the Chagos Islands and urged its withdrawal from the archipelago.

This transition of sovereignty marks an important development in international relations concerning territorial claims and the rights of indigenous populations.