UPSC Daily Current Affairs: 4th July 2025 | Current Affairs & Hindu Analysis: Daily, Weekly & Monthly PDF Download

GS2/Polity

Socialism, Secularism Are the Spirit of the Constitution

Why in News?

The Constitution of India embodies the ideals, struggles, and aspirations of a nation that emerged from an anti-colonial movement focused on justice, equality, and dignity. Among its core values are socialism and secularism, which are integral to the Constitution and not merely additions in the Preamble. Recent calls to remove these terms represent a deeper ideological challenge to the foundations of the Indian Republic.

Key Takeaways

• The demand to remove "socialist" and "secular" from the Preamble is a significant ideological move.
• These principles were incorporated during the 42nd Constitutional Amendment in 1976 but were already embedded in the Constitution's ethos.
• Socialism in India emphasizes social and economic justice rather than mere state ownership.
• Secularism in India promotes equal respect for all religions and is integral to the Constitution's fabric.

Additional Details

• Socialism: In India, socialism is a commitment to social and economic justice, aiming to reduce inequality and foster a welfare-oriented state. This is reflected in provisions for justice and equality within the Constitution, particularly in the Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles of State Policy.
• Secularism: Indian secularism is characterized by equal respect for all religions, allowing citizens to freely practice their faith. This principle was evident even before the 42nd Amendment, showcasing a commitment to liberty and fraternity.
• The Supreme Court has upheld secularism as part of the Constitution's basic structure, emphasizing its foundational role in Indian democracy.
• Attempts to portray socialism and secularism as mere political impositions ignore their historical significance and the conscious commitment to these values during the framing of the Constitution.
• The demand to remove these terms reflects a broader ideological agenda that seeks to challenge the inclusive nature of the Indian Constitution.

The Constitution of India serves as a moral guide towards justice, liberty, equality, and fraternity. Socialism and secularism are not just decorative elements; they are essential pillars that uphold the essence of India's democracy. Any effort to diminish their significance is an attack on the nation's core values.

GS1/Indian Society

Biomarkers of Healthy Aging, Resilience, Adversity, and Transitions (BHARAT)

Why in News?

The Indian Institute of Science (IISc) in Bengaluru has initiated a groundbreaking project called BHARAT, which aims to investigate the biological, lifestyle, and environmental factors that contribute to aging in India.

Key Takeaways

• The project is a national research initiative led by IISc, Bengaluru.
• Its primary goal is to establish India's first scientific baseline for understanding how Indians age.
• It aims to provide India-specific data, addressing gaps in global aging research.
• BHARAT will redefine health standards that may inaccurately assess Indian health parameters.
• Focus is on biomarkers of biological aging rather than chronological age for early disease detection.

Additional Details

• India-Centric Baseline: The project will develop a database of reference biomarker cut-offs tailored to the unique genetics, diet, and lifestyle of the Indian population.
• Wide Biomarker Range: It will include genomic, metabolic, and environmental indicators to monitor organ aging and resilience early.
• AI-Driven Analysis: Machine learning tools will be utilized to identify aging patterns and predict health risks.
• Holistic Ageing Model: The study will consider factors such as nutrition, pollution, infections, and social influences impacting aging.
• Equity for Global South: The project seeks to rectify global biases that misdiagnose Indian health by using locally validated data.
• Healthspan Focus: The emphasis is on enhancing the quality of life rather than merely extending lifespan.

This initiative is crucial for improving our understanding of aging in the Indian context and is expected to lead to significant advancements in public health and policy.

UPSC 2024: Consider the following countries: 1. Italy 2. Japan 3. Nigeria 4. South Korea 5. South Africa. Which of the above countries are frequently mentioned in the media for their low birth rates, aging population, or declining population?

• Options: (a) 1, 2, and 4
• (b) 1, 3, and 5
• (c) 2 and 4 only
• (d) 3 and 5 only

GS3/Science and Technology

Endocrine Disruptors in Plastic Waste

Why in News?

Recent concerns have emerged regarding the infiltration of microplastics and endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) into the human body. These substances pose significant risks, influencing various aspects of health, including reproduction, cancer susceptibility, metabolism, and child development.

Key Takeaways

• EDCs interfere with the body's hormone systems, affecting multiple physiological processes.
• Exposure can occur through contaminated food, polluted air, and direct contact with certain plastics.
• Long-term health effects include reproductive issues, hormonal imbalances, and increased cancer risks.

Additional Details

• Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals: These substances disrupt hormonal functions by mimicking or blocking natural hormones such as estrogen and testosterone, leading to significant health issues.
• Sources: Common sources of EDCs include plastic bottles containing Bisphenol A, toys, cosmetics with phthalates, food wrappers with Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances, and pesticides.
• Health Implications: EDCs are linked to reduced sperm quality, irregular menstrual cycles, and increased risks of miscarriage. They also trigger early puberty, thyroid dysfunction, and hormonal imbalances.
• Cancer Risks: Several EDCs are classified as probable carcinogens and are associated with cancers of the breast, uterus, prostate, and testicles.
• Metabolic Effects: These chemicals disrupt insulin functions, contributing to obesity and type 2 diabetes, with further links to liver and heart diseases.
• Neuroscience Impact: Early exposure to EDCs has been associated with developmental issues in children, including ADHD and lower IQ.
• Transgenerational Effects: EDCs may alter gene expression, potentially affecting the health of future generations even without direct exposure.

In conclusion, the pervasive presence of endocrine disruptors in our environment, particularly from plastic waste, presents a significant public health challenge that requires urgent attention and action.

GS3/Economy

Government’s Strategic Push for Arhar and Urad Cultivation

Why in News?

In light of increasing pulse imports and heightened domestic demand, the Department of Consumer Affairs, under the Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution, has launched a targeted program. This initiative aims to enhance the cultivation of arhar (tur) and urad across several states in India during the Kharif season of 2025. This effort is part of a larger strategy focusing on food security and reducing imports.

Key Takeaways

• The program promotes cultivation through seed distribution campaigns.
• A total of ₹1 crore is allocated for seed distribution, with a 100% procurement guarantee at Minimum Support Price (MSP).
• Key states involved include Jharkhand, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Karnataka, Manipur, and Tripura.

Additional Details

• Launch of Pulse Cultivation Campaign: The initiative, implemented by the National Cooperative Consumer’s Federation of India Ltd. (NCCF), extends from a pilot project in two districts of Jharkhand to twelve districts across seven states.
• Criteria for District Selection: The selected districts are mainly rainfed areas and include Aspirational Blocks as identified by NITI Aayog.
• Pulses and Their Importance: Pulses are a significant source of protein, comprising 20-25% of their weight, and are essential for a carbohydrate-rich diet in India.
• Domestic Production Trends: The production of pulses in India has increased from 163.23 lakh tonnes in 2015-16 to 244.93 lakh tonnes in 2023-24.
• Import-Export Data: In 2023-24, imports reached 47.38 lakh tonnes, highlighting the country's dependency on pulse imports.

This strategic push for arhar and urad cultivation represents a significant step towards achieving greater self-sufficiency in pulse production and addressing the challenges posed by rising demand and import dependency.

GS2/Polity

Opening New Doors for Parliament’s Library Service

Why in News?

This discussion highlights the essential role of India's Parliament as a center for democratic debate and decision-making, emphasizing the need for improved access to research and policy analysis to enhance legislative effectiveness.

Key Takeaways

• The Indian Parliament has significant potential for improvement in its research capabilities.
• Current library services are underutilized, primarily reactive, and lack proactive research support for Members of Parliament (MPs).
• Reforming the Library and the Reference, Research, Documentation and Information Service (LARRDIS) can enhance its role as a vital resource for legislation.
• Global examples show successful integration of research and parliamentary functions, which India can learn from.

Additional Details

• Importance of Research: Legislative decisions on complex issues such as climate change and national security require robust data and analytical insights, not just political rhetoric.
• Current Limitations: While LARRDIS provides reliable information, it operates reactively, catering only to specific queries rather than anticipating broader research needs.
• Proposed Reforms: Transforming LARRDIS into a proactive research center by collaborating with universities and think tanks can better serve the evolving needs of MPs.
• Global Best Practices: Examples from the European Parliamentary Research Service and Argentina’s OCAL show how integrating expert knowledge can enhance legislative processes.

In conclusion, reforming LARRDIS and expanding its capabilities is crucial for strengthening the legislative process in India. By ensuring that MPs have access to high-quality, anticipatory research, Parliament can reclaim its role as a central institution in shaping the nation's policies, ultimately fostering a more informed and engaged democracy.

GS1/History & Culture

170th Anniversary of Santhal Revolt

Why in News?

Jharkhand observed 'Hul' Diwas to commemorate the 170th anniversary of the Santhal Revolt, which took place on June 30, 1855.

Key Takeaways

• The Santhal Hul is recognized as one of the earliest organized uprisings against British colonialism in India.
• Prominent leaders of the revolt included Sidho, Kanho, Chand, Bhairav Murmu, and sisters Phulo and Jhano.
• The revolt primarily focused on tribal unity and agrarian issues rather than religious or elite political motivations.

Additional Details

• Overview: The Santhal Hul began in present-day Jharkhand and is observed annually as Hul Diwas.
• Causes of the Revolt:
  • Exploitation by Landlords: The revolt opposed the British East India Company, the Zamindari system, and moneylenders who exploited tribal communities.
  • Damin-i-Koh Policy: Implemented in 1832, this policy aimed to resettle Santhals in Rajmahal Hills, leading to land alienation and forced labor.
  • Suppression Measures: The British imposed Martial Law on November 10, 1855, and crushed the uprising by January 3, 1856, using modern firearms and war elephants.
• The revolt inspired key legislative changes, including the Santhal Pargana Tenancy Act (1876) and the Chhotanagpur Tenancy Act (1908), which aimed to protect tribal land rights.

The legacy of the Santhal Revolt remains significant, as the Santhals are now India's third-largest tribal group, residing mainly in Jharkhand, Bihar, Odisha, and West Bengal, and they continue to use the 'Ol Chiki' script to preserve the Santhali language.

Question: After the Santhal Uprising subsided, what was/were the measure/measures taken by the colonial government?

• The territories called 'Santhal Parganas' were created.
• It became illegal for a Santhal to transfer land to a non-Santhal.

Select the correct answer using the code given below:

• (a) 1 only
• (b) 2 only
• (c) Both 1 and 2
• (d) Neither 1 nor 2

GS2/Governance

Child Adoption in India

Why in News?

In a significant development regarding adoption reforms, the Central Adoption Resource Authority (CARA) has announced that digitally certified adoption orders sent via e-mail are now legally valid under existing regulations.

Key Takeaways

• Adoption in India is regulated by multiple laws depending on the child's religion and status.
• CARA has a crucial role in overseeing adoption processes and ensuring compliance with legal standards.

Additional Details

• Legal Framework:Adoption in India is governed by various laws, including:
  • Hindu Adoption and Maintenance Act (HAMA), 1956: Applicable to Hindus, Jains, Sikhs, and Buddhists.
  • Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2015: Covers all religions, focusing on orphans, abandoned, and surrendered children.
  • Guardians and Wards Act, 1890: Pertains to Muslims, Christians, Jews, and Parsis, allowing guardianship but not full adoption.
• Eligibility for Adoption:
  • Children must be declared legally free by a Child Welfare Committee (CWC).
  • Adoption can also occur for children who are relatives, stepchildren, or surrendered by biological parents.
• Adoptive Parents:Eligible individuals include Indian citizens, NRIs, OCIs, and some foreign nationals under strict guidelines, with specific criteria such as:
  • Must be mentally, physically, and financially stable.
  • Married couples need a stable relationship of at least two years, with a combined age not exceeding 110 years.
  • Single women can adopt any child, but single men cannot adopt girls.
  • There should be a minimum age gap of 25 years between the adoptive parent and the child.
  • Couples with three or more children are generally not eligible unless adopting children with special needs.
• Adoption Process:The adoption process includes:
  • Online registration on CARA's CARINGS portal.
  • Submission of required documents and a Home Study Report.
  • Counseling sessions conducted by licensed agencies.
  • Matching of child and parents, followed by a foster care phase.
  • Issuance of adoption orders by the District Magistrate after the 2021 amendment.
  • Two-year follow-up by the adoption agency.
• Central Adoption Resource Authority (CARA):CARA serves as India's statutory body under the Ministry of Women and Child Development, responsible for:
  • Regulating and overseeing both domestic and inter-country adoptions through licensed agencies.
  • Ensuring compliance with laws and child rights standards.
  • Operating the Child Adoption Resource Information and Guidance System (CARINGS) for tracking adoption progress and matching children with parents.
  • Issuing No Objection Certificates (NOCs) and Conformity Certificates for international adoptions.
  • Promoting in-country adoptions, especially for orphans and abandoned children, through awareness campaigns.
  • Monitoring the well-being of adopted children through follow-up reports for two years.
  • Expanding agency networks and overseeing foster-to-adoption transitions, particularly in Jammu & Kashmir.

In summary, CARA plays a vital role in facilitating and regulating the adoption process in India, ensuring that child rights are upheld while promoting domestic adoption.

GS3/Environment

Species in News: Garcinia kusumae

Why in News?

Researchers in Assam have made a significant discovery of a new tree species, Garcinia kusumae, locally known as thoikora. This addition to the Garcinia genus marks an important botanical find in the region.

Key Takeaways

• Species Identity: Garcinia kusumae is an evergreen tree species that is endemic to Assam, India.
• Discovery: Discovered in 2024 by Jatindra Sarma during a field survey in Bamunbari, Baksa district.

Additional Details

• Botanical Traits: This species is dioecious, grows up to 18 metres in height, flowers between February and April, and fruits from May to June.
• Distinct Features: Garcinia kusumae is characterized by having up to 15 staminate flowers per fascicle, fewer stamens, and producing blackish resinous berries.
• Ethnobotanical Uses: The fruit is utilized in local dishes such as sherbet and fish curries, and is also used for medicinal purposes, including remedies for diabetes and dysentery. The seed aril is consumed raw with condiments.

This discovery not only contributes to the understanding of biodiversity in Assam but also highlights the importance of the Garcinia genus, which is known for its floral diversity and various uses in traditional practices.

GS2/Polity

Bihar’s Special Intensive Revision of Electoral Rolls

Why in News?

The Election Commission of India (ECI) is currently conducting a Special Intensive Revision (SIR) of the voter list in Bihar. This initiative has raised various political and social concerns, primarily due to its focus on verifying only "ordinary residents" and the very short deadline for completion, which ends on July 31.

Key Takeaways

• The ECI has allocated just one month for the revision process, deemed insufficient for thorough voter verification in Bihar.
• The emphasis on "ordinary residents" risks excluding temporary absentees, as per the Representation of the People Act, 1950.
• Migrant workers may face wrongful deletions from electoral rolls due to their absence for verification.

Additional Details

• Challenges for Migrant Voters: Many migrants are unable to be physically present in their home constituencies during the verification window, risking their eligibility. For instance, approximately 20% of Bihar’s electorate are migrants and may miss the July 31 deadline.
• Legal Definition of 'Ordinary Residence': It refers to the place where a person normally lives and intends to return. According to Section 19 of the Representation of the People Act, a person should be registered in the electoral roll of their ordinary residence, and temporary absence does not disqualify them.
• Gender Dynamics in Voter Turnout: The 2024 general election saw a higher turnout of female voters compared to male voters in Bihar, likely due to higher male absenteeism linked to migration.

This situation emphasizes the need for electoral reforms that can address the unique challenges faced by migrant voters, ensuring that all eligible citizens can participate in the democratic process without facing undue barriers.

GS3/Economy

NITI Aayog Recommends Incentives and Port Upgrades to Boost Chemical Exports

Why in News?

NITI Aayog has put forward initiatives aimed at significantly increasing India’s chemical exports from $44 billion to nearly double this figure by the year 2030. These measures are designed to address the challenges posed by limited domestic demand which has been identified as a primary constraint to growth.

Key Takeaways

• Development of production clusters to enhance scale.
• Upgrading port infrastructure for better logistics and storage capabilities.
• Introduction of a sales-linked incentive scheme to promote local production and export of essential chemicals.

Additional Details

• Current Status: India ranks as the 6th largest chemical producer globally and the 3rd in Asia, contributing 7% to the national GDP. It is positioned 14th in global chemical exports (excluding pharmaceuticals) with a trade deficit of $31 billion in 2023.
• Market Valuation: The chemical market in India was valued at $220 billion in 2023, with aspirations to reach $1 trillion by 2040. Experts stress that focusing on exports is vital for achieving this target.
• Regional Manufacturing Hubs: The chemical industry is predominantly located in Maharashtra and Gujarat, with significant contributions from West Bengal and Tamil Nadu. The sector includes over 80,000 commercial products across various categories.
• Global Leadership: India is the 4th largest producer of agrochemicals and the 3rd largest consumer of polymers, contributing 16-18% to global dye production.
• PCPIR Policy: The Petroleum, Chemicals and Petrochemicals Investment Region (PCPIR) Policy aims for massive investments totaling $284 billion by 2035.

NITI Aayog’s recommendations include vital measures to enhance India's position in the global chemical market through strategic upgrades and incentives, ultimately leading to a more robust export framework.

GS2/International Relations

Quad Unites to Secure Critical Minerals: A Challenge to China’s Dominance

Why in News?

The nations of India, Australia, Japan, and the US have launched a collaborative initiative aimed at securing critical mineral supply chains. This move comes in response to rising concerns over China's dominance in the sector and the potential for disruptions that could affect global supply chains.

Key Takeaways

• The Quad foreign ministers convened in Washington, DC, reaffirming their commitment to maritime security, economic prosperity, technology, and humanitarian assistance.
• The Quad Critical Minerals Initiative was launched to secure essential mineral supply chains and reduce dependency on China.
• Japan and the US are facing challenges in their electric vehicle industries due to Chinese export restrictions on critical components.

Additional Details

• Quad Critical Minerals Initiative: This initiative is designed to enhance cooperation among the Quad nations to build resilient supply chains for critical minerals. It focuses on diversifying sources and recovering minerals from e-waste.
• China’s Dominance: China holds a significant position in the production and processing of rare earth elements (REEs), necessary for advanced technologies, including semiconductors and electric vehicles (EVs).
• China has imposed bureaucratic barriers and export restrictions on critical minerals, exacerbating supply concerns for countries reliant on these materials.
• India's electric vehicle sector is particularly affected, facing production delays due to China’s control over the supply of rare earth magnets essential for EV motors.

The Quad Critical Minerals Initiative represents a strategic response to the geopolitical challenges posed by China's dominance in critical minerals. By collaborating on supply chains and technology, the Quad nations aim to ensure a more secure and diversified supply of essential resources for modern technologies.