UPSC Daily Current Affairs: 4th June 2025 | Current Affairs & Hindu Analysis: Daily, Weekly & Monthly PDF Download

GS3/Environment

Expert Committee Recommends Ending Mandatory Flue Gas Desulphurisation (FGD)

Why in News?

A high-powered committee chaired by Principal Scientific Advisor (PSA) Ajay Sood has proposed that India should discontinue the mandatory use of Flue Gas Desulphurisation (FGD) units in most coal-fired Thermal Power Plants (TPPs).

• India's current sulphur dioxide (SO₂) levels are low, ranging from 10-20 µg/m³, which is below the permissible limit of 80 µg/m³.
• The coal used in India generally has a low sulphur content, reducing the necessity for FGDs.
• Studies indicate minimal differences in air quality between plants equipped with FGDs and those without.
• FGDs have limited effectiveness in reducing particulate matter levels.
• Installing FGDs could result in a significant increase in CO₂ emissions, estimated at 69 million tonnes from 2025 to 2030.

Additional Details

• Flue Gas Desulphurisation (FGD): FGD is a technology designed to remove sulphur dioxide (SO₂) from flue gases produced by burning coal and oil, specifically in thermal power plants.
• Environmental Benefit: It helps in preventing acid rain, which can damage crops, buildings, and aquatic ecosystems.
• Chemicals Used: Common absorbents in FGDs include limestone (CaCO₃), lime (CaO), and ammonia (NH₃).
• Types of Systems:
  • Dry Sorbent Injection: Cost-effective but less efficient.
  • Wet Limestone-Based: More effective, commonly used in large plants, and generates gypsum.
  • Seawater-Based: Utilizes alkaline seawater, making it ideal for coastal areas.
• FGD Mandate in India: Currently, FGD units are being installed in 537 coal-based thermal power units, yet 92% of India's 600 plants still do not have them.
• Committee Recommendation: The expert panel has suggested exempting 80% of plants from FGD requirements due to feasibility issues, compounded by limited vendors and high costs that could lead to increased electricity tariffs.

This recommendation by the expert committee reflects a shift towards balancing environmental regulations with practical economic considerations in India’s energy sector.

GS2/Governance

India Plans Gradual Phase-Out of National Polio Surveillance Network

Why in the News?

The Government of India has announced plans to gradually phase out the National Polio Surveillance Network (NPSN), established by the World Health Organization (WHO). This network, which comprises over 280 units across the country, has been instrumental in monitoring and eliminating polio in India.

• India achieved a polio-free status in 2014 and is now transitioning the NPSN into broader public health surveillance.
• Experts express concerns over the decision due to the risk of polio cases from neighboring countries.

Additional Details

• National Polio Surveillance Network (NPSN): Established in the late 1990s, the NPSN has been critical in detecting and monitoring polio, leading to India being declared polio-free in 2014.
• Phased Drawdown: The transition will commence in June 2025, reducing the number of surveillance units from 280 to 140 by FY 2026-27, coinciding with a reduction in financial support.
• Concerns from Experts: Prominent health professionals warn that the decision may be premature due to ongoing polio cases in Afghanistan and Pakistan and the potential arrival of vaccine-derived poliovirus (VDPV).
• Impact on Workforce: The reduction in surveillance units may affect the livelihoods of health workers employed at these centers, as many roles have expanded to include monitoring other diseases.
• Transition Management: The WHO emphasizes that the transition will be gradual, ensuring systems can adapt without compromising surveillance quality.

The decision to phase out the NPSN has raised significant concerns among public health experts, particularly given the ongoing risks of polio transmission in neighboring regions. Continuous vigilance and effective integration of polio surveillance into broader public health frameworks are crucial to maintaining India's hard-earned polio-free status.

GS3/Science and Technology

MSC Irina: The World’s Largest Container Ship

Why in News?

The MSC Irina, recognized as the world's largest container ship, is scheduled to make its inaugural visit to the Vizhinjam port in Kerala. This marks the first time that a vessel from the MSC Irina-class, which includes a total of six ultra-large container vessels (ULCVs), will dock at a port in South Asia.

• The MSC Irina was constructed in 2023 and is currently registered under the flag of Liberia.
• This ship is operated by the Mediterranean Shipping Company (MSC), a leading Swiss-based container shipping firm.
• With dimensions of 399.9 meters in length and 61.3 meters in width, it has a capacity of 24,346 TEUs (Twenty-foot Equivalent Units).
• It surpasses the previous record-holder, OOCL Spain, by over 150 TEUs.
• MSC Irina is designed to accommodate more than 24,300 standard 20-foot containers stacked across 22 decks.
• The vessel champions green shipping by incorporating advanced technologies that significantly reduce its environmental impact.

Additional Details

• Green Shipping Innovations: The MSC Irina features air lubrication technology, energy-efficient propellers, and an advanced hull design, all aimed at reducing fuel consumption and minimizing its carbon footprint.
• This combination of features positions the MSC Irina as one of the most eco-friendly mega container ships ever constructed, highlighting the shipping industry’s shift towards sustainability.

The entry of MSC Irina into Vizhinjam port signifies a new era for shipping in South Asia, not only due to its remarkable size but also because of its commitment to environmentally friendly practices.

GS2/Polity

A Decade of Cooperative and Fiscal Federalism in India

Why in News?

The last 11 years have marked a transformative phase in India's approach to cooperative and fiscal federalism, where the Centre and States have collaborated to drive socioeconomic progress. Central to this movement is Prime Minister Narendra Modi's "Team India" initiative, emphasizing partnership for development.

• The transition from the Planning Commission to NITI Aayog represents a shift towards collaborative federalism.
• States have seen an increase in their fiscal capacities and share in tax revenues.
• Key initiatives like GST and various central schemes have bolstered state finances and governance.

Additional Details

• Institutional Transformation: The establishment of NITI Aayog in 2015 replaced the Planning Commission, promoting a shift from top-down policymaking to a more collaborative federal approach. NITI Aayog facilitates state empowerment and enables them to define their development strategies.
• Data-Driven Governance: Initiatives like the Aspirational Districts and Blocks Programme have enhanced services and governance in numerous districts, encouraging states to improve their performance.
• Fiscal Enhancements: Post the 14th Finance Commission recommendations, the states’ share of the divisible tax pool increased from 32% to 42%, significantly boosting their financial resources.
• GST and Fiscal Federalism: The GST Council operates as a federal platform, where the Centre and States share GST revenues (71% to States and 29% to the Centre), promoting fiscal cooperation.
• Increased Financial Support: Gross transfers to states as a share of GDP rose from 5.2% to 6.5% after 2015-16, with substantial increases in grants and loans provided to states.
• Flagship Programmes: Major initiatives like Jal Jeevan Mission and PM Jan Aarogya Yojana have seen significant budget increases, greatly benefiting millions of households and reducing health expenses.
• Constitutional Framework: The Constitution delineates responsibilities among Union, State, and Concurrent Lists, ensuring effective governance while allowing the Centre to engage in State List sectors.

In conclusion, India's federal architecture has evolved towards a dynamic model of cooperative, competitive, and fiscal federalism over the past decade. This synergy has empowered states and strengthened democracy, benefiting over 140 crore citizens, particularly the 25 crore individuals lifted from multidimensional poverty.

GS2/International Relations

Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS)

Why in News?

Recently, the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) celebrated its 50th anniversary, highlighting its significant role in promoting regional cooperation and integration in West Africa.

• ECOWAS was established on May 28, 1975, by signing the Lagos Treaty in Lagos, Nigeria.
• The organization aims to create an economic union that raises living standards and enhances economic stability among member states.
• Current member countries include Benin, Cabo Verde, Côte d’Ivoire, The Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea Bissau, Liberia, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Sénégal, and Togo.
• On January 29, 2025, Burkina Faso, Mali, and Niger officially withdrew from ECOWAS.

Additional Details

• Objectives of ECOWAS: The primary goals include fostering cooperation and integration, establishing a single common currency, and creating a large trading bloc in various sectors such as industry, transport, telecommunications, energy, finance, and cultural matters.
• ECOWAS has also played a crucial role in addressing military conflicts in the region, notably through its regional peacekeeping operation known as ECOMOG, which was led by Nigeria during the 1990s and early 2000s.
• The headquarters of ECOWAS is located in Abuja, Nigeria.

In summary, ECOWAS continues to be a pivotal organization in West Africa, working towards economic integration and stability while also contributing to peacekeeping efforts in the region.

GS2/Polity

National Action Plan for Drug Demand Reduction

Why in News?

The Union government has announced a call for proposals to establish District De-Addiction Centres (DDACs) in 291 identified "gap" districts across 30 States and Union Territories in India. This initiative is part of the broader National Action Plan for Drug Demand Reduction.

• The initiative aims to address drug abuse through a comprehensive strategy.
• Financial assistance will be provided to various stakeholders, including state governments and NGOs.
• The target period for this scheme is from 2018 to 2025.

Additional Details

• Objectives:The plan focuses on several key goals, including:
  • Creating awareness about the ill-effects of drug abuse.
  • Reducing the stigmatization of affected individuals and promoting social reintegration.
  • Developing human resources and building capacities related to drug demand reduction.
  • Facilitating research and documentation on drug abuse.
  • Providing community-based services for identification, counseling, and rehabilitation aimed at Whole Person Recovery (WPR).
  • Implementing comprehensive guidelines and programs using a multi-agency approach.
  • Addressing all forms of drug abuse and alleviating the consequences of drug dependence.
• Funding:Financial support will be available for:
  • State Governments and Union Territory Administrations for preventive education and awareness programs.
  • NGOs and Voluntary Organizations for operating Integrated Rehabilitation Centres for Addicts (IRCAs) and community interventions.
  • Government Hospitals to enhance Addiction Treatment Facilities (ATFs).

This initiative reflects the government's commitment to tackle drug abuse through a structured and supportive approach, emphasizing education, rehabilitation, and community involvement.

GS3/Environment

Aravalli Green Wall Project

Why in News?

On June 5, World Environment Day, Prime Minister Narendra Modi is set to announce the launch of the Aravalli Green Wall Project, aimed at enhancing environmental sustainability and biodiversity in the region.

• The Aravalli Range is one of the oldest fold mountain ranges in the world, formed during the Proterozoic era.
• It stretches approximately 692 km from Gujarat to Delhi, traversing Rajasthan and Haryana.
• The project aims to create a green corridor to combat desertification and ecological degradation.

Additional Details

• Geology: The Aravalli Range is notable for its geological age and structure, significantly influencing local ecology.
• Natural Barrier Function: It serves as a green wall that prevents the Thar Desert from encroaching into eastern Rajasthan and the Gangetic plains.
• Vegetation Strategy: The initiative focuses on eradicating invasive species like Prosopis juliflora and planting native trees such as Khair, Ronjh, and Neem.
• Buffer Zone: A buffer zone of 6.45 million hectares will be established around the Aravallis to protect and restore the ecosystem.
• Global Commitments: The project aligns with global initiatives like the Paris Agreement, targeting a significant reduction in carbon emissions through afforestation.

The Aravalli Green Wall Project is a crucial step towards restoring ecological balance and biodiversity, ensuring long-term sustainability in the region while contributing to global environmental goals.

GS1/History & Culture

Integral Humanism: The Philosophy of Deendayal Upadhyay

Why in News?

A mainstream political party is celebrating 60 years of Integral Humanism (Ekatm Manav-vad), a political philosophy introduced by Pandit Deendayal Upadhyay.

• Deendayal Upadhyay's birth anniversary is celebrated as Antyodaya Diwas since 2014.
• He played a significant role in the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) and co-founded the Bharatiya Jana Sangh (BJS).
• His philosophy emphasizes holistic development and the upliftment of the last person in society.

Additional Details

• Birth and Legacy: Deendayal Upadhyay was born on September 25, 1916, in Mathura, Uttar Pradesh. His contributions are significant in shaping Indian political ideology.
• RSS and BJS Roles: He served as a pracharak in RSS and was the President of BJS, where he laid the ideological foundation for the party.
• Antyodaya Concept: Coined the term “Antyodaya”, meaning the upliftment of the last person, which is central to various welfare schemes.
• Advocated Ideas: Promoted Swadeshi (self-reliance) and decentralization of power for inclusive development.
• Inspired Schemes:
  • Antyodaya Anna Yojana
  • Deendayal Upadhyaya Gram Jyoti Yojana
  • Deendayal Antyodaya Yojana – NRLM
• Mysterious Death: He was found dead on February 11, 1968, near Mughalsarai railway station, which has now been renamed Deendayal Nagar. The case remains unresolved.

His philosophy of Integral Humanism was proposed in 1965 through a series of lectures in Mumbai, advocating for Indian values over foreign ideologies. The core idea aims for holistic development of body, mind, intellect, and soul, grounded in cultural and spiritual ethics.

Furthermore, he defined Chiti as the soul of the nation and Dharma as the ethical base of national integrity, advocating for:

• A minimum living standard for all citizens.
• Global welfare through Indian values.
• Employment for all able-bodied individuals.
• No wastage of natural resources.
• Promotion of indigenous technology.
• Flexible industrial ownership based on practicality.

The philosophy was further expanded by Dattopant Thengdi, founder of the Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh (BMS), and its intellectual roots can be traced back to the Daishik Shastra (1923), a text respected by leaders like Gandhi and Tilak, which he studied during a visit to Almora in 1958–59.

In the context of his philosophy, one common agreement between Gandhism and Marxism is:

• Options:
• (a) the final goal of a stateless society
• (b) class struggle
• (c) abolition of private property
• (d) economic determinism

GS2/Polity

Appointment and Removal of High Court Judges

Why in News?

The Centre is set to introduce a motion for the removal of a Judge from the Allahabad High Court and is currently working towards achieving an all-party consensus for this action.

• Judges of High Courts must have held judicial office in India for at least 10 years or have been advocates in a High Court for a similar duration.
• A High Court judge serves until the age of 62 years, with the President making final decisions regarding any disputes over a judge’s age.

Additional Details

• Qualifications of Judges: As per Article 217(2) of the Constitution, candidates must meet specific judicial experience requirements.
• Appointment Process: High Court judges are appointed by the President of India based on recommendations from the Chief Justice of India (CJI), the Governor, and the Chief Justice of the High Court.
• The Collegium System, including the CJI and two senior-most Supreme Court judges, plays a crucial role in recommending candidates, promoting judicial independence.
• Removal Process: Judges can only be removed through impeachment, requiring a motion signed by at least 100 Lok Sabha MPs and 50 Rajya Sabha MPs, followed by a thorough investigation by a three-member committee.
• Legal Framework: The Judges (Inquiry) Act, 1968 outlines the procedures for investigating misconduct.

In the history of India, no judge has been successfully impeached, although there have been notable attempts. Recent instances include Justice V Ramaswami and Justice Soumitra Sen, both of whom faced removal motions that ultimately failed. The mechanism for removal emphasizes the need for significant evidence and a two-thirds majority in Parliament.

GS3/Science and Technology

Thermophilic Bacteria in Rajgir Hot Spring Could Help Fight Deadly Infections

Why in News?

Researchers from the Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT) have discovered antibiotic-producing bacteria in the Rajgir hot spring located in Nalanda, Bihar.

• Thermophilic bacteria, or thermophiles, thrive at high temperatures (45°C to 70°C).
• Actinobacteria, found in the hot spring, are known for producing important antibiotics.

Additional Details

• What are Thermophilic Bacteria? Thermophiles are microorganisms that thrive in extreme heat, capable of surviving temperatures that can cause burns in humans. They are typically found in environments like hot springs, deep-sea hydrothermal vents, and compost piles.
• Adaptation: These bacteria are biologically equipped to grow in conditions that are inhospitable to most other life forms.
• Global Example: Thermophiles from Saudi Arabia have demonstrated antibacterial properties against gram-positive pathogens.
• Key Findings from India:
  • Researchers faced challenges in sampling due to high temperatures (43°C–45°C).
  • Actinobacteria constituted 40%–43% of the microbial population, which is significantly higher than typical levels.
• Antimicrobial Resistance Context: The research is vital in combatting antimicrobial resistance (AMR), projected to cost $1 trillion globally by 2050, according to the WHO.
• Antibiotic Potential:
  • Lab tests revealed that seven strains of Actinobacteria could inhibit several pathogens, including E. coli and Staphylococcus aureus.
  • Scientists identified diethyl phthalate using GC-MS, effective against Listeria monocytogenes, a dangerous foodborne pathogen.
• Future Scope: While not all thermophiles produce antibiotics, screening is essential for potential antibiotic development.
• Industrial Use: Taq polymerase, an enzyme derived from the thermophile Thermus aquaticus, is widely used in PCR tests, including during the COVID-19 pandemic.
• Agricultural Use: A 2018 study revealed that thermophiles from Chumathang hot springs in Leh can promote plant growth, indicating their wider ecological and industrial relevance.

In summary, the discoveries made in the Rajgir hot spring highlight the potential of thermophilic bacteria in addressing significant health challenges, particularly in the fight against antibiotic resistance.

Consider the following statements:

• Some microorganisms can grow in environments with temperatures above the boiling point of water.
• Some microorganisms can grow in environments with temperatures below the freezing point of water.
• Some microorganisms can grow in highly acidic environments with a pH below 3.

How many of the above statements are correct?

• Options: (a) Only one (b) Only two (c) Only three (d) All four

GS3/Environment

Building-Integrated Photovoltaics: Converting Buildings into Solar Assets

Why in News?

India's rooftop solar (RTS) capacity has surpassed 17 GW, indicating significant progress in adopting clean energy within urban settings. However, crowded urban areas face challenges due to limited space for additional rooftop solar installations.

• Building-Integrated Photovoltaics (BIPV) integrates solar technology into building materials.
• BIPV is essential for densely populated urban areas where traditional rooftop solar is limited.
• Challenges for BIPV adoption include high costs and regulatory gaps.

Additional Details

• What is BIPV? BIPV involves embedding photovoltaic materials into the building envelope, such as façades, roofs, and windows. It functions both as a building material and a solar power generator. Examples include façades, curtain walls, glass windows, skylights, and balcony railings.
• Differences from Traditional Rooftop Solar:
  • Installation: BIPV is embedded in the building structure, unlike RTS which is added on rooftops.
  • Space Use: BIPV utilizes the entire building envelope, while RTS is limited to rooftop areas.
  • Aesthetics: BIPV can be customized and integrated aesthetically, whereas RTS is usually visible and can affect building appearance.
  • Function: BIPV generates electricity and serves as a building material, unlike RTS which only generates electricity.
  • Retrofitting: BIPV is typically integrated during the design/build phase, while RTS is often retrofitted.
• Importance of BIPV in Urban Areas:
  • Limited rooftop space in high-rise buildings restricts the installation of large RTS systems.
  • BIPV allows efficient use of vertical and horizontal surfaces, with façades often being 3-4 times larger than rooftops.
  • With India's urban population projected to reach 850 million by 2051, BIPV supports sustainable urban growth by enabling renewable energy in infrastructure.
  • BIPV provides energy access to residents of multi-storey apartments without rooftop access through installations on balconies and windows.
  • Designs like the Renewable Energy Museum in Kolkata showcase BIPV's integration into aesthetically pleasing architecture.
• Challenges for BIPV Adoption:
  • High initial costs due to the integration of advanced technology and building materials.
  • Policy and regulatory gaps, as India lacks clear mandates and incentives for BIPV compared to European standards.
  • Low awareness among architects, builders, and homeowners about BIPV benefits.
  • Dependence on imported components, which increases costs and limits supply reliability.
  • Absence of standardization and performance guidelines can lead to hesitation among developers.
• Measures to Scale Up BIPV Adoption:
  • Introduce targeted policy incentives and subsidies for BIPV, similar to the PM Surya Ghar Muft Bijli Yojana.
  • Embed BIPV requirements in building and energy codes to standardize its use in new constructions.
  • Promote domestic manufacturing through PLI schemes and pilot projects in public infrastructure to improve visibility and reduce costs.

In conclusion, Building-Integrated Photovoltaics (BIPV) represents a transformative approach to solar energy adoption in India, particularly in urban areas where traditional solutions may be impractical. By integrating solar technologies into building designs, BIPV maximizes space usage and contributes significantly to India's renewable energy goals.