Page 1
Thermodynamics
Contents
1. Basic Concepts
Thermodynamic System and Control Volume
Open and Closed systems
Thermodynamic Equilibrium
Quasi-Static Process
Concept of Continuum
Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
International Practical Temperature Scale
Work a path function
PdV-work or Displacement Work
Free Expansion with Zero Work Transfer
Heat Transfer
Heat Transfer-A Path Function
2. FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
First Law of Thermodynamics
Application of First Law to a Process
Internal Energy--A Property of System
Perpetual Motion Machine of the First Kind-PMM1
Enthalpy
Application of First Law of Thermodynamics to Non-flow or Closed System
Application of First Law to Steady Flow Process S.F.E.E
Variable Flow Processes
Discharging and Charging a Tank
3. SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
Qualitative Difference between Heat and Work
Kelvin-Planck Statement of Second Law
Clausius' Statement of the Second Law
Clausius' Theorem
Refrigerator and Heat Pump [with RAC]
Equivalence of Kelvin-Planck and Clausius Statements
Carnot Engine with same efficiency or same work output
4. ENTROPY
Two Reversible Adiabatic Paths cannot Intersect Each Other
The Property of Entropy
Temperature-Entropy Plot
Page 2
Thermodynamics
Contents
1. Basic Concepts
Thermodynamic System and Control Volume
Open and Closed systems
Thermodynamic Equilibrium
Quasi-Static Process
Concept of Continuum
Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
International Practical Temperature Scale
Work a path function
PdV-work or Displacement Work
Free Expansion with Zero Work Transfer
Heat Transfer
Heat Transfer-A Path Function
2. FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
First Law of Thermodynamics
Application of First Law to a Process
Internal Energy--A Property of System
Perpetual Motion Machine of the First Kind-PMM1
Enthalpy
Application of First Law of Thermodynamics to Non-flow or Closed System
Application of First Law to Steady Flow Process S.F.E.E
Variable Flow Processes
Discharging and Charging a Tank
3. SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
Qualitative Difference between Heat and Work
Kelvin-Planck Statement of Second Law
Clausius' Statement of the Second Law
Clausius' Theorem
Refrigerator and Heat Pump [with RAC]
Equivalence of Kelvin-Planck and Clausius Statements
Carnot Engine with same efficiency or same work output
4. ENTROPY
Two Reversible Adiabatic Paths cannot Intersect Each Other
The Property of Entropy
Temperature-Entropy Plot
The Inequality of Clausius
Entropy Change in an Irreversible Process
Entropy Principle
Applications of Entropy Principle
Entropy Transfer with Heat Flow
Entropy Generation in a Closed System
Entropy Generation in an Open System
Reversible Adiabatic Work in a Steady Flow System
Entropy and Direction: The Second Law a Directional law of Nature
5. AVAILABILITY, IRREVERSIBILITY
Available Energy
Available Energy Referred to a Cycle
Quality of Energy
Maximum Work in a Reversible Process
Reversible Work by an Open System Exchanging Heat only with the Surroundings
Useful Work
Dead State
Availability
Irreversibility and Gouy-Stodola theorem
Second Law efficiency
6. TdS RELATIONS, CLAPERYRON AND REAL GAS
EQUATIONS
Highlight
Some Mathematical Theorems
Maxwell's Equations
TdS Equations
Difference in Heat Capacities and Ratio of Heat Capacities
pv
C,C and ?
Energy Equation
Joule-Kelvin Effect
Clausius-Clapeyron Equation
Mixtures of Variable Composition
Conditions of Equilibrium of a Heterogeneous System
Gibbs Phase Rule
Types of Equilibrium
Local Equilibrium Conditions
Conditions of Stability
7. PURE SUBSTANCES
p-v Diagram for a Pure Substance
Triple point
p-T Diagram for a Pure Substance
p-v-T Surface
T-s Diagram for a Pure Substance
Page 3
Thermodynamics
Contents
1. Basic Concepts
Thermodynamic System and Control Volume
Open and Closed systems
Thermodynamic Equilibrium
Quasi-Static Process
Concept of Continuum
Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
International Practical Temperature Scale
Work a path function
PdV-work or Displacement Work
Free Expansion with Zero Work Transfer
Heat Transfer
Heat Transfer-A Path Function
2. FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
First Law of Thermodynamics
Application of First Law to a Process
Internal Energy--A Property of System
Perpetual Motion Machine of the First Kind-PMM1
Enthalpy
Application of First Law of Thermodynamics to Non-flow or Closed System
Application of First Law to Steady Flow Process S.F.E.E
Variable Flow Processes
Discharging and Charging a Tank
3. SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
Qualitative Difference between Heat and Work
Kelvin-Planck Statement of Second Law
Clausius' Statement of the Second Law
Clausius' Theorem
Refrigerator and Heat Pump [with RAC]
Equivalence of Kelvin-Planck and Clausius Statements
Carnot Engine with same efficiency or same work output
4. ENTROPY
Two Reversible Adiabatic Paths cannot Intersect Each Other
The Property of Entropy
Temperature-Entropy Plot
The Inequality of Clausius
Entropy Change in an Irreversible Process
Entropy Principle
Applications of Entropy Principle
Entropy Transfer with Heat Flow
Entropy Generation in a Closed System
Entropy Generation in an Open System
Reversible Adiabatic Work in a Steady Flow System
Entropy and Direction: The Second Law a Directional law of Nature
5. AVAILABILITY, IRREVERSIBILITY
Available Energy
Available Energy Referred to a Cycle
Quality of Energy
Maximum Work in a Reversible Process
Reversible Work by an Open System Exchanging Heat only with the Surroundings
Useful Work
Dead State
Availability
Irreversibility and Gouy-Stodola theorem
Second Law efficiency
6. TdS RELATIONS, CLAPERYRON AND REAL GAS
EQUATIONS
Highlight
Some Mathematical Theorems
Maxwell's Equations
TdS Equations
Difference in Heat Capacities and Ratio of Heat Capacities
pv
C,C and ?
Energy Equation
Joule-Kelvin Effect
Clausius-Clapeyron Equation
Mixtures of Variable Composition
Conditions of Equilibrium of a Heterogeneous System
Gibbs Phase Rule
Types of Equilibrium
Local Equilibrium Conditions
Conditions of Stability
7. PURE SUBSTANCES
p-v Diagram for a Pure Substance
Triple point
p-T Diagram for a Pure Substance
p-v-T Surface
T-s Diagram for a Pure Substance
Critical Point
h-s Diagram or Mollier Diagram for a Pure Substance
Quality or Dryness Fraction
Steam Tables
Charts of Thermodynamic Properties
Measurement of Steam Quality
Throttling
8. PROPERTIES OF GASSES AND GAS MIXTURE
Avogadro's Law
Ideal Gas
Equation of State of a Gas
Van der Waals equation
Beattie-Bridgeman equation
Virial Expansions
Compressibility
Critical Properties
Boyle temperature
Adiabatic process
Isothermal Process
Polytropic process
Constant Pressure or Isobaric Process
Constant volume or isochoric Process
Properties of Mixtures of Gases
VAPOUR POWER CYCLES
(With Power Plant)
GAS POWER CYCLE
(With IC Engine)
REFRIGERATION CYCLE
(With RAC)
PSYCHROMETRICS
(With RAC)
Page 4
Thermodynamics
Contents
1. Basic Concepts
Thermodynamic System and Control Volume
Open and Closed systems
Thermodynamic Equilibrium
Quasi-Static Process
Concept of Continuum
Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
International Practical Temperature Scale
Work a path function
PdV-work or Displacement Work
Free Expansion with Zero Work Transfer
Heat Transfer
Heat Transfer-A Path Function
2. FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
First Law of Thermodynamics
Application of First Law to a Process
Internal Energy--A Property of System
Perpetual Motion Machine of the First Kind-PMM1
Enthalpy
Application of First Law of Thermodynamics to Non-flow or Closed System
Application of First Law to Steady Flow Process S.F.E.E
Variable Flow Processes
Discharging and Charging a Tank
3. SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
Qualitative Difference between Heat and Work
Kelvin-Planck Statement of Second Law
Clausius' Statement of the Second Law
Clausius' Theorem
Refrigerator and Heat Pump [with RAC]
Equivalence of Kelvin-Planck and Clausius Statements
Carnot Engine with same efficiency or same work output
4. ENTROPY
Two Reversible Adiabatic Paths cannot Intersect Each Other
The Property of Entropy
Temperature-Entropy Plot
The Inequality of Clausius
Entropy Change in an Irreversible Process
Entropy Principle
Applications of Entropy Principle
Entropy Transfer with Heat Flow
Entropy Generation in a Closed System
Entropy Generation in an Open System
Reversible Adiabatic Work in a Steady Flow System
Entropy and Direction: The Second Law a Directional law of Nature
5. AVAILABILITY, IRREVERSIBILITY
Available Energy
Available Energy Referred to a Cycle
Quality of Energy
Maximum Work in a Reversible Process
Reversible Work by an Open System Exchanging Heat only with the Surroundings
Useful Work
Dead State
Availability
Irreversibility and Gouy-Stodola theorem
Second Law efficiency
6. TdS RELATIONS, CLAPERYRON AND REAL GAS
EQUATIONS
Highlight
Some Mathematical Theorems
Maxwell's Equations
TdS Equations
Difference in Heat Capacities and Ratio of Heat Capacities
pv
C,C and ?
Energy Equation
Joule-Kelvin Effect
Clausius-Clapeyron Equation
Mixtures of Variable Composition
Conditions of Equilibrium of a Heterogeneous System
Gibbs Phase Rule
Types of Equilibrium
Local Equilibrium Conditions
Conditions of Stability
7. PURE SUBSTANCES
p-v Diagram for a Pure Substance
Triple point
p-T Diagram for a Pure Substance
p-v-T Surface
T-s Diagram for a Pure Substance
Critical Point
h-s Diagram or Mollier Diagram for a Pure Substance
Quality or Dryness Fraction
Steam Tables
Charts of Thermodynamic Properties
Measurement of Steam Quality
Throttling
8. PROPERTIES OF GASSES AND GAS MIXTURE
Avogadro's Law
Ideal Gas
Equation of State of a Gas
Van der Waals equation
Beattie-Bridgeman equation
Virial Expansions
Compressibility
Critical Properties
Boyle temperature
Adiabatic process
Isothermal Process
Polytropic process
Constant Pressure or Isobaric Process
Constant volume or isochoric Process
Properties of Mixtures of Gases
VAPOUR POWER CYCLES
(With Power Plant)
GAS POWER CYCLE
(With IC Engine)
REFRIGERATION CYCLE
(With RAC)
PSYCHROMETRICS
(With RAC)
Basic Concepts
1. Which of the following are intensive properties? [IES-2005]
1. Kinetic Energy 2. Specific Enthalpy 3. Pressure 4. Entropy
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1 and 3 (b) 2 and 3 (c) 1, 3 and 4 (d) 2 and 4
1. Ans. (b)
2. List I List II [GATE-1998]
(A) Heat to work (1) Nozzle
(B) Heat to lift weight (2) Endothermic chemical reaction
(C) Heat to strain energy (3) Heat engine
(D) Heat to electromagnetic energy (4) Hot air balloon/evaporation
(5) Thermal radiation
(6) Bimetallic strips
2. Ans. (A) -3, (B) -4, (C) -6, (D)-5
Thermodynamic System and Control Volume
3. Assertion (A): A thermodynamic system may be considered as a quantity of working substance
with which interactions of heat and work are studied. [IES-2000]
Reason (R): Energy in the form of work and heat are mutually convertible.
3. Ans. (b)
4. Which one of the following is the extensive property of a thermodynamic system? [IES-1999]
(a) Volume (b) Pressure (c) Temperature (d) Density
4. Ans. (a) Extensive property is dependent on mass of system. Thus volume is extensive
property.
5. The following are examples of some intensive and extensive properties:
1. Pressure 2. Temperature
3. Volume 4. Velocity
5. Electric charge 6. Magnetisation
7. Viscosity 8. Potential energy [IAS-1995]
Which one of the following sets gives the correct combination of intensive and extensive
properties?
Intensive Extensive
(a) 1, 2, 3, 4 5, 6, 7, 8
(b) 1, 3, 5, 7 2, 4, 6, 8
(c) 1, 2, 4, 7 3, 5, 6, 8
(d) 2, 3, 6, 8 1, 4, 5, 7
5. Ans. (c)
Intensive properties, i.e. independent of mass are pressure, temperature, velocity and viscosity. Extensive
properties, i.e. dependent on mass of system are volume, electric charge, magnetisation, and potential
energy. Thus correct choice is (c).
Open and Closed systems
6. A closed thermodynamic system is one in which [IES-1999]
(a) there is no energy or mass transfer across the boundary
(b) there is no mass transfer, but energy transfer exists
Page 5
Thermodynamics
Contents
1. Basic Concepts
Thermodynamic System and Control Volume
Open and Closed systems
Thermodynamic Equilibrium
Quasi-Static Process
Concept of Continuum
Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
International Practical Temperature Scale
Work a path function
PdV-work or Displacement Work
Free Expansion with Zero Work Transfer
Heat Transfer
Heat Transfer-A Path Function
2. FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
First Law of Thermodynamics
Application of First Law to a Process
Internal Energy--A Property of System
Perpetual Motion Machine of the First Kind-PMM1
Enthalpy
Application of First Law of Thermodynamics to Non-flow or Closed System
Application of First Law to Steady Flow Process S.F.E.E
Variable Flow Processes
Discharging and Charging a Tank
3. SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
Qualitative Difference between Heat and Work
Kelvin-Planck Statement of Second Law
Clausius' Statement of the Second Law
Clausius' Theorem
Refrigerator and Heat Pump [with RAC]
Equivalence of Kelvin-Planck and Clausius Statements
Carnot Engine with same efficiency or same work output
4. ENTROPY
Two Reversible Adiabatic Paths cannot Intersect Each Other
The Property of Entropy
Temperature-Entropy Plot
The Inequality of Clausius
Entropy Change in an Irreversible Process
Entropy Principle
Applications of Entropy Principle
Entropy Transfer with Heat Flow
Entropy Generation in a Closed System
Entropy Generation in an Open System
Reversible Adiabatic Work in a Steady Flow System
Entropy and Direction: The Second Law a Directional law of Nature
5. AVAILABILITY, IRREVERSIBILITY
Available Energy
Available Energy Referred to a Cycle
Quality of Energy
Maximum Work in a Reversible Process
Reversible Work by an Open System Exchanging Heat only with the Surroundings
Useful Work
Dead State
Availability
Irreversibility and Gouy-Stodola theorem
Second Law efficiency
6. TdS RELATIONS, CLAPERYRON AND REAL GAS
EQUATIONS
Highlight
Some Mathematical Theorems
Maxwell's Equations
TdS Equations
Difference in Heat Capacities and Ratio of Heat Capacities
pv
C,C and ?
Energy Equation
Joule-Kelvin Effect
Clausius-Clapeyron Equation
Mixtures of Variable Composition
Conditions of Equilibrium of a Heterogeneous System
Gibbs Phase Rule
Types of Equilibrium
Local Equilibrium Conditions
Conditions of Stability
7. PURE SUBSTANCES
p-v Diagram for a Pure Substance
Triple point
p-T Diagram for a Pure Substance
p-v-T Surface
T-s Diagram for a Pure Substance
Critical Point
h-s Diagram or Mollier Diagram for a Pure Substance
Quality or Dryness Fraction
Steam Tables
Charts of Thermodynamic Properties
Measurement of Steam Quality
Throttling
8. PROPERTIES OF GASSES AND GAS MIXTURE
Avogadro's Law
Ideal Gas
Equation of State of a Gas
Van der Waals equation
Beattie-Bridgeman equation
Virial Expansions
Compressibility
Critical Properties
Boyle temperature
Adiabatic process
Isothermal Process
Polytropic process
Constant Pressure or Isobaric Process
Constant volume or isochoric Process
Properties of Mixtures of Gases
VAPOUR POWER CYCLES
(With Power Plant)
GAS POWER CYCLE
(With IC Engine)
REFRIGERATION CYCLE
(With RAC)
PSYCHROMETRICS
(With RAC)
Basic Concepts
1. Which of the following are intensive properties? [IES-2005]
1. Kinetic Energy 2. Specific Enthalpy 3. Pressure 4. Entropy
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1 and 3 (b) 2 and 3 (c) 1, 3 and 4 (d) 2 and 4
1. Ans. (b)
2. List I List II [GATE-1998]
(A) Heat to work (1) Nozzle
(B) Heat to lift weight (2) Endothermic chemical reaction
(C) Heat to strain energy (3) Heat engine
(D) Heat to electromagnetic energy (4) Hot air balloon/evaporation
(5) Thermal radiation
(6) Bimetallic strips
2. Ans. (A) -3, (B) -4, (C) -6, (D)-5
Thermodynamic System and Control Volume
3. Assertion (A): A thermodynamic system may be considered as a quantity of working substance
with which interactions of heat and work are studied. [IES-2000]
Reason (R): Energy in the form of work and heat are mutually convertible.
3. Ans. (b)
4. Which one of the following is the extensive property of a thermodynamic system? [IES-1999]
(a) Volume (b) Pressure (c) Temperature (d) Density
4. Ans. (a) Extensive property is dependent on mass of system. Thus volume is extensive
property.
5. The following are examples of some intensive and extensive properties:
1. Pressure 2. Temperature
3. Volume 4. Velocity
5. Electric charge 6. Magnetisation
7. Viscosity 8. Potential energy [IAS-1995]
Which one of the following sets gives the correct combination of intensive and extensive
properties?
Intensive Extensive
(a) 1, 2, 3, 4 5, 6, 7, 8
(b) 1, 3, 5, 7 2, 4, 6, 8
(c) 1, 2, 4, 7 3, 5, 6, 8
(d) 2, 3, 6, 8 1, 4, 5, 7
5. Ans. (c)
Intensive properties, i.e. independent of mass are pressure, temperature, velocity and viscosity. Extensive
properties, i.e. dependent on mass of system are volume, electric charge, magnetisation, and potential
energy. Thus correct choice is (c).
Open and Closed systems
6. A closed thermodynamic system is one in which [IES-1999]
(a) there is no energy or mass transfer across the boundary
(b) there is no mass transfer, but energy transfer exists
(c) there is no energy transfer, but mass transfer exists
(d) both energy and mass transfer take place across the boundary, but the mass transfer is
controlled by valves
6. Ans. (b) In closed thermodynamic system, there is no mass transfer but energy transfer exists.
7. Which of the following are intensive properties?
1. Kinetic energy 2. Thermal conductivity
3. Pressure 4. Entropy
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1 and 2 (b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 2, 3 and 4 (d) 1, 3 and 4 [IES 2007]
7. Ans. (b)
8. Which of the following is/are reversible process (es)? [IES-2005]
1. Isentropic expansion 2. Slow heating of water from a hot source
3. Constant pressure heating of an ideal gas from a constant temperature source
4. Evaporation of a liquid at constant temperature
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1 only (b) 1 and 2 (c) 2 and 3 (d) 1 and 4
8. Ans. (b) Isentropic means reversible adiabatic.
9. Assertion (A): In thermodynamic analysis, the concept of reversibility is that, a reversible
process is the most efficient process. [IES-2001]
Reason (R): The energy transfer as heat and work during the forward process is always
identically equal to the energy transfer as heat and work during the reversal or the process.
9. Ans. (a)
10. An isolated thermodynamic system executes a process, choose the correct statement(s) form
the following [GATE-1999]
(a) No heat is transferred (b) No work is done
(c) No mass flows across the boundary of the system
(d) No chemical reaction takes place within the system
10. Ans. (a, b, c) For an isolated system no mass and energy transfer through the system.
dQ 0, dW 0, dE 0 or E Constant == ?= =
Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
11. Consider the following statements: [IES-2003]
1. Zeroth law of thermodynamics is related to temperature
2. Entropy is related to first law of thermodynamics
3. Internal energy of an ideal gas is a function of temperature and pressure
4. Van der Waals' equation is related to an ideal gas
Which of the above statements is/are correct?
(a) 1 only (b) 2, 3 and 4 (c) 1 and 3 (d) 2 and 4
11. Ans. (d) Entropy - related to second law of thermodynamics.
Internal Energy (u) = f (T) only
Van der Wall's equation related to => real gas.
Read More