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Thermodynamics 
Contents 
1. Basic Concepts 
Thermodynamic System and Control Volume 
Open and Closed systems 
Thermodynamic Equilibrium 
Quasi-Static Process 
Concept of Continuum 
Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics 
International Practical Temperature Scale 
Work a path function 
PdV-work or Displacement Work 
Free Expansion with Zero Work Transfer 
Heat Transfer 
Heat Transfer-A Path Function 
2. FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS 
First Law of Thermodynamics 
Application of First Law to a Process 
Internal Energy--A Property of System 
Perpetual Motion Machine of the First Kind-PMM1 
Enthalpy 
Application of First Law of Thermodynamics to Non-flow or Closed System  
Application of First Law to Steady Flow Process S.F.E.E 
Variable Flow Processes 
Discharging and Charging a Tank 
3. SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS 
Qualitative Difference between Heat and Work 
Kelvin-Planck Statement of Second Law  
Clausius' Statement of the Second Law  
Clausius' Theorem  
Refrigerator and Heat Pump [with RAC] 
Equivalence of Kelvin-Planck and Clausius Statements 
Carnot Engine with same efficiency or same work output 
4. ENTROPY 
Two Reversible Adiabatic Paths cannot Intersect Each Other 
The Property of Entropy 
Temperature-Entropy Plot 
Page 2


Thermodynamics 
Contents 
1. Basic Concepts 
Thermodynamic System and Control Volume 
Open and Closed systems 
Thermodynamic Equilibrium 
Quasi-Static Process 
Concept of Continuum 
Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics 
International Practical Temperature Scale 
Work a path function 
PdV-work or Displacement Work 
Free Expansion with Zero Work Transfer 
Heat Transfer 
Heat Transfer-A Path Function 
2. FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS 
First Law of Thermodynamics 
Application of First Law to a Process 
Internal Energy--A Property of System 
Perpetual Motion Machine of the First Kind-PMM1 
Enthalpy 
Application of First Law of Thermodynamics to Non-flow or Closed System  
Application of First Law to Steady Flow Process S.F.E.E 
Variable Flow Processes 
Discharging and Charging a Tank 
3. SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS 
Qualitative Difference between Heat and Work 
Kelvin-Planck Statement of Second Law  
Clausius' Statement of the Second Law  
Clausius' Theorem  
Refrigerator and Heat Pump [with RAC] 
Equivalence of Kelvin-Planck and Clausius Statements 
Carnot Engine with same efficiency or same work output 
4. ENTROPY 
Two Reversible Adiabatic Paths cannot Intersect Each Other 
The Property of Entropy 
Temperature-Entropy Plot 
The Inequality of Clausius 
Entropy Change in an Irreversible Process 
Entropy Principle 
Applications of Entropy Principle 
Entropy Transfer with Heat Flow 
Entropy Generation in a Closed System 
Entropy Generation in an Open System 
Reversible Adiabatic Work in a Steady Flow System  
Entropy and Direction: The Second Law a Directional law of Nature  
 
5. AVAILABILITY, IRREVERSIBILITY 
Available Energy 
Available Energy Referred to a Cycle 
Quality of Energy 
Maximum Work in a Reversible Process 
Reversible Work by an Open System Exchanging Heat only with the Surroundings 
Useful Work 
Dead State 
Availability 
Irreversibility and Gouy-Stodola theorem 
Second Law efficiency 
6. TdS RELATIONS, CLAPERYRON AND REAL GAS 
EQUATIONS 
Highlight 
Some Mathematical Theorems 
Maxwell's Equations 
TdS Equations  
 
Difference in Heat Capacities and Ratio of Heat Capacities 
pv
C,C and ? 
Energy Equation  
Joule-Kelvin Effect  
Clausius-Clapeyron Equation  
Mixtures of Variable Composition  
Conditions of Equilibrium of a Heterogeneous System 
Gibbs Phase Rule  
Types of Equilibrium  
Local Equilibrium Conditions 
Conditions of Stability 
7. PURE SUBSTANCES 
p-v Diagram for a Pure Substance 
Triple point 
p-T Diagram for a Pure Substance 
p-v-T Surface 
T-s Diagram for a Pure Substance 
Page 3


Thermodynamics 
Contents 
1. Basic Concepts 
Thermodynamic System and Control Volume 
Open and Closed systems 
Thermodynamic Equilibrium 
Quasi-Static Process 
Concept of Continuum 
Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics 
International Practical Temperature Scale 
Work a path function 
PdV-work or Displacement Work 
Free Expansion with Zero Work Transfer 
Heat Transfer 
Heat Transfer-A Path Function 
2. FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS 
First Law of Thermodynamics 
Application of First Law to a Process 
Internal Energy--A Property of System 
Perpetual Motion Machine of the First Kind-PMM1 
Enthalpy 
Application of First Law of Thermodynamics to Non-flow or Closed System  
Application of First Law to Steady Flow Process S.F.E.E 
Variable Flow Processes 
Discharging and Charging a Tank 
3. SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS 
Qualitative Difference between Heat and Work 
Kelvin-Planck Statement of Second Law  
Clausius' Statement of the Second Law  
Clausius' Theorem  
Refrigerator and Heat Pump [with RAC] 
Equivalence of Kelvin-Planck and Clausius Statements 
Carnot Engine with same efficiency or same work output 
4. ENTROPY 
Two Reversible Adiabatic Paths cannot Intersect Each Other 
The Property of Entropy 
Temperature-Entropy Plot 
The Inequality of Clausius 
Entropy Change in an Irreversible Process 
Entropy Principle 
Applications of Entropy Principle 
Entropy Transfer with Heat Flow 
Entropy Generation in a Closed System 
Entropy Generation in an Open System 
Reversible Adiabatic Work in a Steady Flow System  
Entropy and Direction: The Second Law a Directional law of Nature  
 
5. AVAILABILITY, IRREVERSIBILITY 
Available Energy 
Available Energy Referred to a Cycle 
Quality of Energy 
Maximum Work in a Reversible Process 
Reversible Work by an Open System Exchanging Heat only with the Surroundings 
Useful Work 
Dead State 
Availability 
Irreversibility and Gouy-Stodola theorem 
Second Law efficiency 
6. TdS RELATIONS, CLAPERYRON AND REAL GAS 
EQUATIONS 
Highlight 
Some Mathematical Theorems 
Maxwell's Equations 
TdS Equations  
 
Difference in Heat Capacities and Ratio of Heat Capacities 
pv
C,C and ? 
Energy Equation  
Joule-Kelvin Effect  
Clausius-Clapeyron Equation  
Mixtures of Variable Composition  
Conditions of Equilibrium of a Heterogeneous System 
Gibbs Phase Rule  
Types of Equilibrium  
Local Equilibrium Conditions 
Conditions of Stability 
7. PURE SUBSTANCES 
p-v Diagram for a Pure Substance 
Triple point 
p-T Diagram for a Pure Substance 
p-v-T Surface 
T-s Diagram for a Pure Substance 
Critical Point 
h-s Diagram or Mollier Diagram for a Pure Substance 
Quality or Dryness Fraction 
Steam Tables 
Charts of Thermodynamic Properties 
Measurement of Steam Quality 
Throttling 
 
8. PROPERTIES OF GASSES AND GAS MIXTURE 
Avogadro's Law 
Ideal Gas 
Equation of State of a Gas 
 Van der Waals equation 
 Beattie-Bridgeman equation 
 
Virial Expansions 
 Compressibility 
 Critical Properties 
 Boyle temperature 
 
Adiabatic process 
Isothermal Process 
Polytropic process 
Constant Pressure or Isobaric Process 
Constant volume or isochoric Process 
 
Properties of Mixtures of Gases 
 
VAPOUR POWER CYCLES 
(With Power Plant) 
GAS POWER CYCLE 
(With IC Engine) 
REFRIGERATION CYCLE 
(With RAC)  
PSYCHROMETRICS 
(With RAC)  
 
 
Page 4


Thermodynamics 
Contents 
1. Basic Concepts 
Thermodynamic System and Control Volume 
Open and Closed systems 
Thermodynamic Equilibrium 
Quasi-Static Process 
Concept of Continuum 
Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics 
International Practical Temperature Scale 
Work a path function 
PdV-work or Displacement Work 
Free Expansion with Zero Work Transfer 
Heat Transfer 
Heat Transfer-A Path Function 
2. FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS 
First Law of Thermodynamics 
Application of First Law to a Process 
Internal Energy--A Property of System 
Perpetual Motion Machine of the First Kind-PMM1 
Enthalpy 
Application of First Law of Thermodynamics to Non-flow or Closed System  
Application of First Law to Steady Flow Process S.F.E.E 
Variable Flow Processes 
Discharging and Charging a Tank 
3. SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS 
Qualitative Difference between Heat and Work 
Kelvin-Planck Statement of Second Law  
Clausius' Statement of the Second Law  
Clausius' Theorem  
Refrigerator and Heat Pump [with RAC] 
Equivalence of Kelvin-Planck and Clausius Statements 
Carnot Engine with same efficiency or same work output 
4. ENTROPY 
Two Reversible Adiabatic Paths cannot Intersect Each Other 
The Property of Entropy 
Temperature-Entropy Plot 
The Inequality of Clausius 
Entropy Change in an Irreversible Process 
Entropy Principle 
Applications of Entropy Principle 
Entropy Transfer with Heat Flow 
Entropy Generation in a Closed System 
Entropy Generation in an Open System 
Reversible Adiabatic Work in a Steady Flow System  
Entropy and Direction: The Second Law a Directional law of Nature  
 
5. AVAILABILITY, IRREVERSIBILITY 
Available Energy 
Available Energy Referred to a Cycle 
Quality of Energy 
Maximum Work in a Reversible Process 
Reversible Work by an Open System Exchanging Heat only with the Surroundings 
Useful Work 
Dead State 
Availability 
Irreversibility and Gouy-Stodola theorem 
Second Law efficiency 
6. TdS RELATIONS, CLAPERYRON AND REAL GAS 
EQUATIONS 
Highlight 
Some Mathematical Theorems 
Maxwell's Equations 
TdS Equations  
 
Difference in Heat Capacities and Ratio of Heat Capacities 
pv
C,C and ? 
Energy Equation  
Joule-Kelvin Effect  
Clausius-Clapeyron Equation  
Mixtures of Variable Composition  
Conditions of Equilibrium of a Heterogeneous System 
Gibbs Phase Rule  
Types of Equilibrium  
Local Equilibrium Conditions 
Conditions of Stability 
7. PURE SUBSTANCES 
p-v Diagram for a Pure Substance 
Triple point 
p-T Diagram for a Pure Substance 
p-v-T Surface 
T-s Diagram for a Pure Substance 
Critical Point 
h-s Diagram or Mollier Diagram for a Pure Substance 
Quality or Dryness Fraction 
Steam Tables 
Charts of Thermodynamic Properties 
Measurement of Steam Quality 
Throttling 
 
8. PROPERTIES OF GASSES AND GAS MIXTURE 
Avogadro's Law 
Ideal Gas 
Equation of State of a Gas 
 Van der Waals equation 
 Beattie-Bridgeman equation 
 
Virial Expansions 
 Compressibility 
 Critical Properties 
 Boyle temperature 
 
Adiabatic process 
Isothermal Process 
Polytropic process 
Constant Pressure or Isobaric Process 
Constant volume or isochoric Process 
 
Properties of Mixtures of Gases 
 
VAPOUR POWER CYCLES 
(With Power Plant) 
GAS POWER CYCLE 
(With IC Engine) 
REFRIGERATION CYCLE 
(With RAC)  
PSYCHROMETRICS 
(With RAC)  
 
 
Basic Concepts 
1. Which of the following are intensive properties?        [IES-2005] 
1. Kinetic Energy  2. Specific Enthalpy   3. Pressure   4. Entropy 
Select the correct answer using the code given below: 
(a) 1 and 3   (b) 2 and 3   (c) 1, 3 and 4  (d) 2 and 4 
1. Ans. (b) 
 
2.  List I     List II            [GATE-1998] 
(A) Heat to work    (1) Nozzle 
(B) Heat to lift weight    (2) Endothermic chemical reaction 
(C) Heat to strain energy   (3) Heat engine 
(D) Heat to electromagnetic energy  (4) Hot air balloon/evaporation 
(5) Thermal radiation 
(6) Bimetallic strips 
2. Ans. (A) -3, (B) -4, (C) -6, (D)-5 
 
Thermodynamic System and Control Volume 
3. Assertion (A): A thermodynamic system may be considered as a quantity of working substance 
with which interactions of heat and work are studied.         [IES-2000] 
Reason (R): Energy in the form of work and heat are mutually convertible. 
3. Ans. (b) 
 
4. Which one of the following is the extensive property of a thermodynamic system?     [IES-1999] 
(a) Volume   (b) Pressure   (c) Temperature   (d) Density 
4. Ans. (a) Extensive property is dependent on mass of system. Thus volume is extensive 
property. 
 
5. The following are examples of some intensive and extensive properties: 
 1. Pressure   2. Temperature 
 3. Volume  4. Velocity   
 5. Electric charge  6. Magnetisation 
 7. Viscosity   8. Potential energy    [IAS-1995] 
Which one of the following sets gives the correct combination of intensive and extensive 
properties? 
  Intensive    Extensive 
 (a) 1, 2, 3, 4    5, 6, 7, 8 
 (b)  1, 3, 5, 7     2, 4, 6, 8 
 (c)  1, 2, 4, 7     3, 5, 6, 8 
 (d)  2, 3, 6, 8     1, 4, 5, 7 
5. Ans. (c) 
Intensive properties, i.e. independent of mass are pressure, temperature, velocity and viscosity. Extensive 
properties, i.e. dependent on mass of system are volume, electric charge, magnetisation, and potential 
energy. Thus correct choice is (c). 
 
 
Open and Closed systems 
6. A closed thermodynamic system is one in which         [IES-1999] 
(a) there is no energy or mass transfer across the boundary 
(b) there is no mass transfer, but energy transfer exists 
Page 5


Thermodynamics 
Contents 
1. Basic Concepts 
Thermodynamic System and Control Volume 
Open and Closed systems 
Thermodynamic Equilibrium 
Quasi-Static Process 
Concept of Continuum 
Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics 
International Practical Temperature Scale 
Work a path function 
PdV-work or Displacement Work 
Free Expansion with Zero Work Transfer 
Heat Transfer 
Heat Transfer-A Path Function 
2. FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS 
First Law of Thermodynamics 
Application of First Law to a Process 
Internal Energy--A Property of System 
Perpetual Motion Machine of the First Kind-PMM1 
Enthalpy 
Application of First Law of Thermodynamics to Non-flow or Closed System  
Application of First Law to Steady Flow Process S.F.E.E 
Variable Flow Processes 
Discharging and Charging a Tank 
3. SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS 
Qualitative Difference between Heat and Work 
Kelvin-Planck Statement of Second Law  
Clausius' Statement of the Second Law  
Clausius' Theorem  
Refrigerator and Heat Pump [with RAC] 
Equivalence of Kelvin-Planck and Clausius Statements 
Carnot Engine with same efficiency or same work output 
4. ENTROPY 
Two Reversible Adiabatic Paths cannot Intersect Each Other 
The Property of Entropy 
Temperature-Entropy Plot 
The Inequality of Clausius 
Entropy Change in an Irreversible Process 
Entropy Principle 
Applications of Entropy Principle 
Entropy Transfer with Heat Flow 
Entropy Generation in a Closed System 
Entropy Generation in an Open System 
Reversible Adiabatic Work in a Steady Flow System  
Entropy and Direction: The Second Law a Directional law of Nature  
 
5. AVAILABILITY, IRREVERSIBILITY 
Available Energy 
Available Energy Referred to a Cycle 
Quality of Energy 
Maximum Work in a Reversible Process 
Reversible Work by an Open System Exchanging Heat only with the Surroundings 
Useful Work 
Dead State 
Availability 
Irreversibility and Gouy-Stodola theorem 
Second Law efficiency 
6. TdS RELATIONS, CLAPERYRON AND REAL GAS 
EQUATIONS 
Highlight 
Some Mathematical Theorems 
Maxwell's Equations 
TdS Equations  
 
Difference in Heat Capacities and Ratio of Heat Capacities 
pv
C,C and ? 
Energy Equation  
Joule-Kelvin Effect  
Clausius-Clapeyron Equation  
Mixtures of Variable Composition  
Conditions of Equilibrium of a Heterogeneous System 
Gibbs Phase Rule  
Types of Equilibrium  
Local Equilibrium Conditions 
Conditions of Stability 
7. PURE SUBSTANCES 
p-v Diagram for a Pure Substance 
Triple point 
p-T Diagram for a Pure Substance 
p-v-T Surface 
T-s Diagram for a Pure Substance 
Critical Point 
h-s Diagram or Mollier Diagram for a Pure Substance 
Quality or Dryness Fraction 
Steam Tables 
Charts of Thermodynamic Properties 
Measurement of Steam Quality 
Throttling 
 
8. PROPERTIES OF GASSES AND GAS MIXTURE 
Avogadro's Law 
Ideal Gas 
Equation of State of a Gas 
 Van der Waals equation 
 Beattie-Bridgeman equation 
 
Virial Expansions 
 Compressibility 
 Critical Properties 
 Boyle temperature 
 
Adiabatic process 
Isothermal Process 
Polytropic process 
Constant Pressure or Isobaric Process 
Constant volume or isochoric Process 
 
Properties of Mixtures of Gases 
 
VAPOUR POWER CYCLES 
(With Power Plant) 
GAS POWER CYCLE 
(With IC Engine) 
REFRIGERATION CYCLE 
(With RAC)  
PSYCHROMETRICS 
(With RAC)  
 
 
Basic Concepts 
1. Which of the following are intensive properties?        [IES-2005] 
1. Kinetic Energy  2. Specific Enthalpy   3. Pressure   4. Entropy 
Select the correct answer using the code given below: 
(a) 1 and 3   (b) 2 and 3   (c) 1, 3 and 4  (d) 2 and 4 
1. Ans. (b) 
 
2.  List I     List II            [GATE-1998] 
(A) Heat to work    (1) Nozzle 
(B) Heat to lift weight    (2) Endothermic chemical reaction 
(C) Heat to strain energy   (3) Heat engine 
(D) Heat to electromagnetic energy  (4) Hot air balloon/evaporation 
(5) Thermal radiation 
(6) Bimetallic strips 
2. Ans. (A) -3, (B) -4, (C) -6, (D)-5 
 
Thermodynamic System and Control Volume 
3. Assertion (A): A thermodynamic system may be considered as a quantity of working substance 
with which interactions of heat and work are studied.         [IES-2000] 
Reason (R): Energy in the form of work and heat are mutually convertible. 
3. Ans. (b) 
 
4. Which one of the following is the extensive property of a thermodynamic system?     [IES-1999] 
(a) Volume   (b) Pressure   (c) Temperature   (d) Density 
4. Ans. (a) Extensive property is dependent on mass of system. Thus volume is extensive 
property. 
 
5. The following are examples of some intensive and extensive properties: 
 1. Pressure   2. Temperature 
 3. Volume  4. Velocity   
 5. Electric charge  6. Magnetisation 
 7. Viscosity   8. Potential energy    [IAS-1995] 
Which one of the following sets gives the correct combination of intensive and extensive 
properties? 
  Intensive    Extensive 
 (a) 1, 2, 3, 4    5, 6, 7, 8 
 (b)  1, 3, 5, 7     2, 4, 6, 8 
 (c)  1, 2, 4, 7     3, 5, 6, 8 
 (d)  2, 3, 6, 8     1, 4, 5, 7 
5. Ans. (c) 
Intensive properties, i.e. independent of mass are pressure, temperature, velocity and viscosity. Extensive 
properties, i.e. dependent on mass of system are volume, electric charge, magnetisation, and potential 
energy. Thus correct choice is (c). 
 
 
Open and Closed systems 
6. A closed thermodynamic system is one in which         [IES-1999] 
(a) there is no energy or mass transfer across the boundary 
(b) there is no mass transfer, but energy transfer exists 
(c) there is no energy transfer, but mass transfer exists 
(d) both energy and mass transfer take place across the boundary, but the mass transfer is 
controlled by valves 
6. Ans. (b) In closed thermodynamic system, there is no mass transfer but energy transfer exists. 
 
7. Which of the following are intensive properties? 
1. Kinetic energy  2. Thermal conductivity 
3. Pressure   4. Entropy 
Select the correct answer using the code given below:  
 (a) 1 and 2  (b) 2 and 3 only 
 (c) 2, 3 and 4  (d) 1, 3 and 4     [IES 2007] 
7. Ans. (b) 
 
8. Which of the following is/are reversible process (es)?        [IES-2005] 
1. Isentropic expansion   2. Slow heating of water from a hot source 
3. Constant pressure heating of an ideal gas from a constant temperature source 
4. Evaporation of a liquid at constant temperature 
Select the correct answer using the code given below: 
(a) 1 only   (b) 1 and 2  (c) 2 and 3   (d) 1 and 4 
8. Ans. (b) Isentropic means reversible adiabatic. 
 
9. Assertion (A): In thermodynamic analysis, the concept of reversibility is that, a reversible 
process is the most efficient process.           [IES-2001] 
Reason (R): The energy transfer as heat and work during the forward process is always 
identically equal to the energy transfer as heat and work during the reversal or the process. 
9. Ans. (a) 
 
10. An isolated thermodynamic system executes a process, choose the correct statement(s) form 
the following                 [GATE-1999] 
(a) No heat is transferred   (b) No work is done 
(c) No mass flows across the boundary of the system 
(d) No chemical reaction takes place within the system 
10. Ans. (a, b, c) For an isolated system no mass and energy transfer through the system. 
                             dQ 0, dW 0, dE 0 or E Constant == ?= = 
 
 
Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics 
11. Consider the following statements:         [IES-2003] 
1. Zeroth law of thermodynamics is related to temperature 
2. Entropy is related to first law of thermodynamics 
3. Internal energy of an ideal gas is a function of temperature and pressure 
4. Van der Waals' equation is related to an ideal gas 
Which of the above statements is/are correct? 
(a) 1 only  (b) 2, 3 and 4  (c) 1 and 3   (d) 2 and 4 
11. Ans. (d) Entropy - related to second law of thermodynamics. 
  Internal Energy (u) = f (T) only 
  Van der Wall's equation related to => real gas. 
 
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FAQs on Thermodynamics - Contents and Previous Year Question paper - GATE

1. What are the main topics covered in the subject of Thermodynamics?
Ans. The subject of Thermodynamics covers various topics such as laws of thermodynamics, heat transfer, work and energy, thermodynamic processes, properties of substances, entropy, and thermodynamic cycles.
2. Which previous year question paper of the GATE exam can I refer to for Thermodynamics?
Ans. You can refer to the previous year question paper of GATE for Thermodynamics from the year in which the subject was included in the exam. The specific year can be found on the official GATE website or through reliable sources.
3. What are some frequently asked questions in the GATE exam related to Thermodynamics?
Ans. Some frequently asked questions in the GATE exam related to Thermodynamics may include topics like steam power cycles, refrigeration cycles, thermodynamic properties, gas laws, heat transfer, and entropy calculations.
4. How can I effectively prepare for Thermodynamics in the GATE exam?
Ans. To effectively prepare for Thermodynamics in the GATE exam, it is important to thoroughly understand the fundamental concepts, laws, and equations related to the subject. Practice solving numerical problems and previous year question papers to gain confidence and improve problem-solving skills. Additionally, referring to standard textbooks and joining online or offline coaching classes can also be beneficial.
5. Can you suggest some important topics to focus on for Thermodynamics in the GATE exam?
Ans. Some important topics to focus on for Thermodynamics in the GATE exam include the laws of thermodynamics, thermodynamic cycles (such as Rankine cycle and Carnot cycle), heat transfer mechanisms (conduction, convection, and radiation), thermodynamic properties (enthalpy, entropy, and specific heat), and gas laws (ideal gas equation and real gas behavior).
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