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All questions of Writing and City Life for UPSC CSE Exam

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What was subject to hazards in spite of natural fertility in southern Mesopotamia?
  • a)
    Forestry
  • b)
    Agriculture
  • c)
    Grazing
  • d)
    None
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

Arun Yadav answered
In spite of natural fertility, agriculture was subject to hazards. The natural outlet channels of the Euphrates would have too much water one year and flood the crops, and sometimes they would change course altogether. 

The Mesopotamian ruler who became the king of Akkad, in 2370 BCE, was
  • a)
    Enmerkar
  • b)
    Gilgamesh
  • c)
    Hamurabi
  • d)
    Sargon
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?

Anand Kulkarni answered
Sargon was the ruler of Akkad around 2370 BCE. Several centuries later, a statue of Sargon, recovered by Babylonians, was repaired under the instructions of their then ruler, Nabonidus.

What was made about the willingness to marry?
  • a)
    Proposal
  • b)
    Request
  • c)
    Declaration
  • d)
    None
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

Rajesh Gupta answered
A declaration was made about the willingness to marry, the bride’s parents giving their consent to the marriage.

Read the passage carefully and answer the question.
After 2000 BCE the royal capital of Mari flourished. Some communities in the kingdom of Mari had both farmers and pastoralists, but most of its territory was used for pasturing sheep and goats. Herders need to exchange young animals, cheese, leather and meat in return for grain, metal tools, etc., and the manure of a penned flock is also of great use to a farmer. Yet, at the same time, there may be conflict. A shepherd may take his flock to water across a sown field, to the ruin of the crop. Herdsmen being mobile can raid agricultural villages and seize their stored goods. For their part, settled groups may deny pastoralists access to river and canal water along a certain set of paths.
What primary activities did the communities of Mari engage in?
  • a)
    Farming and trading
  • b)
    Farming and pasturing
  • c)
    Hunting and gathering
  • d)
    Fishing and trading
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

Malavika Patel answered
Primary Activities of Communities in Mari
The passage provides insight into the economic activities within the communities of the ancient kingdom of Mari, emphasizing the dual roles of farming and pasturing.
Farming in Mari
- The communities engaged in agriculture, cultivating crops on sown fields.
- They relied on grains, which were vital for sustenance and trade.
- Farmers benefited from the manure produced by herders' flocks, enhancing soil fertility.
Pasturing in Mari
- Most of the territory was dedicated to pasturing sheep and goats.
- Pastoralists played a crucial role by providing livestock products such as cheese, leather, and meat.
- The mobility of herders allowed them to access different grazing lands, but it also led to potential conflicts with farmers.
Interconnection of Activities
- The relationship between farmers and pastoralists was symbiotic; they exchanged goods that benefited both parties.
- Farmers needed animal products, while pastoralists required grains and tools.
- However, tensions arose due to competition for water access and the risk of herders damaging crops.
Conclusion
The primary activities of the communities in Mari revolved around farming and pasturing. The coexistence of these two practices not only supported the economy but also created a complex social dynamic, marked by cooperation and conflict. Hence, the correct answer is option 'B': Farming and pasturing.

The earliest form of writing in Mesopotamia was known as:
  • a)
    Hieroglyphics
  • b)
    Cuneiform
  • c)
    Pictographs
  • d)
    Sanskrit
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

Avi Kapoor answered
The earliest form of writing in Mesopotamia was known as Cuneiform

Cuneiform writing was the earliest form of writing in Mesopotamia, dating back to around 3500 BC. It was developed by the Sumerians and later adopted by other civilizations in the region. Here are some key points about Cuneiform:

Origin
- Cuneiform writing was developed by the ancient Sumerians in Mesopotamia.
- The word "cuneiform" comes from the Latin word "cuneus" meaning wedge, as the writing was done by pressing a wedge-shaped stylus into clay tablets.

Form
- Cuneiform was primarily written on clay tablets using a wedge-shaped stylus.
- The writing consisted of a series of wedge-shaped marks that represented different sounds and concepts.

Use
- Cuneiform was used for a variety of purposes including record-keeping, administrative documents, religious texts, and literature.
- It was also used by other civilizations in the region such as the Babylonians and Assyrians.

Evolution
- Over time, cuneiform writing evolved and became more sophisticated with the development of new signs and symbols.
- Different versions of cuneiform were used by various civilizations in Mesopotamia.

Legacy
- Cuneiform writing was an important development in the history of writing and communication.
- It laid the foundation for other writing systems that followed, such as the Phoenician alphabet.

In conclusion, Cuneiform was the earliest form of writing in Mesopotamia, developed by the Sumerians and later adopted by other civilizations in the region. It was a significant advancement in the history of writing and communication.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
i. Domestication of animals such as sheep and goats occurred around the same time as the cultivation of crops.
ii. The development of settled agricultural life led to the construction of temporary shelters.
iii. New tools were developed for food processing, including mortars and pestles.
iv. The trade of goods and ideas contributed to the formation of small states from early communities.
  • a)
    i and ii
  • b)
    ii and iii
  • c)
    i, iii, and iv
  • d)
    iii and iv
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

Athul Choudhary answered
Correct Statements Explained
The correct answer is option 'C', which includes statements i, iii, and iv. Here's a detailed explanation of why these statements are correct:
i. Domestication of animals and crop cultivation
- The domestication of animals such as sheep and goats coincided with the advent of agriculture. This transition to farming, known as the Neolithic Revolution, saw early humans developing agriculture around 10,000 years ago, which included both crop cultivation and animal domestication.
iii. Development of new tools for food processing
- As agriculture flourished, new tools were indeed developed for food processing. Mortars and pestles became essential for grinding grains and preparing food, marking a significant advancement in the efficiency of food preparation.
iv. Trade of goods and ideas
- The emergence of agricultural surplus led to the trade of goods and ideas. This exchange facilitated the formation of small communities that eventually evolved into more complex structures, including small states. The need for trade and collaboration was vital for social and political development.
Incorrect Statement Explained
ii. Construction of temporary shelters
- While settled agricultural life did lead to more permanent settlements, it did not primarily result in temporary shelters. Instead, communities began to build more permanent structures as they established themselves in one location, moving away from a nomadic lifestyle.
By analyzing these statements, it is clear that i, iii, and iv collectively illustrate the significant changes brought about by the development of agriculture, while statement ii does not accurately reflect the nature of settled agricultural life.

Read the passage and answer the question.
The great palace of Mari was the residence of the royal family, the hub of administration, and a place of production, especially of precious metal ornaments. It was so famous in its time that a minor king came from north Syria just to see it, carrying with him a letter of introduction from a royal friend of the king of Mari, Zimrilim. Daily lists reveal that huge quantities of food were presented each day for the king’s table: flour, bread, meat, fish, fruit, beer and wine. He probably ate in the company of many others, in or around courtyard 106, paved white. You will notice from the plan that the palace had only one entrance, on the north. The large, open courtyards such as 131 were beautifully paved. The king would have received foreign dignitaries and his own people in 132, a room with wall paintings that would have awed the visitors. The palace was a sprawling structure, with 260 rooms and covered an area of 2.4 hectares.
How was the king's dining setting described in the palace?
  • a)
    Private and secluded
  • b)
    Minimalist and simple
  • c)
    Communal and elaborate
  • d)
    Outdoor and casual
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

Crafty Classes answered
The king likely ate in the company of many others, in or around a paved white courtyard, suggesting a communal and elaborate dining setting.

Read the passage carefully and answer the question.
After 2000 BCE the royal capital of Mari flourished. Some communities in the kingdom of Mari had both farmers and pastoralists, but most of its territory was used for pasturing sheep and goats. Herders need to exchange young animals, cheese, leather and meat in return for grain, metal tools, etc., and the manure of a penned flock is also of great use to a farmer. Yet, at the same time, there may be conflict. A shepherd may take his flock to water across a sown field, to the ruin of the crop. Herdsmen being mobile can raid agricultural villages and seize their stored goods. For their part, settled groups may deny pastoralists access to river and canal water along a certain set of paths.
What did herders typically exchange for grain and metal tools?
  • a)
    Fruits and vegetables
  • b)
    Young animals, cheese, leather, and meat
  • c)
    Wool and silk
  • d)
    Spices and minerals
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

EduRev Humanities answered
Herders exchanged young animals, cheese, leather, and meat for essential goods like grain and metal tools, facilitating mutual benefits between pastoral and agricultural practices.

Read the passage and answer the question.
The great palace of Mari was the residence of the royal family, the hub of administration, and a place of production, especially of precious metal ornaments. It was so famous in its time that a minor king came from north Syria just to see it, carrying with him a letter of introduction from a royal friend of the king of Mari, Zimrilim. Daily lists reveal that huge quantities of food were presented each day for the king’s table: flour, bread, meat, fish, fruit, beer and wine. He probably ate in the company of many others, in or around courtyard 106, paved white. You will notice from the plan that the palace had only one entrance, on the north. The large, open courtyards such as 131 were beautifully paved. The king would have received foreign dignitaries and his own people in 132, a room with wall paintings that would have awed the visitors. The palace was a sprawling structure, with 260 rooms and covered an area of 2.4 hectares.
Which feature of the palace would likely impress foreign dignitaries?
  • a)
    The solitary entrance
  • b)
    The spacious courtyards
  • c)
    The room with awe-inspiring wall paintings
  • d)
    The white-paved courtyards
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

EduRev Humanities answered
Room 132, described as having wall paintings, would have awed visitors, highlighting the palace's grandeur.

Assertion (A): The development of writing played a crucial role in the administration of early cities.
Reason (R): Writing was primarily used for artistic expression and had little to do with governance.
  • a)
    If both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion
  • b)
    If both Assertion and Reason are true but Reason is not the correct explanation of Assertion
  • c)
    If Assertion is true but Reason is false
  • d)
    If both Assertion and Reason are false
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

Subhankar Rane answered
Understanding the Assertion and Reason
The question presents two statements regarding the development of writing and its significance in early cities.
Assertion (A): The development of writing played a crucial role in the administration of early cities.
Reason (R): Writing was primarily used for artistic expression and had little to do with governance.
Evaluating the Assertion
- The assertion is true.
- Writing was essential for record-keeping, communication, and the organization of complex societies in early urban centers.
- It facilitated the administration of laws, trade transactions, and census data, which were vital for governance.
Evaluating the Reason
- The reason is false.
- While writing has been used for artistic expression, its primary function in early civilizations was administrative.
- It was instrumental in documenting laws, economic exchanges, and societal structures, directly impacting governance.
Conclusion
- Given that the assertion is true and the reason is false, the correct answer is option 'C': "If Assertion is true but Reason is false."
- This indicates that while writing indeed played a critical role in administration, the reasoning provided does not support the assertion, as writing's primary use was not merely for artistic purposes.
By understanding the context of both statements, we can see the vital link between writing and governance in early cities, affirming the assertion's validity while debunking the reason.

Read the passage and answer the question.
The great palace of Mari was the residence of the royal family, the hub of administration, and a place of production, especially of precious metal ornaments. It was so famous in its time that a minor king came from north Syria just to see it, carrying with him a letter of introduction from a royal friend of the king of Mari, Zimrilim. Daily lists reveal that huge quantities of food were presented each day for the king’s table: flour, bread, meat, fish, fruit, beer and wine. He probably ate in the company of many others, in or around courtyard 106, paved white. You will notice from the plan that the palace had only one entrance, on the north. The large, open courtyards such as 131 were beautifully paved. The king would have received foreign dignitaries and his own people in 132, a room with wall paintings that would have awed the visitors. The palace was a sprawling structure, with 260 rooms and covered an area of 2.4 hectares.
What was the primary function of the great palace of Mari?
  • a)
    A military fortress
  • b)
    A religious temple
  • c)
    A royal residence and administrative hub
  • d)
    A trading post
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

Pj Commerce Academy answered
The palace served as the residence of the royal family, the hub of administration, and a place of production of precious metal ornaments.

Read the passage carefully and answer the question.
After 2000 BCE the royal capital of Mari flourished. Some communities in the kingdom of Mari had both farmers and pastoralists, but most of its territory was used for pasturing sheep and goats. Herders need to exchange young animals, cheese, leather and meat in return for grain, metal tools, etc., and the manure of a penned flock is also of great use to a farmer. Yet, at the same time, there may be conflict. A shepherd may take his flock to water across a sown field, to the ruin of the crop. Herdsmen being mobile can raid agricultural villages and seize their stored goods. For their part, settled groups may deny pastoralists access to river and canal water along a certain set of paths.
What conflict could arise between shepherds and farmers?
  • a)
    Overuse of farming tools
  • b)
    Access to water
  • c)
    Ownership of land
  • d)
    Crop destruction by livestock
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?

Crafty Classes answered
A potential conflict mentioned is a shepherd taking his flock across a sown field, leading to the ruin of the crop.

Which of the following statements about early societies and Mesopotamian civilization are correct?
i. The development of writing in Mesopotamia around 3200 BCE was primarily used for keeping records of transactions in urban centres like Uruk.
ii. The earliest cities in Mesopotamia emerged around 3000 BCE, driven solely by natural fertility and high levels of food production.
iii. The use of bronze tools in Mesopotamia required trade to procure copper and tin from distant regions.
iv. The palace at Mari was a significant centre of trade and administration, flourishing around 2000 BCE under King Zimrilim.
  • a)
    i, iii, and iv
  • b)
    i and iii
  • c)
    ii and iv
  • d)
    i, ii, iii, and iv
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

Pj Commerce Academy answered
  • The development of writing in Mesopotamia around 3200 BCE was mainly for keeping records of transactions in cities like Uruk.
  • The earliest cities in Mesopotamia appeared around 3000 BCE, influenced not just by natural fertility but also by advancements in agriculture.
  • The use of bronze tools necessitated trade to obtain copper and tin from far-off areas.
  • The palace at Mari was a key hub for trade and governance, thriving around 2000 BCE under King Zimrilim.
The correct statements are: i, iii, and iv.

Assertion (A): The domestication of animals and the cultivation of crops marked a significant shift in human societies from nomadic to settled lifestyles.
Reason (R): This shift occurred around 8000-6000 BCE, enabling the development of complex societies and early civilizations.
  • a)
    If both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion
  • b)
    If both Assertion and Reason are true but Reason is not the correct explanation of Assertion
  • c)
    If Assertion is true but Reason is false
  • d)
    If both Assertion and Reason are false
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

Samridhi Chavan answered
The Domestication and Cultivation Shift
The domestication of animals and the cultivation of crops indeed led to a fundamental transformation in human societies. This transition marked the shift from nomadic lifestyles, where groups moved frequently in search of food, to settled communities that could sustain themselves through agriculture.
Key Points:
- Significance of the Shift:
- The transition allowed people to establish permanent settlements.
- It facilitated population growth and the development of social structures.
- Timeframe:
- This major change occurred around 8000-6000 BCE.
- It aligns with the advent of the Neolithic Revolution.
Development of Complex Societies
As a result of this shift:
- Emergence of Civilizations:
- Surplus food production led to the specialization of labor.
- This specialization contributed to the rise of complex societies and early civilizations.
- Cultural Advancements:
- Settled lifestyles promoted the development of trade, writing, and governance.
Conclusion
Given that both the Assertion and Reason are accurate, and the Reason provides a direct explanation for the Assertion, option 'A' is correct. The domestication of animals and agriculture not only transformed lifestyles but also laid the groundwork for future societal advancements, marking an essential turning point in human history.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
i. Early humans emerged in Africa and utilized stone tools for survival.
ii. The development of agriculture began around 5,000 years ago and was crucial for the establishment of cities.
iii. Mesopotamian cities were built around temples and were centers for long-distance trade.
iv. Writing was necessary for the activities and governance in early cities.
  • a)
    ii and iv
  • b)
    i, iii and iv
  • c)
    i and iii
  • d)
    i, ii and iii
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

EduRev Humanities answered
- Statement i is correct as it acknowledges the emergence of early humans in Africa and their use of stone tools, which is supported by archaeological evidence.
- Statement ii is incorrect because agriculture began around 10,000 years ago, not 5,000 years ago.
- Statement iii is correct as Mesopotamian cities did indeed develop around temples and were important trade centers, validated by archaeological findings.
- Statement iv is also correct; the development of writing was essential for managing the complex activities and governance in early urban centers.
Thus, the correct answer is Option B: i, iii and iv.

What was the earliest known language of Mesopotamia?
  • a)
    Sumerian
  • b)
    Mesopotamian
  • c)
    Babylonian
  • d)
    None
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

Rajesh Gupta answered
Sumerian, the earliest known language of Mesopotamia, was gradually replaced after2400 BCE by the Akkadian language.

Arrange the following developments in the correct chronological order:
  1. First writing in Mesopotamia.
  2. Replacement of Sumerian by Akkadian.
  3. Beginning of agriculture in the northern Mesopotamian plains.
  4. Development of the cuneiform script.
  • a)
    3 -> 4 -> 2 -> 1
  • b)
    3 -> 1 -> 4 -> 2
  • c)
    3 -> 1 -> 2 -> 4
  • d)
    2 -> 4 -> 1 -> 3
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

Crafty Classes answered
  • The beginning of agriculture in northern Mesopotamia occurred around 7000-6000 BCE.
  • The first writing in Mesopotamia appeared around 3200 BCE.
  • The development of the cuneiform script happened by approximately 2600 BCE.
  • Sumerian was replaced by Akkadian around 2400 BCE.

What is identified as a mark of urban life in the passage?
  • a)
    Self-sufficiency
  • b)
    Division of labour
  • c)
    Dependence only on agriculture
  • d)
    Lack of trade
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

K.L Institute answered
The division of labour is a key characteristic of urban life. It signifies that individuals in a city perform specific tasks rather than being self-sufficient. Here are some important points regarding this concept:
  • Specialisation allows individuals to focus on particular skills, such as a carver who creates stone seals.
  • Craftspeople rely on others for materials and tools, indicating a need for organised trade.
  • Urban economies depend on a network of suppliers and distributors, ensuring a steady flow of goods.
  • Social organisation is essential for coordinating various activities, such as the delivery of food and materials.
  • Written records often accompany urban economies, facilitating management and communication.
This interconnectedness highlights how urban life is marked by reliance on others, rather than individual self-sufficiency.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
i. The emergence of cities is a significant milestone in human history that is represented in historical timelines.
ii. Timelines in history often represent a single, linear progression of events without any overlaps.
iii. The domestication of plants and animals marked a critical development in the timeline of human civilization.
iv. Historical processes are static and do not change with new evidence or interpretations.
  • a)
    i and iii
  • b)
    ii and iv
  • c)
    i, iii, and iv
  • d)
    i and ii
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

Crafty Classes answered
  • Statement i is correct as the emergence of cities is indeed highlighted as a significant development in historical timelines.
  • Statement ii is incorrect; timelines often show overlaps and interactions between different historical processes rather than a strictly linear progression.
  • Statement iii is correct; the domestication of plants and animals is recognized as a major advancement in human civilization.
  • Statement iv is incorrect; historical processes can change as new evidence and interpretations emerge, making history a dynamic field of study.
Thus, the correct statements are i and iii, making Option A the accurate choice.

Which of the following statement(s) is/are true?
Statement I: The use of bronze tools in Mesopotamia was well-established by 3000 BCE and significantly contributed to the development of urban centers like Uruk.
Statement II: The Akkadian language replaced Sumerian around 3200 BCE, and this transition marked the beginning of large-scale writing practices in Mesopotamia.
  • a)
    Both statements are true.
  • b)
    Both statements are false.
  • c)
    Statement I is true, but Statement II is false.
  • d)
    Statement I is false, but Statement II is true.
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

Learning Educators answered
  • Statement I is true: The use of bronze tools around 3000 BCE indeed played a crucial role in the urban development of cities like Uruk.
  • Statement II is false: The Akkadian language replaced Sumerian around 2400 BCE, not 3200 BCE. Writing in Mesopotamia began around 3200 BCE, but it was in Sumerian, not Akkadian.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
i. The earliest known form of writing emerged in Mesopotamia around 3200 BCE.
ii. The development of city life began independently in several regions, including the Indus Valley and Mesoamerica.
iii. All early societies relied exclusively on agriculture and did not engage in trade.
iv. The concept of governance in ancient societies was primarily based on hereditary leadership.
  • a)
    i and ii
  • b)
    ii and iv
  • c)
    i and iii
  • d)
    iii and iv
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

Learning Educators answered
- Statement i is correct as cuneiform writing, developed by the Sumerians in Mesopotamia, is recognized as one of the earliest forms of writing, dating back to around 3200 BCE.
- Statement ii is also correct; archaeological evidence shows that complex urban centers arose independently in various parts of the world, such as the Indus Valley and Mesoamerica, suggesting a parallel development of city life.
- Statement iii is incorrect since early societies often engaged in trade, exchanging goods and resources, which was essential for their economic systems.
- Statement iv is partially correct, but governance structures varied widely and were not solely based on hereditary leadership; many societies had different forms of governance, including councils and assemblies.
Thus, the correct options are A: i and ii.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
i. Evidence of early Homo sapiens fossils has been found dating back to approximately 100,000 BP in West Asia.
ii. The domestication of dogs occurred around 14,000 BP in East Asia.
iii. The first recorded use of writing occurred in Mesopotamia around 3200 BCE.
iv. The cultivation of rice was established in Southeast Asia prior to the domestication of the water buffalo.
  • a)
    ii and iv
  • b)
    i and iii
  • c)
    i, iii, and iv
  • d)
    i, ii, iii, and iv
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

Pj Commerce Academy answered
- Statement i is correct; early Homo sapiens fossils are indeed dated to about 100,000 BP in West Asia.
- Statement ii is incorrect as the domestication of dogs is believed to have occurred around 14,000 BP in West Asia, not East Asia.
- Statement iii is correct; the earliest known writing systems did emerge in Mesopotamia around 3200 BCE.
- Statement iv is incorrect because the domestication of the water buffalo occurred after the establishment of rice cultivation in Southeast Asia, not before.
Thus, the correct statements are i and iii, leading to Answer B.

Assertion (A): The emergence of writing significantly transformed early societies and facilitated the development of complex city life.
Reason (R): Writing allowed for the accurate recording of transactions, laws, and historical events, which were essential for governance and trade.
  • a)
    If both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion
  • b)
    If both Assertion and Reason are true but Reason is not the correct explanation of Assertion
  • c)
    If Assertion is true but Reason is false
  • d)
    If both Assertion and Reason are false
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

Learning Educators answered
  • The Assertion is correct as the introduction of writing marked a pivotal change in early societies, enabling them to maintain records and develop governance structures.
  • The Reason is also correct because writing indeed facilitated the recording of transactions, laws, and events, which were crucial for the organization and functioning of complex societies.
  • Furthermore, the Reason provides a valid explanation for the Assertion, as the ability to document information directly contributed to the transformation of societal structures and urbanization.

Assertion (A): The domestication of the horse significantly transformed transportation and agriculture in ancient Central Asia.
Reason (R): The horse was used primarily for agricultural purposes rather than as a means of transport.
  • a)
    If both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion
  • b)
    If both Assertion and Reason are true but Reason is not the correct explanation of Assertion
  • c)
    If Assertion is true but Reason is false
  • d)
    If both Assertion and Reason are false
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

Pj Commerce Academy answered
- The Assertion (A) is true because the domestication of the horse did indeed revolutionize transportation and agricultural practices in ancient Central Asia, allowing for greater mobility and efficiency in farming.
- The Reason (R) is false because, while horses were used in agriculture, they were also crucial for transportation, including travel and trade.
- Since the Assertion is true and the Reason is false, the correct answer is Option B, as both statements are true, but the Reason does not correctly explain the Assertion.

Assertion (A): The emergence of agriculture around 10,000 years ago marked a significant turning point in human history.
Reason (R): Agriculture led to the establishment of permanent settlements and the development of complex societies.
  • a)
    If both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion
  • b)
    If both Assertion and Reason are true but Reason is not the correct explanation of Assertion
  • c)
    If Assertion is true but Reason is false
  • d)
    If both Assertion and Reason are false
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

EduRev Humanities answered
 
  • Assertion (A) is true: The emergence of agriculture indeed marked a significant turning point in human history, facilitating shifts from nomadic lifestyles to settled farming communities.
  • Reason (R) is true: Agriculture did lead to the establishment of permanent settlements, which laid the groundwork for complex societies.
  • Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A) because the development of agriculture directly resulted in the ability for humans to form stable communities, which is what defines the turning point mentioned in the assertion.
 

Read the passage carefully and answer the question.
After 2000 BCE the royal capital of Mari flourished. Some communities in the kingdom of Mari had both farmers and pastoralists, but most of its territory was used for pasturing sheep and goats. Herders need to exchange young animals, cheese, leather and meat in return for grain, metal tools, etc., and the manure of a penned flock is also of great use to a farmer. Yet, at the same time, there may be conflict. A shepherd may take his flock to water across a sown field, to the ruin of the crop. Herdsmen being mobile can raid agricultural villages and seize their stored goods. For their part, settled groups may deny pastoralists access to river and canal water along a certain set of paths.
What actions might pastoralists and settled groups take against each other?
  • a)
    Pastoralists raiding villages
  • b)
    Settled groups blocking access to resources
  • c)
    Both A and B
  • d)
    Neither A nor B
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

Learning Educators answered
The passage describes pastoralists potentially raiding agricultural villages and settled groups denying access to resources like water, showing conflicts over resource access.

Which language replaced the Sumerian language after 2400 BCE?
  • a)
    Mesopotamian language
  • b)
    Chinese language
  • c)
    Middle Eastern language
  • d)
    Akkadian language
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?

EduRev Humanities answered
  • Homo habilis is known as one of the earliest members of the genus Homo, found in East Africa approximately 2.5 million years ago. They were one of the first to use stone tools.
  • Homo heidelbergensis is an archaic human species found in both Europe and Africa. They are believed to be a common ancestor of both Neanderthals and modern humans.
  • Homo sapiens developed advanced tool-making skills, including the precision grip, which allowed for the creation and use of complex tools.
  • Australopithecus is closely associated with the Olduvai Gorge, a significant paleoanthropological site where many hominin fossils have been discovered.

Read the passage and answer the question.
The great palace of Mari was the residence of the royal family, the hub of administration, and a place of production, especially of precious metal ornaments. It was so famous in its time that a minor king came from north Syria just to see it, carrying with him a letter of introduction from a royal friend of the king of Mari, Zimrilim. Daily lists reveal that huge quantities of food were presented each day for the king’s table: flour, bread, meat, fish, fruit, beer and wine. He probably ate in the company of many others, in or around courtyard 106, paved white. You will notice from the plan that the palace had only one entrance, on the north. The large, open courtyards such as 131 were beautifully paved. The king would have received foreign dignitaries and his own people in 132, a room with wall paintings that would have awed the visitors. The palace was a sprawling structure, with 260 rooms and covered an area of 2.4 hectares.
What indicates the scale and complexity of the palace's architecture?
  • a)
    The number of rooms
  • b)
    The area it covers
  • c)
    Both A and B
  • d)
    The type of meals served
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

Learning Educators answered
The palace was sprawling with 260 rooms and covered an area of 2.4 hectares, indicating its large scale and architectural complexity.

Read the passage carefully and answer the question.
Early societies developed around the cultivation of certain crops and the domestication of animals, setting the foundation for permanent settlements. The shift from nomadic lifestyles to settled agriculture allowed for the growth of villages and the accumulation of surplus resources. This significant change in lifestyle facilitated the development of trade networks and the establishment of more complex social structures. Moreover, these early communities began to use metals, leading to advancements in tools and crafts, which further supported the growth of these early societies.
How did the use of metals impact early communities?
  • a)
    It decreased the life expectancy
  • b)
    Led to advancements in tools and crafts
  • c)
    Reduced the need for trade
  • d)
    Increased conflict and warfare
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

Crafty Classes answered
The use of metals led to advancements in tools and crafts, which supported the growth of early societies by improving efficiency and capabilities.

Read the passage carefully and answer the question.
Early societies developed around the cultivation of certain crops and the domestication of animals, setting the foundation for permanent settlements. The shift from nomadic lifestyles to settled agriculture allowed for the growth of villages and the accumulation of surplus resources. This significant change in lifestyle facilitated the development of trade networks and the establishment of more complex social structures. Moreover, these early communities began to use metals, leading to advancements in tools and crafts, which further supported the growth of these early societies. 
What was a significant consequence of the shift to settled agriculture in early societies?
  • a)
    Decrease in population
  • b)
    Reduction in trade
  • c)
    Growth of villages and surplus resources
  • d)
    Decline in metal usage
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

EduRev Humanities answered
The shift to settled agriculture led to the growth of villages and the accumulation of surplus resources, supporting further societal development.

  • a)
    A -> 3, B-> 1, C -> 4, D-> 2
  • b)
    A -> 2, B-> 3, C -> 4, D-> 1
  • c)
    A -> 4, B-> 1, C -> 3, D-> 2
  • d)
    A -> 2, B-> 1, C -> 3, D-> 4
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?

Pj Commerce Academy answered
  • The earliest temples were constructed around 5000 BCE.
  • Uruk developed into a significant city around 3000 BCE.
  • The Assyrian kingdom was established around 1100 BCE.
  • Alexander conquered Babylon in 331 BCE.

Which of the following statements regarding the development of early agriculture is/are correct according to archaeological findings?
i. Agriculture first developed in the Fertile Crescent, particularly in areas of modern-day Iraq and Syria.
ii. The domestication of wheat and barley occurred before the domestication of sheep and goats.
iii. Rice cultivation originated in the Nile Valley alongside wheat.
iv. Early Neolithic communities engaged only in plant domestication and not animal domestication.
 
  • a)
    i and ii
  • b)
    ii and iv
  • c)
    i, iii and iv
  • d)
    i, ii and iii
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

EduRev Humanities answered
  • Statement i is correct: The PDF notes that early agriculture emerged in the Fertile Crescent (modern Iraq-Syria region).
  • Statement ii is correct: Archaeological records show cereals like wheat and barley were domesticated before livestock.
  • Statement iii is incorrect: Rice cultivation originated in East and Southeast Asia, not the Nile Valley.
  • Statement iv is incorrect: Early communities practiced both plant and animal domestication.

Read the passage carefully and answer the question.
Early societies developed around the cultivation of certain crops and the domestication of animals, setting the foundation for permanent settlements. The shift from nomadic lifestyles to settled agriculture allowed for the growth of villages and the accumulation of surplus resources. This significant change in lifestyle facilitated the development of trade networks and the establishment of more complex social structures. Moreover, these early communities began to use metals, leading to advancements in tools and crafts, which further supported the growth of these early societies.
What was a key factor that allowed early societies to transition from nomadic to settled lifestyles?
  • a)
    Introduction of hunting techniques
  • b)
    Cultivation of crops and domestication of animals
  • c)
    Invention of the wheel
  • d)
    Development of written language
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

EduRev Humanities answered
Cultivation of crops and domestication of animals were crucial for early societies to establish permanent settlements, moving away from nomadic lifestyles.

Read the passage carefully and answer the question.
Early societies developed around the cultivation of certain crops and the domestication of animals, setting the foundation for permanent settlements. The shift from nomadic lifestyles to settled agriculture allowed for the growth of villages and the accumulation of surplus resources. This significant change in lifestyle facilitated the development of trade networks and the establishment of more complex social structures. Moreover, these early communities began to use metals, leading to advancements in tools and crafts, which further supported the growth of these early societies.
Which development was facilitated by the lifestyle change to settled agriculture in early societies?
  • a)
    Complex social structures
  • b)
    Decreased community sizes
  • c)
    Lesser reliance on natural resources
  • d)
    Isolation from other communities
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

Learning Educators answered
The change to settled agriculture facilitated the development of trade networks and the establishment of more complex social structures as communities grew and interacted more.

Which of the following is a defining characteristic of urban life as described in the passage?
  • a)
    Large population size
  • b)
    Specialisation and division of labour
  • c)
    Self-sufficiency in food production
  • d)
    Absence of organised trade
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

Pj Commerce Academy answered
The defining characteristic of urban life is specialisation and division of labour. This involves:
  • Specialisation: People in urban areas often focus on specific tasks or professions, enhancing efficiency and expertise.
  • Division of labour: Tasks are divided among individuals or groups, allowing for increased productivity and innovation.

Assertion (A): The establishment of Alexandria in 332 BCE was pivotal for the dissemination of knowledge in the ancient world.
Reason (R): Alexandria became a major center of learning and housed the famous Library of Alexandria.
  • a)
    If both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion
  • b)
    If both Assertion and Reason are true but Reason is not the correct explanation of Assertion
  • c)
    If Assertion is true but Reason is false
  • d)
    If both Assertion and Reason are false
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

EduRev Humanities answered
  • The Assertion is true; the founding of Alexandria marked a significant point in history, particularly in the fields of education and science.
  • The Reason is also true; the Library of Alexandria was one of the largest and most significant libraries of the ancient world, serving as a hub for scholarly activity.
  • Since the Reason explains the significance of the Assertion, the correct answer is Option A.

Arrange the following events in chronological order:
a) Extinction of Neanderthals
b) Emergence of Homo habilis
c) Discovery of fire usage
d) Emergence of Modern Humans
  • a)
    b) -> c) -> d) -> a)
  • b)
    b) -> d) -> c) -> a)
  • c)
    c) -> b) -> d) -> a)
  • d)
    d) -> b) -> c) -> a)
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

Pj Commerce Academy answered
  • Homo habilis emerged around 2.5 million years ago, marking one of the earliest developments in the Homo lineage.
  • Fire usage by early hominins, possibly by Homo erectus, began around 1.4 million years ago, providing a crucial tool for survival and development.
  • Modern Humans (Homo sapiens) emerged in Africa between 195,000 to 160,000 years ago, characterized by advanced cognitive abilities and culture.
  • Neanderthals coexisted with Homo sapiens but eventually became extinct around 35,000 years ago, possibly due to competition or climate changes.

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