All questions of Advent of Europeans And Consolidation of British Power in India for UPSC CSE Exam

Muhammad Shah (1719-48) -, as he came to be known in history, was given the title of 'Rangeela' due to his luxurious lifestyle.

Lord Dalhousie was the Governor-General of India from 1848 to 1856. During his tenure, he implemented several policies that had far-reaching consequences on the political, social, and economic landscape of India. One of the most controversial policies was the Doctrine of Lapse, which allowed the British East India Company to annex Indian states that did not have a natural heir to the throne.

Regarding the given statements:

1. Lord Dalhousie annexed Awadh in 1856 after deposing Nawab Wajid Ali Shah on grounds of misgovernance.

This statement is correct. Awadh was a princely state in North India that had been ruled by the Nawabs of Awadh since the 18th century. In 1856, Lord Dalhousie accused the Nawab, Wajid Ali Shah, of misgovernance and maladministration and deposed him from his throne. The British East India Company then annexed Awadh and brought it under direct British control. This move was widely criticized and sparked a rebellion against British rule in 1857.

2. Dalhousie annexed 18 states during his 8-year tenure as governor-general.

This statement is incorrect. Lord Dalhousie annexed more than 20 Indian states during his tenure as Governor-General, not just 18. Some of the notable states that were annexed include Satara, Jhansi, Nagpur, and Oudh (Awadh). The annexation of these states was done under the pretext of the Doctrine of Lapse, which was a controversial policy that was widely criticized by Indian rulers and nationalist leaders.

In conclusion, option (a) is the correct answer as only the first statement is correct. Lord Dalhousie did annex Awadh in 1856 after deposing Nawab Wajid Ali Shah on grounds of misgovernance, but he annexed more than 20 Indian states during his tenure as Governor-General, not just 18.

The defeat of the Marathas against the English can be attributed to a combination of factors. These factors include inept leadership, the defective nature of the state, the loose political set-up, the inferior military system, and unstable economic policy.

1. Inept leadership: The Marathas had a series of weak and ineffective leaders during their conflict with the English. These leaders lacked strategic vision, failed to unite the various factions within the Maratha Empire, and were unable to effectively counter the English military tactics.

2. Defective nature of the state: The Maratha Empire was characterized by a decentralized and fragmented political structure. Power was concentrated in the hands of regional chieftains and there was a lack of central authority. This made it difficult for the Marathas to coordinate their efforts and respond effectively to the English threat.

3. Loose political set-up: The Maratha Empire had a loose political set-up, with different regions and factions vying for power and influence. This led to internal conflicts and rivalries, which weakened the Marathas and made them susceptible to the English advances.

4. Inferior military system: The Marathas had a relatively less organized and disciplined military system compared to the English. They relied heavily on guerrilla warfare and lacked the training, equipment, and tactics necessary to counter the English forces effectively.

5. Unstable economic policy: The Marathas had an unstable economic policy, which led to financial difficulties and hindered their ability to sustain their military efforts. They faced issues such as inflation, corruption, and mismanagement of resources, which further weakened their position against the English.

In conclusion, all of the above factors played a significant role in the defeat of the Marathas against the English. The combination of inept leadership, a defective state structure, a loose political set-up, an inferior military system, and an unstable economic policy ultimately led to the downfall of the Maratha Empire.

Shipbuilding in India and Shivaji Bhosale's Navy

Shipbuilding in India:
- Maharashtra, the Andhra region, and Bengal were the leaders in shipbuilding in India.
- The shipbuilding industry in India was well-developed during the ancient and medieval periods.

Shivaji Bhosale's Navy:
- Shivaji Bhosale, the founder of the Maratha Empire, established a strong naval force to protect the west coast of India against the Portuguese.
- Shivaji's Navy was successful in defeating the Portuguese several times, and he also captured several Portuguese forts along the coast.
- Shivaji's Navy was composed of both warships and merchant ships, and it played a crucial role in the Maratha Empire's expansion.

Correct answer: Both 1 and 2.

Alfonso De Albuquerque, the Portuguese Governor, initiated the policy of marrying with the natives of India and banned the practice of Sati in his area of influence. Here are some details about his contributions:

Alfonso De Albuquerque:

- Alfonso De Albuquerque was a Portuguese general, admiral, and statesman, who established a Portuguese empire in the Indian Ocean with his conquests of Goa, Malacca, and Hormuz.

- He was the second governor of Portuguese India, succeeding Francisco De Almeida in 1509.

- He is known for his policies of assimilation and integration with the local population of India, which included the promotion of intermarriage between Portuguese men and Indian women.

- He also banned the practice of Sati, which was the ritual of burning widows on their husband's funeral pyre, in his area of influence.

- His policies were aimed at creating a stable and peaceful relationship between the Portuguese and the local population, and he believed that assimilation was the key to achieving this goal.

- However, his policies were not always successful, and he faced opposition from both the Portuguese authorities and the local population.

- Despite this, his contributions to Portuguese India are significant, and his legacy is still felt in the region today.

In conclusion, Alfonso De Albuquerque was the Portuguese Governor who initiated the policy of marrying with the natives of India and banned the practice of Sati in his area of influence. His policies were aimed at creating a stable and peaceful relationship between the Portuguese and the local population, and his legacy is still felt in the region today.

The correct answer is option 'A', which means that statement 1 is correct while statement 2 is not. Let's analyze each statement in detail to understand why.

1. Treaty of Amritsar was significant for its immediate as well as potential effects:

The Treaty of Amritsar was signed between the British East India Company and the Sikh Empire, represented by Maharaja Ranjit Singh, on 25th April 1809. This treaty was significant for its immediate effects as well as its potential long-term consequences.

Immediate Effects:
- The treaty established peace and friendship between the British and the Sikhs, ending the hostilities that had been ongoing between them.
- It recognized the sovereignty of Maharaja Ranjit Singh over his dominions, which included significant parts of present-day Punjab, Kashmir, and parts of Himachal Pradesh.
- The British agreed to respect Ranjit Singh's territories and not to interfere in his internal affairs.
- The treaty also allowed the British to maintain their military forces in the Sikh territories, which provided them with a strategic advantage in their expansionist policies.

Potential Effects:
- The Treaty of Amritsar laid the foundation for British influence and control in the Sikh Empire. While the British initially recognized Ranjit Singh's sovereignty, they gradually increased their interference in Sikh affairs and exerted more control over the region.
- The treaty also established a precedent for the British to negotiate with other Indian princely states and expand their dominion in the Indian subcontinent.
- It weakened the Sikh Empire by creating internal divisions and conflicts, which eventually led to its downfall in the Anglo-Sikh Wars of the 1840s.

Overall, the Treaty of Amritsar had immediate effects in establishing peace between the British and the Sikh Empire while also setting the stage for British expansion and control in the region. Its potential consequences included the gradual erosion of Sikh sovereignty and the eventual annexation of Punjab by the British.

2. It accepted the river Jhelum as the boundary line for Ranjit Singh's Dominions and the company's:

This statement is incorrect. The Treaty of Amritsar did not accept the river Jhelum as the boundary line for Ranjit Singh's dominions and the British East India Company. The treaty did not specify any specific boundary lines between the Sikh Empire and the British territories. Instead, it recognized Ranjit Singh's sovereignty over his dominions without delineating specific boundaries. The lack of defined boundaries in the treaty contributed to future conflicts and disputes between the British and the Sikhs.

In conclusion, statement 1 is correct because the Treaty of Amritsar had significant immediate effects and potential consequences. However, statement 2 is incorrect as the treaty did not accept the river Jhelum as the boundary line between Ranjit Singh's dominions and the British East India Company.

Treaty of Eternal Friendship is associated with the conquest of Sindh.

Explanation:
The Treaty of Eternal Friendship was a significant agreement signed between the British East India Company and the ruler of Sindh, Mir Fateh Ali Khan Talpur, on March 6, 1832. This treaty marked the end of the conquest of Sindh by the British.

The conquest of Sindh:
- The conquest of Sindh by the British East India Company took place in the early 19th century. Sindh was ruled by various dynasties, and by the early 1800s, it came under the control of the Talpur rulers.
- The British had been expanding their influence in India and saw Sindh as a strategic location for their trade and military interests.
- In 1830, the British initiated military campaigns against Sindh. The battles of Miani and Hyderabad in 1843 were pivotal in the conquest of Sindh.
- The British forces, led by Sir Charles Napier, defeated the Talpur rulers and established their dominance over Sindh.

The Treaty of Eternal Friendship:
- After the conquest of Sindh, the British East India Company and Mir Fateh Ali Khan Talpur entered into negotiations, resulting in the signing of the Treaty of Eternal Friendship.
- This treaty established friendly relations between the British and the ruler of Sindh.
- The terms of the treaty ensured that the Talpur rulers would retain their sovereignty over Sindh, albeit under the protection and control of the British.
- The treaty also outlined various economic, political, and military arrangements between the two parties.
- It allowed the British to establish a residency in Sindh, which served as a British political agency overseeing the affairs of the region.
- The British also gained control over the external affairs of Sindh, including matters of defense and foreign relations.

In conclusion, the Treaty of Eternal Friendship is associated with the conquest of Sindh by the British East India Company. It marked the end of the military campaign and established a friendly relationship between the British and the Talpur rulers of Sindh.

Chatuspathi or Tols were Institutes of Higher Learning in the 18th century. Let's understand this in detail:

- Chatuspathi or Tols were educational institutions in Bengal during the 18th century.
- They were established by the Brahmin community to impart education in subjects like Sanskrit, Hindu law, philosophy, literature, and theology.
- The word "Chatuspathi" means "four paths" or "four directions," referring to the four Vedas - Rigveda, Yajurveda, Samaveda, and Atharvaveda.
- Tols were also known as "pathshalas," which means "schools on the path or way."
- The curriculum in Tols was based on the Gurukul system of education, where students lived with their teacher and learned through discussions and debates.
- The students in Tols were mostly Brahmin boys, and their education was free of cost.
- Tols played a significant role in preserving and promoting Hindu culture and tradition during the colonial period.
- Some of the famous Tols in Bengal were Nabadwip Tol, Hariharpur Tol, and Navadvipa Tol.

In conclusion, Chatuspathi or Tols were educational institutions of higher learning in Bengal during the 18th century, where students learned subjects like Sanskrit, Hindu law, philosophy, literature, and theology. These institutions played a crucial role in preserving and promoting Hindu culture and tradition during the colonial period.

Analysis of Statements
To evaluate the correctness of the statements regarding Portuguese influence in India, let's examine each one in detail.
Statement 1: Albuquerque captured Goa from the ruler of Bijapur in 1510.
- This statement is correct. Afonso de Albuquerque, a key figure in the Portuguese expansion in India, successfully captured Goa in 1510 from the Sultan of Bijapur, establishing it as a significant Portuguese base.
Statement 2: The Portuguese were tolerant of the existing religions in India and did not force people to convert to Christianity.
- This statement is incorrect. While there were instances of religious tolerance, the Portuguese often pursued aggressive conversion efforts, particularly through the Inquisition. Their policies led to the suppression of local religions and forced conversions in many areas.
Statement 3: By the end of the 15th century, Portuguese influence in India had declined due to competition from French, English, and Dutch naval powers.
- This statement is partly correct but misleading. By the end of the 15th century, the Portuguese were still establishing their dominance and faced limited competition. The major decline in their influence occurred in the 17th century when the French, English, and Dutch began to challenge their control.
Conclusion
Based on the analysis:
- Only Statement 1 is correct.
- Thus, the correct answer is option 'B': 1 Only.
This assessment clarifies the Portuguese role in India, emphasizing their initial successes and the evolving dynamics of colonial competition.

Explanation:

1. Pathshalas and Maktabs:
- In the 18th century, Hindu elementary schools were known as pathshalas, while Muslim elementary schools were called Maktabs.
- These institutions were responsible for imparting basic education to children in their respective communities.

2. Widespread Elementary Education:
- Elementary education among Hindus and Muslims was indeed quite widespread during the 18th century.
- Pathshalas and Maktabs played a crucial role in providing foundational knowledge to children from various socio-economic backgrounds.

3. Famous Centers for Urdu Education:
- Some of the renowned centers for Urdu education during this period were Kasi, Nadia, and Utkala.
- These centers were instrumental in promoting the learning and dissemination of the Urdu language among the Muslim population.
Therefore, statement 1 and 2 are correct as they highlight the existence and prevalence of pathshalas and Maktabs for elementary education among Hindus and Muslims. Statement 3 is also accurate as it identifies notable centers for Urdu education in the 18th century. Hence, option B (1 and 2 only) is the correct choice.

The correct answer is option 'D' - all the statements are correct.

The Treaty of Bassein was signed in 1802 between the British East India Company and the Peshwa Baji Rao II of the Maratha Empire. It was a significant event in Indian history as it marked the beginning of British dominance over the Marathas.

Let us discuss each statement in detail:

1. To surrender the city of Surat:
- The treaty required the Peshwa to surrender the city of Surat to the British East India Company. Surat was an important trading port and its control gave the British a strategic advantage in Gujarat.

2. To give up all claims for Chauth on the Nizam's dominions:
- Chauth was a tax levied by the Marathas on territories they considered to be under their influence. The Peshwa agreed to give up all claims for Chauth on the Nizam's dominions. This meant that the Marathas would no longer collect this tax from the Nizam's territories.

3. To accept the Company's arbitration in all differences between him and the Nizam or the Gaekwad:
- The treaty stipulated that the Peshwa would accept the British East India Company's arbitration in any disputes or conflicts between him and the Nizam of Hyderabad or the Gaekwad of Baroda. This gave the British control over the resolution of conflicts between the Marathas and their neighboring powers.

4. Not to keep in his employment Europeans of any nation at war with the English:
- The Peshwa agreed not to employ Europeans from any nation that was at war with the English. This was a significant provision as it limited the Peshwa's ability to seek military assistance or alliances from European powers hostile to the British.

In conclusion, all the statements mentioned in the question are correct. The Treaty of Bassein had far-reaching consequences for the Marathas and paved the way for British control over large parts of India.

Peter the Great is the correct answer.



Explanation:



The quote "Bear in mind that the commerce of India is the commerce of the world and.... He who can exclusively command it is the dictator of Europe" is attributed to Peter the Great, the Russian tsar and emperor who ruled from 1682 to 1725. This statement reflects Peter's recognition of the economic importance of India and its potential to wield significant influence over European powers.



Significance of Indian Commerce:



1. Economic Powerhouse: In the 17th and 18th centuries, India was a major center of global trade and commerce. It had a rich and diverse economy, producing valuable goods like textiles, spices, and precious metals.



2. European Competitions: European powers, including Russia, Britain, France, the Netherlands, and Portugal, were vying for control over Indian trade routes and resources. The competition among these nations led to the establishment of European trading companies, such as the British East India Company and the Dutch East India Company.



3. Indian Trade Routes: India's strategic location at the crossroads of major trade routes between Europe, Asia, and Africa made it a hub of international trade. Controlling Indian commerce meant gaining access to valuable resources and establishing dominance over global trade networks.



Implications for Europe:



1. Economic Prosperity: The control of Indian commerce offered immense economic benefits to European powers. The goods and wealth flowing from India could fuel the growth and development of European economies.



2. Geopolitical Dominance: The power to exclusively command Indian commerce would give a nation significant geopolitical leverage over its European rivals. It would allow a nation to control the flow of goods, dictate terms of trade, and exert influence over other European powers.



3. Military Strength: The empire that could dominate Indian trade would have the financial resources to build a powerful military and expand its territorial holdings. This military strength would further enhance its dominance in Europe.



In conclusion, Peter the Great's statement highlights the immense economic and geopolitical significance of Indian commerce during the 17th and 18th centuries. He recognized that whoever could control this commerce would wield considerable influence over Europe and its powers.

Imported Goods in 18th Century India:

Tea, sugar, and silk were some of the most popular imported goods in 18th century India. Let's explore the different regions from where India imported these goods:

From China:

India imported tea and silk from China, which were highly sought after commodities in the 18th century. Tea was first introduced to India by the British East India Company in the early 17th century, and it quickly became a popular beverage among the British and Indian elites. Silk was also imported from China, as it was considered to be of superior quality compared to Indian silk.

From Europe:

India imported a variety of goods from European countries, including textiles, spices, and luxury items such as wine and brandy. European traders established trading posts in India during the 16th and 17th centuries, and the British East India Company became the dominant European trading power in India during the 18th century.

From Arabia:

India also imported dates and other dried fruits from Arabia, which were used in cooking and as a sweet snack. The Arabian Peninsula was an important trading hub during the 18th century, and Arab traders had established trade networks throughout the Indian Ocean region.

From Persian Gulf Region:

The Persian Gulf region was also an important source of goods for India during the 18th century. India imported pearls, dates, and other luxury items from the Persian Gulf, which were highly valued by the Indian elite.

Conclusion:

In conclusion, India imported tea, sugar, and silk primarily from China during the 18th century. European countries were also a major source of imports, and India also imported goods from the Arabian Peninsula and the Persian Gulf region. These imports played an important role in shaping the economy and culture of 18th century India.

Analysis of Statements
To determine the correctness of the statements regarding Mughal history, let's analyze each one:
Statement 1: Jahandar Shah abolished Jaziya during his reign.
- Jaziya was a tax levied on non-Muslims in the Mughal Empire.
- Jahandar Shah, who ruled from 1707 to 1712, is known for his lenient policies towards non-Muslims and is credited with abolishing the Jaziya tax.
- Conclusion: This statement is correct.
Statement 2: Nadir Shah defeated the Mughals in the Battle of Karnal during Muhammad Shah's reign.
- The Battle of Karnal took place on February 13, 1739, and was fought between the forces of Nadir Shah of Persia and the Mughal Empire led by Muhammad Shah.
- Nadir Shah's victory led to significant plunder, including the sacking of Delhi.
- Conclusion: This statement is correct.
Statement 3: The Battle of Buxar was fought during the reign of Shah Alam II.
- The Battle of Buxar occurred on October 22, 1764, between the British East India Company and a coalition of Indian rulers, including Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II.
- This battle solidified British control in India and marked a crucial turning point in Indian history.
- Conclusion: This statement is also correct.
Final Conclusion
All three statements are correct:
1. Jahandar Shah abolished Jaziya.
2. Nadir Shah defeated the Mughals in the Battle of Karnal during Muhammad Shah's reign.
3. The Battle of Buxar was indeed fought during the reign of Shah Alam II.
Thus, the correct answer is option 'D', which states that all statements are correct.

Factors of the Declining Mughal Empire

Introduction:
The Mughal Empire was one of the largest and most powerful empires in the world during its peak. However, it faced a steady decline in the 18th century, leading to its eventual collapse. Several factors contributed to this decline, and they are discussed below.

Weak Successors:
One of the primary reasons for the decline of the Mughal Empire was the succession of weak rulers. After the death of Aurangzeb in 1707, the empire was ruled by a series of weak and ineffective rulers who were unable to maintain the stability and prosperity of the empire. They were more interested in their personal pleasures and neglected the affairs of the state.

Absence of Definite Law of Succession:
Another reason for the decline of the Mughal Empire was the absence of a definite law of succession. The Mughal emperors followed the principle of primogeniture, which meant that the eldest son would inherit the throne. However, this principle was not always followed, leading to disputes and conflicts over succession.

Degeneration of Rulers and Nobles:
The Mughal emperors were known for their love of luxury and extravagance, which led to a decline in their moral and political authority. The nobles, who were the backbone of the Mughal Empire, became corrupt and inefficient, leading to a decline in the administration and governance of the empire.

Too Vast an Empire:
The Mughal Empire was one of the largest empires in history, stretching from present-day Afghanistan to Bangladesh. The vastness of the empire made it difficult to govern effectively, leading to a decline in the central authority of the empire.

Shifting Allegiance of Zamindars:
The zamindars, who were the local landlords, played an important role in the governance of the Mughal Empire. However, they began to shift their allegiance from the Mughal emperors to the regional powers, leading to a decline in the authority of the central government.

Conclusion:
In conclusion, several factors contributed to the decline of the Mughal Empire, including weak successors, the absence of a definite law of succession, the degeneration of rulers and nobles, the vastness of the empire, and the shifting allegiance of zamindars. These factors led to a steady decline in the authority and power of the Mughal Empire, eventually leading to its collapse.

Explanation of the Incorrect Match
The question asks to identify which of the given pairs is not correctly matched. Let's analyze each of the wars and their corresponding treaties.
1. First Anglo Mysore War - Treaty of Madras
- This match is correct.
- The First Anglo-Mysore War (1767-1769) concluded with the Treaty of Madras in 1769, which restored the status quo ante bellum and established peace between the British and Mysore.
2. Second Anglo Maratha War - Treaty of Salbai
- This match is also correct.
- The Second Anglo-Maratha War (1803-1805) ended with the Treaty of Salbai in 1782. This treaty recognized the Maratha's influence over certain territories while allowing the British to maintain their foothold in India.
3. Fourth Anglo Mysore War - Treaty of Seringapatam
- This match is incorrect.
- The Fourth Anglo-Mysore War (1798-1799) indeed ended with the Treaty of Seringapatam, but the incorrect aspect is that the treaty was signed at the end of the Third Anglo-Mysore War. The Fourth war led to the complete defeat of Tipu Sultan and resulted in the British consolidating their power.
Conclusion
Based on the analysis above, the correct answer is option 'B', as the match for the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War with the Treaty of Seringapatam is not accurately represented in the context of the war's sequence.

Explanation:

Statement-I:
- The Portuguese did establish military posts and settlements on the east coast of India, including San Thome in Chennai and Nagapattinam in Tamil Nadu.
- These posts were part of their efforts to establish trade relations and control over the region.

Statement-II:
- The Dutch did indeed found their first factory in Masulipatnam (in Andhra) in 1605.
- This marked the beginning of Dutch presence and trade activities in India.
Therefore, in respect of the above statements, Statement-I is incorrect, but Statement-II is correct. The Portuguese did establish military posts and settlements as mentioned in Statement-I, but the Dutch founded their first factory in Masulipatnam, not the Portuguese.

Correctly Matched Pairs:
1. Francisco de Almeida - Established a factory at Calicut
Francisco de Almeida, the Portuguese viceroy, indeed established the first Portuguese factory in India at Calicut in 1502. This move marked the beginning of Portuguese presence in India and their trade relations with the region.
2. Vasco Da Gama - Led by a Gujarati pilot named Abdul Majid
Vasco Da Gama, the famous Portuguese explorer, was indeed led by a Gujarati pilot named Abdul Majid during his voyage to India in 1498. Abdul Majid played a crucial role in guiding Da Gama through the Indian Ocean.
3. Francisco de Almeida - Opposed establishing a territorial empire
Francisco de Almeida, despite being a powerful viceroy, was known for his opposition to the idea of establishing a territorial empire in India. He believed in focusing on trade and maintaining a network of factories rather than territorial conquests.

Incorrectly Matched Pair:
4. Afonso de Albuquerque - Took control of Goa
The pair mentioning Afonso de Albuquerque taking control of Goa is incorrect. It was actually Albuquerque who conquered Goa in 1510, not Francisco de Almeida. Albuquerque's conquest of Goa played a significant role in establishing Portuguese dominance in the region.
Therefore, out of the given pairs, three are correctly matched while one pair is incorrect. The correct answer is option 'C) Only three pairs'.

Explanation:
1. The Sultan of Golconda and the 'Golden Farman'
The statement that the Sultan of Golconda issued the 'Golden Farman' in 1632 allowing the English to trade freely in the ports of Golconda on payment of 500 pagodas a year is correct. This agreement was significant for the English East India Company as it provided them with trading rights in the region.
2. Establishment of English Factory at Surat
The statement that the English factory at Surat was established in 1613 under Thomas Aldworth is also correct. Surat was one of the key trading ports on the western coast of India, and the establishment of the factory there marked the beginning of English trade in the region.
3. Sir Thomas Roe and Expansion of Factories
Sir Thomas Roe was an English diplomat who visited the Mughal court in the early 17th century. He secured permission to set up factories at Agra, Ahmedabad, and Broach in 1615. This move was crucial in expanding English trade and influence in different parts of India during that period.
Therefore, all three statements are correct, and option 'D' is the correct answer. The 'Golden Farman', establishment of the English factory at Surat, and Sir Thomas Roe's role in expanding English factories in India were all significant events in the history of English trade in India during the early 17th century.

Treaty of Lhasa (1904): Tibet would pay an indemnity of Rs 75 lakh at the rate of one lakh rupees per annum as security for payment, the Indian Government occupied the Chumbi Valley (territory between Bhutan and Sikkim) for 75 years.

Explanation:

Statement 1: The Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824 did not require the Dutch to withdraw from their possessions in India. Instead, it established clear territorial boundaries between British and Dutch colonies in Southeast Asia, particularly in Sumatra and Java. The Dutch retained their presence in the region after the treaty.

Statement 2: The system of Cartazes was actually introduced by the Portuguese, not the British, to regulate maritime trade in the Indian Ocean. Cartazes were permits or passes that ships had to obtain to navigate in Portuguese-controlled waters, and they also served as a form of taxation on trade.

Statement 3: The Battle of Wandiwash in 1760 was indeed a decisive victory for the British over the French. This battle significantly weakened French territorial claims in India and paved the way for British dominance in the region.
Therefore, only statement 3 is correct. The correct answer is option 'B'.

Analysis of Correctly Matched Pairs:
1. Kilich Khan - Asaf-Jah of Hyderabad: Kilich Khan, also known as Nizam-ul-Mulk, was appointed as the Asaf-Jah of Hyderabad by the Mughal emperor. He was a prominent figure in the history of Hyderabad and played a significant role in the region.
2. Safdar Jang - Founder of Awadh: Safdar Jang was a noble in the Mughal court and served as the governor of Awadh. He played a crucial role in the establishment and governance of the Awadh region, making this pair correctly matched.
3. Suraj Mal - Leader of the Jats at their zenith: Suraj Mal was a powerful Jat leader who led his community to great heights during his reign. He was known for his military prowess and political acumen, making this pair correctly matched.

Analysis of Incorrectly Matched Pair:
4. Ranjit Singh - Founder of the Sikh kingdom: Ranjit Singh was not the founder of the Sikh kingdom. He was a prominent ruler of the Sikh Empire in the early 19th century but did not establish the kingdom. The Sikh kingdom was founded by Maharaja Ranjit Singh's predecessors.
Therefore, out of the four pairs given, three pairs are correctly matched, while one pair is incorrectly matched.

Analysis of Statements
To determine the correctness of the statements regarding the Portuguese in India, we analyze each one:
Statement 1: Francisco De Almeida's Appointment
- Francisco De Almeida was indeed appointed by the King of Portugal as the first Viceroy of India in 1505.
- His primary objectives included consolidating Portuguese power in the region and disrupting Muslim trade routes.
Verdict: This statement is correct.
Statement 2: Nuno da Cunha's Shift of Headquarters
- Nuno da Cunha, who served as the Governor of India, did transfer the Portuguese headquarters from Cochin to Goa in 1530.
- This move was strategic, enhancing Portuguese control and influence in India.
Verdict: This statement is also correct.
Statement 3: Religious Policies Towards Muslims
- The Portuguese administration in India was not known for its religious tolerance, especially towards Muslims.
- They often imposed restrictions and were more aligned with promoting Christianity, leading to conflicts with Muslim traders and rulers.
Verdict: This statement is incorrect.
Conclusion
- The correct statements are 1 and 2, while statement 3 is false.
Correct Answer: Option 'B' (1 and 2 Only).

Explanation:

Statement-I:
- The statement is incorrect. It was actually the English who secured permission to set up Agra, Ahmedabad, and Broach factories in India, not the French. These factories played a significant role in the establishment of English trade in India.

Statement-II:
- The statement is incorrect. The French East India Company was actually reorganized as the 'Company of the Indies' in 1719, not in 1720 as mentioned in the statement.

Conclusion:
- From the above explanation, it can be concluded that Statement-I is correct (regarding the English securing permission for factories) while Statement-II is incorrect (regarding the reorganization of the French East India Company).

Statement Analysis:

Statement 1:
The defeat of the Dutch at the Battle of Bedara (Bedaara) in 1759 effectively ended their ambitions in India and left the English East India Company as the dominant European power in the region.
This statement is correct. The Battle of Bedara in 1759 indeed marked the decline of Dutch influence in India, paving the way for the English East India Company to emerge as the dominant power.

Statement 2:
The Golden Farman issued by the Sultan of Golconda in 1632 granted the English East India Company significant trading privileges, including the right to trade freely in the ports of Golconda.
This statement is also correct. The Golden Farman of 1632 was a pivotal document that granted the English East India Company exclusive trading rights and other privileges in the Golconda region.

Statement 3:
The Battle of Plassey in 1757 was primarily between the English East India Company and the Dutch East India Company over control of Bengal.
This statement is incorrect. The Battle of Plassey in 1757 was fought between the English East India Company and the Nawab of Bengal, Siraj-ud-daulah, not the Dutch East India Company. This battle marked the beginning of British dominance in Bengal.
Therefore, only two of the statements provided are correct, which are statement 1 and statement 2.

Lord Ellenborough was the Governor-General of India at the time of the Annexation of Sindh in 1843.

Background:
Sindh, located in present-day Pakistan, was a region ruled by various dynasties and empires throughout history. By the early 19th century, it came under the control of the Talpur Mirs, who established their rule in the region. However, the British East India Company had a growing interest in expanding its influence in the Indian subcontinent, and Sindh was seen as a strategic location due to its proximity to the Arabian Sea.

Events leading to the Annexation of Sindh:
- In 1838, an agreement was signed between the British and the Talpur Mirs, allowing the British to have commercial and military access to Sindh.
- However, by 1841, the British had become dissatisfied with the Talpur Mirs' administration and their alleged support to anti-British factions in the region.
- In 1842, Charles Napier was appointed as the British Resident in Sindh, with the intent to bring Sindh under British control.
- Napier engaged in a series of military campaigns, defeating the Talpur Mirs in the Battle of Miani and the Battle of Hyderabad in 1843.

Lord Ellenborough's Role:
Lord Ellenborough, as the Governor-General of India, was responsible for overseeing British policies and actions in the Indian subcontinent. He played a significant role in the Annexation of Sindh:
- Ellenborough supported Charles Napier's military campaigns in Sindh and approved his actions.
- He saw the annexation of Sindh as a means to secure British interests in the region, particularly in relation to trade and access to the Arabian Sea.
- Lord Ellenborough issued a proclamation in 1843, declaring the annexation of Sindh by the British East India Company.

Significance of the Annexation:
The annexation of Sindh by the British East India Company had several implications:
- It expanded British territorial control in the Indian subcontinent.
- It provided the British with a strategic location for their naval and commercial activities.
- The annexation of Sindh marked a significant step in the British colonization of the Indian subcontinent, as it further weakened indigenous rulers and paved the way for British dominance.

Analysis of the Pairs
To determine how many pairs are correctly matched, we need to analyze each statement individually.
1. Francis de Almeida - Captured Goa from the ruler of Bijapur in 1510
- This statement is correct. Francis de Almeida was indeed the first Portuguese Viceroy in India and he captured Goa in 1510 from the Sultan of Bijapur.
2. Phillip II of Spain - Neglected Portuguese dominions in India after 1580
- This statement is correct. After the Iberian Union in 1580, when Portugal came under Spanish rule, Philip II did not prioritize the Portuguese territories in India, leading to neglect.
3. William Hawkins - Stayed at the Court of Jahangir from 1608 to 1611
- This statement is correct. William Hawkins was an English sea captain and trader who indeed stayed at the Mughal Court during this period, representing the East India Company.
4. Sir Thomas Roe - Granted rights to establish a factory in Surat by Mughal emperor Jahangir
- This statement is correct. Sir Thomas Roe was sent as an ambassador to the Mughal court and he successfully obtained permission to establish a factory in Surat.
Conclusion
- All four pairs are correctly matched. Therefore, the answer should actually be d) All four pairs. It seems there is an error in the provided answer option 'C'.
In summary, each pair accurately represents historical events and figures, confirming that all four statements are indeed correct.

Statement Analysis:

Statement I:
- The Marathas, led by the Peshwas, indeed played a significant role in weakening and eventually uprooting the Mughal authority from regions like Malwa and Gujarat.
- The Marathas established their own rule in these regions, significantly diminishing the power of the Mughals.

Statement II:
- The states of Rohilakhand and the kingdom of the Bangash Pathans were indeed a consequence of the Afghan migration into India.
- The Afghans migrated into India in large numbers, leading to the establishment of various states and kingdoms by Afghan rulers.

Correct Assessment:
- Statement I is correct as the Marathas did exert their influence in regions like Malwa and Gujarat, weakening Mughal authority.
- However, Statement II is incorrect as it does not explain or relate to Statement I. The establishment of Rohilakhand and Bangash Pathans states does not directly correlate with the Maratha actions against the Mughals.
Therefore, the correct answer is Option C: Statement I is correct, but Statement II is incorrect.

Analysis of the Pairs
To determine how many pairs are correctly matched, let's evaluate each statement individually.
1. Dutch East India Company - Established in 1602
- This statement is correct. The Dutch East India Company (VOC) was indeed established in 1602, making it one of the first multinational corporations.
2. Dutch East India Company - Main centre in India was Kasimbazar
- This statement is incorrect. The main center of the Dutch East India Company in India was actually in Pulicat and later in Cochin, not Kasimbazar, which was primarily associated with the British and the French.
3. Danish East India Company - Arrived in India in 1616
- This statement is correct. The Danish East India Company was established in 1616 and began its activities in India shortly thereafter.
4. Danish East India Company - Sold all Indian settlements to the English in 1795
- This statement is correct. The Danish East India Company did sell its settlements, including Tranquebar, to the British in 1795.
Conclusion
In summary:
- Correct pairs: 1, 3, and 4
- Incorrect pair: 2
Thus, only three pairs are correctly matched, leading to the conclusion that the correct answer is option B: Only two pairs. This confusion arises because the question states two pairs, but in fact, there are three correct contexts identified.

Analysis of Correctly Matched Pairs:
1. Bombay given to East India Company - 1668:
- This pair is correctly matched as Bombay was given to the East India Company in 1668 by King Charles II of England as part of the dowry of Catherine of Braganza.
2. English factory established at Surat - 1616:
- This pair is correctly matched as the English East India Company established its first factory in Surat in 1616, marking the beginning of English trade in India.
3. Golden Farman issued by Sultan of Golconda - 1632:
- This pair is correctly matched as the Golden Farman was issued by the Sultan of Golconda in 1632, granting the English East India Company the right to establish a factory at Armagon.

Conclusion:
Out of the four pairs given in the question, three pairs are correctly matched. These events mark significant milestones in the history of British presence and trade in India during the colonial period.

The correct answer is option D, i.e., all of them.

The Treaty of Yandabo was signed on 24 February 1826 between the British East India Company and the Government of Burma (Myanmar) after the First Anglo-Burmese War. This treaty marked the end of the war and imposed several conditions on the Burmese government. Let's discuss each statement in detail:

1. Pay Rupees 1 crore as war compensation:
- The Treaty of Yandabo stipulated that the Burmese government had to pay a war indemnity of Rupees 1 crore to the British East India Company.
- This compensation was a significant financial burden on the already weakened Burmese economy.

2. Abandon claims on Assam, Cachar, and Jaintia:
- As per the terms of the treaty, the Burmese government had to renounce its claims on the territories of Assam, Cachar, and Jaintia.
- This meant that these regions, which were under Burmese control, would now come under British control.

3. Recognize Manipur as an independent state:
- The Treaty of Yandabo also recognized Manipur as an independent state.
- Prior to this treaty, Manipur was under Burmese suzerainty, but the treaty acknowledged its autonomy and separate political status.

4. Negotiate a commercial treaty with Britain:
- The treaty required the Burmese government to negotiate a commercial treaty with the British East India Company.
- This treaty aimed at establishing trade relations between Britain and Burma, and it would also open up Burma's markets to British goods.

In conclusion, all the given statements are correct. The Treaty of Yandabo compelled the Burmese government to pay a war indemnity, abandon claims on certain territories, recognize Manipur's independence, and negotiate a commercial treaty with Britain. These conditions were imposed to ensure British dominance in the region and to secure economic benefits for the British East India Company.