All questions of Poverty as a Challenge for Class 9 Exam

Explanation:
Poverty is a prevalent issue in India, but it is incorrect to say that every person in India is poor. The correct answer to the question is option 'C' - Every 5th person in India is poor.

Here are the details to support this answer:

1. Poverty in India:
India is a developing country with a large population, and poverty is one of the significant challenges that the country faces. The poverty rate in India is measured using the poverty line, which is the minimum level of income required to meet a person's basic needs.

2. Poverty Line:
The poverty line in India is determined based on the expenditure required to purchase a minimum set of food items that would provide a person with a daily intake of 2,400 calories in rural areas and 2,100 calories in urban areas. The poverty line is updated periodically to adjust for inflation and changes in food prices.

3. Poverty Statistics:
According to the latest poverty estimates released by the Government of India, the poverty rate in India was 21.9% in 2011-12, which means that approximately 270 million people in India were living below the poverty line. This number has since reduced, with the latest estimates indicating that the poverty rate in India was around 10% in 2019.

4. Every 5th person is Poor:
Based on these statistics, it is incorrect to say that every person in India is poor. However, it is accurate to say that every 5th person in India is poor, which means that out of every five people, one person is living below the poverty line.

In conclusion, poverty is a significant issue in India, but it is important to have accurate information and statistics when discussing the topic. The correct answer to the question is option 'C' - Every 5th person in India is poor.

Economic vulnerability refers to the susceptibility of a household or individual to economic shocks and uncertainties. In India, the most vulnerable groups are:

Rural agricultural labour households and urban casual labour households:
• These households are dependent on daily wages for their livelihoods and have limited or no job security.
• They are often forced to work in exploitative conditions and have low bargaining power.
• They have limited access to social protection schemes and are more likely to fall into poverty during economic downturns or natural disasters.

Farmers with 1-hectare land:
• These farmers have small landholdings and are often unable to invest in modern farming techniques or machinery.
• They are dependent on erratic rainfall and are more vulnerable to crop failures and price fluctuations in the market.
• They often have limited access to credit and insurance facilities, making it difficult for them to cope with economic shocks.

Urban small shopkeepers:
• These shopkeepers operate small businesses in urban areas and are often located in low-income neighborhoods.
• They have limited resources to expand their businesses and are vulnerable to competition from larger retailers.
• They are also vulnerable to economic downturns and natural disasters that can disrupt their business operations.

Urban daily wages:
• These workers are employed in the informal sector and have no job security or social protection.
• They are often paid low wages and work in unsafe conditions.
• They are vulnerable to economic shocks and natural disasters that can cause a loss of income and push them into poverty.

In conclusion, the most vulnerable economic groups in India are those who are employed in the informal sector, have low job security, and limited access to social protection schemes. These groups are more susceptible to economic shocks and natural disasters, which can lead to poverty and economic insecurity.

Explanation:

- NREGA (National Rural Employment Guarantee Act): It is a poverty alleviation programme that provides guaranteed 100 days of employment to rural households. It aims to enhance the livelihood security of people in rural areas by providing them with wage employment opportunities.
- AAY (Antyodaya Anna Yojana): It is a scheme that provides highly subsidized food grains to the poorest of the poor households in both rural and urban areas. The scheme aims to provide food security to the poorest sections of the society.
- NSSO (National Sample Survey Office): It is a government agency that conducts surveys and collects data on various socio-economic indicators to provide information for policy formulation and planning. It is not a poverty alleviation programme.
- PMGY (Pradhan Mantri Gramin Yojana): It is a poverty alleviation programme that aims to provide basic amenities like housing, electricity, and sanitation to rural households. It aims to improve the living conditions of people in rural areas.

Therefore, the correct answer is option 'C' because NSSO is not an anti-poverty programme but a government agency that conducts surveys and collects data on various socio-economic indicators.

The organisation that carries out a survey for determining the poverty line is the National Sample Survey Organisation (NSSO).

NSSO is a government organisation that conducts surveys and collects data on various socio-economic indicators in India. One of the important tasks of NSSO is to estimate poverty levels in the country.

The poverty line is the minimum income required to meet the basic needs of an individual or a household. The poverty line is determined by calculating the cost of a basket of essential goods and services required for a person to sustain a basic standard of living.

The NSSO conducts a survey every few years to collect data on income and expenditure patterns of households across the country. Based on this data, the poverty line is determined. The poverty line varies for rural and urban areas and is updated periodically to reflect changes in the cost of living.

The poverty line is an important tool for policymakers to design and implement poverty alleviation programmes. It helps in identifying the target population for such programmes and in monitoring their effectiveness.

Explanation:


Social exclusion is a process whereby certain individuals or groups are pushed to the edge of society and prevented from participating fully by virtue of their poverty, low education, or lack of access to necessary services. Social exclusion is a common indicator of poverty because it often results from a lack of resources, such as access to education, healthcare, social services, and economic opportunities.




Examples of social exclusion:

• Being unable to afford basic necessities such as food, clothing, and shelter


• Being denied access to education or training opportunities


• Being discriminated against on the basis of race, gender, or religion


• Being excluded from social activities or events due to poverty


• Being unable to access healthcare services

Therefore, social exclusion is a common indicator of poverty. Those who experience social exclusion often face multiple and interconnected disadvantages, which can perpetuate the cycle of poverty. As a result, it is important to address social exclusion as part of efforts to reduce poverty and promote social inclusion.

Exclusion in India

Exclusion is a process of keeping someone or a group of people out of participation in social, economic, or political spheres. India, being a diverse country, has seen various forms of exclusion. One of the most prominent forms of exclusion in India is the caste system.

Caste System

The caste system is a hierarchical social system prevalent in India that divides people into four main castes- Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas, and Shudras. However, there are many sub-castes within each caste. People are born into a particular caste and are expected to follow the customs and traditions of that caste. This system has led to exclusion and discrimination of certain castes.

Example of Exclusion in India

The caste system has excluded certain castes from equal opportunities. For example, people belonging to the lower castes are not allowed to enter temples, draw water from wells, or even touch the upper-caste people. They are also excluded from many job opportunities and are paid lesser wages for the same work. This form of exclusion has led to a lack of social and economic mobility for these people.

Conclusion

Exclusion in India is a significant issue that needs to be addressed. The caste system has led to the exclusion of certain castes and has created a divide between people. It is important to promote inclusivity and provide equal opportunities for everyone, irrespective of their caste, gender, religion, or any other factor.

To reduce poverty in Andhra Pradesh, white cards are issued to the households falling below the poverty line, to provide the subsidised rice. Thus number of people below poverty line declined during 1990's increasing white cards distributions .

The Public Distribution System in Tamil Nadu reduced poverty due to its coverage as well as pricing. Each family, whether below the poverty line or not, is entitled to 20 kg of rice at Re. 1 a kg.

The state with the largest percentage of poor in India is Bihar. Let's dive deeper into the reasons behind this.

1. Economic Factors:
- Bihar has historically been one of the poorest states in India, with a weak industrial base and limited job opportunities.
- The state's economy is primarily based on agriculture, which is often characterized by low productivity, lack of irrigation facilities, and dependence on monsoon rains.
- The agrarian economy is vulnerable to natural disasters like floods and droughts, further exacerbating poverty levels.

2. Population and Density:
- Bihar has a high population density, which puts pressure on resources and infrastructure.
- The state has one of the highest population growth rates in India, leading to a larger number of people being dependent on limited resources.

3. Education and Skill Gaps:
- Bihar faces significant challenges in the education sector, with low literacy rates and a lack of quality educational institutions.
- The low literacy levels contribute to a lack of skilled workforce, limiting opportunities for employment and economic growth.

4. Social and Gender Inequality:
- Bihar also struggles with social and gender inequality, which further perpetuates poverty.
- Discrimination based on caste, religion, and gender leads to limited access to resources and opportunities for marginalized communities.

5. Infrastructure and Development:
- Bihar lags behind in terms of basic infrastructure like roads, electricity, healthcare facilities, and access to clean water.
- Lack of proper infrastructure hampers economic development and inhibits poverty reduction efforts.

6. Government Initiatives:
- While the government has implemented various poverty alleviation programs and schemes, the impact on poverty reduction in Bihar has been limited.
- Issues like corruption, inefficiency in implementation, and lack of awareness among the poor about these programs hinder their effectiveness.

Overall, a combination of economic, social, and infrastructural factors contribute to Bihar having the largest percentage of poor in India. Addressing these challenges requires a multi-faceted approach that focuses on improving education, promoting economic growth, reducing social inequalities, and strengthening infrastructure.

The poverty line is the minimum income level required to meet the basic needs of food, clothing, and shelter. It is an important measure used to assess poverty and to determine eligibility for various government programs.

In India, the poverty line is determined by the Planning Commission, which calculates it based on the cost of a basket of essential goods and services. The poverty line varies by region and is adjusted annually for inflation.

For the year 2011-12, the poverty line for a person in rural areas in India was fixed at Rs. 816 per month. This means that a person earning less than Rs. 816 per month is considered to be living below the poverty line.

Some key points to note about the poverty line in India are:

- The poverty line varies by region and is higher in urban areas than in rural areas.
- The poverty line is based on a consumption basket that includes food, clothing, and shelter, as well as some other basic needs like fuel and light.
- The poverty line is adjusted annually for inflation, but some experts argue that it is still too low and does not accurately reflect the true cost of living for most people in India.
- The poverty line is used to determine eligibility for various government programs like the National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (NREGA) and the Antyodaya Anna Yojana (AAY) that provide food, employment, and other support to people living below the poverty line.

In conclusion, the poverty line for a person in rural areas in India was fixed at Rs. 816 per month for the year 2011-12. This is an important measure used to assess poverty and to determine eligibility for various government programs.

Option a

The statement means that most of poor in the world are from India. Poverty in India is high mainly because of increasing rate of population. Though poverty has been reduced during the past four decades, yet  it remains painfully high. Nearly 27 crore people live under poverty in India and this figure indicates that  India  has the largest single concentration of the poor in the world.

The statement "Vulnerability to poverty is determined by the options for finding an alternative living in terms of assets, education, and health" is true. Let us explain it in detail:

Assets:
- Assets refer to the resources that an individual or household possesses, including land, property, savings, livestock, etc.
- The possession of assets can provide a cushion against poverty by providing a source of income or a means of collateral to access credit.
- In contrast, those who lack assets may be more vulnerable to shocks such as illness, natural disasters, or economic downturns, which can push them further into poverty.

Education:
- Education is an important determinant of long-term poverty reduction as it can provide individuals with the skills and knowledge necessary to access better-paying jobs and increase their earnings.
- Lack of education can limit job opportunities and lead to lower wages, making it difficult to escape poverty.
- Education can also lead to improved health outcomes, increased civic engagement, and reduced gender inequality.

Health:
- Good health is essential for individuals to be able to participate in the workforce and earn a living.
- Illness or disability can reduce or eliminate an individual's ability to work, leading to a loss of income and increased vulnerability to poverty.
- Lack of access to healthcare services can also exacerbate poverty, as individuals may be forced to pay out-of-pocket for medical expenses or forego treatment altogether.

In conclusion, vulnerability to poverty is determined by a combination of factors, including assets, education, and health. Addressing these factors through policy interventions and programs can help reduce poverty and improve overall well-being.

The correct option is A) Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act 2005 (MNREGA).

Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act 2005 (MNREGA) is a social security scheme launched by the Government of India in 2005 to provide employment to the rural population and ensure livelihood security. The scheme guarantees 100 days of wage employment to every household in rural areas of India. The main objective of the scheme is to provide sustainable livelihood options to rural people and improve their overall standard of living.

Features of MNREGA:

1. Wage employment: MNREGA provides wage employment to rural households for unskilled manual work.

2. Work site: The work site is selected by the Gram Panchayat and the work is done within 5 km of the beneficiary's residence.

3. Payment of wages: The wages are paid according to the Minimum Wages Act and are directly credited to the beneficiary's bank account.

4. Implementation: The scheme is implemented by the Gram Panchayats in collaboration with the State Government.

5. Monitoring: The scheme is monitored by the Central government, State government, and District administration to ensure transparency and accountability.

Benefits of MNREGA:

1. Employment generation: The scheme provides employment opportunities to rural people and helps in reducing poverty.

2. Social inclusion: The scheme is designed to provide equal opportunities to all sections of the society, especially women and marginalized communities.

3. Infrastructure development: The scheme promotes the development of rural infrastructure and assets such as roads, water conservation structures, and irrigation facilities.

4. Skill development: The scheme provides opportunities for skill development and capacity building of rural people.

5. Environmental protection: The scheme promotes environmental protection and conservation by encouraging the development of natural resources and biodiversity.

In conclusion, MNREGA is an important scheme launched by the Government of India to ensure livelihood security in rural areas. The scheme provides wage employment to rural households and promotes sustainable development of rural areas.

And Kashmir
b) Bihar
c) Maharashtra
d) Punjab

ADDITIONAL INFO:
In 2019 the government announced that the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO) will be merged with the Central Statistics Office to form the National Statistical Office (NSO). ... The NSO will be headed by the secretary of the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MOSPI).

Number of Poor People in India between 2011-12

According to the report released by the Planning Commission of India in 2013, the poverty line for 2011-12 was set at Rs. 816 per capita per month in rural areas and Rs. 1,000 per capita per month in urban areas. Based on this poverty line, the number of poor people in India between 2011-12 was estimated as follows:

- The population of India in 2011-12 was 121 crore (1.21 billion).
- The poverty ratio (percentage of people below the poverty line) was 25.7% in rural areas and 13.7% in urban areas.
- Applying these poverty ratios to the population of India, the number of poor people in rural areas was estimated at 81 crore (810 million) and the number of poor people in urban areas was estimated at 46 crore (460 million).
- Adding these numbers, the total number of poor people in India between 2011-12 was estimated at 27 crore (270 million).

Therefore, the correct answer is option B, which states that there were 27 crore poor people in India between 2011-12.

In Sub - Saharan Africa the poverty actually rose from 1981 - 2001.

Correctly Matched Pair: Swarnajayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY)
The Swarnajayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY) is indeed correctly matched with its launch year of 1999. Here’s a detailed explanation:
Overview of SGSY
- Launched in 1999, SGSY aimed to provide self-employment opportunities to rural poor.
- The program focuses on promoting self-help groups (SHGs) and skill development.
Objectives of SGSY
- Self-Employment: The primary goal is to enable rural families to become self-sufficient.
- Skill Development: It encourages skill training to enhance employability and productivity.
Funding and Support
- The scheme provides financial assistance to SHGs and individual entrepreneurs.
- It involves both the Central and State governments in funding, ensuring a collaborative approach.
Comparison with Other Schemes
- Mahatma Gandhi NREGA: Offers 100 days of guaranteed wage employment, not 200.
- PMRY: Launched in 1993, aimed at providing self-employment to educated youth.
- REGP: Also launched in 1993, focuses on generating self-employment through small-scale industries.
Conclusion
In summary, the Swarnajayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana is correctly matched with its launch year of 1999, as it has significantly contributed to rural employment and self-sufficiency. Understanding these schemes helps in recognizing their roles in the socio-economic development of rural areas.

Land reform constitutes the measures to improve the economic condition of agricultural tenants in West Bengal. It aims at the redistribution of land-ownership in favour of the cultivating class.

Poverty in India: Causes and Factors

India, with its vast population and diverse socio-economic landscape, faces numerous challenges in addressing poverty. Poverty is a complex issue influenced by multiple factors, and the main causes of poverty in India can be attributed to high income inequalities, limited job opportunities, and high population growth.

1. High Income Inequalities:
One of the primary causes of poverty in India is the wide income gap between the rich and the poor. The concentration of wealth in the hands of a few individuals or groups leads to increased poverty for the majority. Factors contributing to income inequalities include:

- Lack of access to quality education: Limited access to education, especially in rural areas, perpetuates the cycle of poverty as individuals are often unable to acquire the skills necessary for better job prospects.

- Unequal distribution of resources: The unequal distribution of land, assets, and resources further exacerbates income disparities, leaving marginalized communities with limited opportunities for economic growth.

- Discrimination: Discrimination based on caste, gender, and religion hinders social mobility and economic progress for certain sections of society, leading to increased poverty.

2. Less Job Opportunities:
Limited job opportunities are another significant cause of poverty in India. Factors contributing to the scarcity of jobs include:

- Economic stagnation: Lack of industrial growth and slow economic development result in fewer job opportunities, particularly in rural areas where agriculture is the primary source of livelihood.

- Skill mismatch: The existing education system often fails to equip individuals with the necessary skills required for the job market, leading to a mismatch between the available workforce and employment opportunities.

- Informal sector dominance: The dominance of the informal sector, which lacks job security and social protections, further limits the potential for income generation and poverty reduction.

3. High Growth in Population:
India's rapid population growth exacerbates the challenges of poverty alleviation. The factors contributing to this issue include:

- Pressure on resources: The exponential growth in population puts immense pressure on limited resources, making it difficult to provide basic necessities to all citizens.

- Unemployment: The increasing population puts additional strain on the job market, leading to higher unemployment rates and increased poverty.

- Inadequate healthcare and education: The growing population makes it challenging to provide quality healthcare and education services to all, perpetuating the cycle of poverty.

Conclusion:
In conclusion, the main causes of poverty in India are high income inequalities, limited job opportunities, and high population growth. Addressing these factors necessitates comprehensive measures such as equitable wealth distribution, improving access to quality education and healthcare, promoting inclusive economic growth, and implementing policies that create more job opportunities. By addressing these root causes, India can work towards reducing poverty and fostering a more inclusive and prosperous society.

The Decline of Extreme Poverty in China
In recent years, China has made significant strides in reducing extreme economic poverty. The statistics indicate a dramatic decline in the proportion of people living in extreme poverty.
Key Points of the Poverty Reduction
- 2014 Statistics: In 2014, approximately 2.1% of the Chinese population lived in extreme poverty.
- 2020 Achievements: By 2020, this figure had plummeted to just 0.1%. This remarkable decrease highlights China's effective poverty alleviation strategies.
Reasons for the Decrease
- Government Initiatives: The Chinese government implemented numerous programs aimed at economic development, job creation, and social welfare.
- Economic Growth: Rapid economic growth has lifted millions out of poverty, providing better opportunities for employment and income generation.
- Rural Development: Targeted efforts towards rural areas, where poverty is often more prevalent, have played a crucial role in this reduction.
Impact on Society
- Improved Living Standards: The decrease in poverty has led to enhanced living standards for millions, facilitating access to education, healthcare, and basic amenities.
- Global Significance: China's success in poverty reduction is significant on a global scale, influencing other countries' strategies in fighting poverty.
In conclusion, the assertion that the proportion of people living in extreme economic poverty in China decreased from 2.1% in 2014 to 0.1% in 2020 is indeed true, reflecting the country’s commitment to eradicating poverty and fostering economic growth.

Kerala is more focused on Human resource development. It has given the highest importance to education and healthcare infrastructure which has contributed to human resource development in the state.

Poverty Rates and its Causes

Introduction
Poverty rates refer to the proportion of people in a given population who live below the poverty line, unable to meet their basic needs. High poverty rates are a prevailing issue in many societies, and they can be attributed to various factors. Among the options provided, all of them are responsible for high poverty rates.

Huge Income Inequalities
- Income inequality refers to the unequal distribution of wealth among individuals or households in a society.
- When there is a significant gap between the rich and the poor, it leads to higher poverty rates.
- The rich have access to better resources, opportunities, and education, while the poor struggle to make ends meet.
- Limited access to quality education and healthcare further perpetuates the cycle of poverty.

Unequal Distribution of Land
- Land is a valuable asset, and its unequal distribution can contribute to poverty.
- In many societies, a small group of individuals or corporations own vast amounts of land, while the majority of the population has limited access to land.
- This can lead to landlessness or subsistence farming, where people struggle to sustain themselves and generate income.
- Lack of land ownership and control limits opportunities for economic growth and perpetuates poverty.

Lack of Effective Implementation of Land Reforms
- Land reforms aim to address the issue of unequal land distribution by implementing policies to redistribute land to the landless and provide better access to resources.
- However, if land reforms are not effectively implemented, they fail to bring about significant changes.
- Inadequate implementation can be due to various reasons, such as corruption, lack of political will, or insufficient resources.
- When land reforms are not properly carried out, the benefits intended for the poor are not realized, and poverty rates remain high.

Conclusion
High poverty rates are a complex issue influenced by various factors. Among the options provided, all of them contribute to the prevalence of poverty. Huge income inequalities, unequal distribution of land, and lack of effective implementation of land reforms are interconnected and perpetuate the cycle of poverty. Addressing these issues requires comprehensive policies, social reforms, and equitable distribution of resources to uplift those living in poverty and create a more just society.

Explanation:

Social exclusion refers to the process by which certain individuals or groups are systematically denied access to various social, economic, and political opportunities, benefits and facilities. The correct answer to this question is option 'D', which means that social exclusion denies certain individuals facilities, benefits, and opportunities. Let's discuss each of these in detail:

Facilities: Social exclusion denies individuals access to various facilities like healthcare, education, housing, transport, and other basic amenities. For example, people who live in slums or informal settlements often lack access to basic sanitation facilities, clean drinking water, and healthcare services.

Benefits: Social exclusion also denies individuals access to various benefits like social security, insurance, and other financial assistance. For instance, people who belong to marginalized communities like the Dalits or Adivasis in India often face discrimination when it comes to accessing government schemes and programs.

Opportunities: Social exclusion also denies individuals access to various opportunities like jobs, education, and political representation. For example, women and girls in many parts of the world are denied access to education, which limits their opportunities for employment and political representation.

In conclusion, social exclusion is a form of discrimination that denies certain individuals access to various facilities, benefits, and opportunities. It is a major obstacle to achieving social justice and promotes inequality and injustice in society.

The correct answer is option 'A', which states that poverty as defined by the World Bank implies living below $1.90 per day. This definition of poverty is based on the concept of extreme poverty, which refers to the inability to meet basic needs for survival. Let's explore this answer in detail.

Understanding the World Bank's Definition of Poverty:
The World Bank is an international financial institution that provides loans and grants to the governments of low- and middle-income countries for various development projects. One of the key areas of focus for the World Bank is poverty reduction. To effectively work towards reducing poverty, the World Bank has defined poverty lines based on income levels.

The $1.90 per Day Threshold:
The World Bank's poverty line for extreme poverty is set at $1.90 per day. This means that individuals living on less than $1.90 per day are considered extremely poor. This threshold is based on the purchasing power parity (PPP) exchange rates, which take into account the differences in the cost of living across countries. It is important to note that this threshold is updated periodically to account for inflation and changes in the cost of living.

Reasoning behind the $1.90 per Day Threshold:
The $1.90 per day threshold was established by the World Bank to reflect the minimum income required to meet basic needs for survival. This includes factors such as food, shelter, healthcare, education, and other essentials. By setting a global standard, the World Bank aims to measure the extent of extreme poverty and monitor progress in poverty reduction efforts.

Implications of Living Below $1.90 per Day:
Living below $1.90 per day means that individuals or households do not have sufficient income to meet their basic needs. It often implies limited access to nutritious food, clean water, adequate housing, healthcare, education, and other essential services. Individuals living in extreme poverty face significant challenges in improving their living conditions and breaking the cycle of poverty.

Importance of Poverty Measurement:
Defining and measuring poverty is crucial for policymakers, governments, and organizations to design effective poverty reduction strategies. The World Bank's poverty line provides a standardized measure that helps in comparing poverty rates across countries and tracking progress over time. It also enables the identification of regions or populations that are most affected by extreme poverty, allowing for targeted interventions and resource allocation.

In conclusion, poverty as defined by the World Bank implies living below $1.90 per day. This threshold represents the minimum income required to meet basic needs for survival and is updated periodically to reflect changes in the cost of living. Understanding and measuring poverty is essential for addressing this global challenge and working towards sustainable development.

Social exclusion is the process in which individuals or people are systematically blocked from (or denied full access to) various rights, opportunities and resources that are normally available to members of a different group, and which are fundamental to social integration and observance of human rights.

Statement: Calories requirements in rural areas are considered to be higher than urban areas.

Reasons supporting the statement:

• Physical work: People living in rural areas engage themselves in more physical work compared to urban areas.


• Agricultural activities: People living in rural areas are often engaged in agriculture, which requires physical labor and leads to higher calorie requirements.

Explanation:
The statement suggests that calorie requirements in rural areas are higher than urban areas. This can be attributed to the following reasons:

• Physical work: People living in rural areas often engage in physically demanding activities such as farming, livestock management, and manual labor. These activities require more energy expenditure, resulting in higher calorie needs.


• Agricultural activities: Rural areas are typically characterized by agricultural practices. People involved in farming activities spend significant time and effort in cultivating crops, tending to livestock, and performing other agricultural tasks. These activities demand a higher level of physical exertion, leading to increased calorie requirements.

In contrast, urban areas are more likely to have sedentary lifestyles due to the nature of work, availability of modern conveniences, and transportation facilities. This generally results in lower physical activity levels and therefore lower calorie requirements compared to rural areas.
Overall, the higher calorie requirements in rural areas can be attributed to the physical work and agricultural activities that are prevalent in these regions.

Nutritional level of food energy is expressed in the form of calories per day. Calories are a unit of measurement used to quantify the energy content of food. It is important to understand the nutritional level of food energy in order to maintain a balanced and healthy diet.

Calories per day:
- The nutritional level of food energy is commonly expressed in terms of calories per day. Calories are a measure of the energy content of food and are used to estimate the amount of energy that is obtained from consuming a particular food or meal.
- The daily recommended calorie intake varies depending on factors such as age, sex, weight, height, and activity level. The average adult requires about 2000-2500 calories per day to maintain weight, but this can vary.
- By knowing the caloric content of different foods, individuals can make informed choices about their diet and ensure they are consuming an appropriate amount of energy for their needs.

Importance of knowing the nutritional level of food energy:
- Understanding the nutritional level of food energy is important for maintaining a healthy diet and achieving optimal health. Consuming too few or too many calories can have negative effects on overall health and well-being.
- Consuming an adequate amount of calories is necessary to provide the body with the energy it needs to perform daily activities, support bodily functions, and maintain a healthy weight.
- Knowing the caloric content of different foods can help individuals make healthier food choices. For example, they can choose foods that are lower in calories but still provide essential nutrients, such as fruits, vegetables, lean proteins, and whole grains.
- Monitoring caloric intake can also be beneficial for individuals who are trying to lose or gain weight. By tracking their calorie consumption, they can adjust their diet accordingly to achieve their desired weight goals.

Conclusion:
In conclusion, the nutritional level of food energy is expressed in the form of calories per day. Calories are a unit of measurement used to quantify the energy content of food. Understanding the caloric content of different foods and monitoring caloric intake is important for maintaining a balanced and healthy diet.

Yes, the correct answer is option 'A'. In some cases, women, elderly people, and female infants may be denied equal access to resources available to the family. This can occur due to cultural, social or economic factors that discriminate against these groups. For example, in some societies, men are considered the primary breadwinners and decision-makers, while women and children are expected to take care of household duties. This can result in women having less access to education, employment, and other resources. Similarly, elderly people and female infants may also face discrimination and have limited access to resources. This is a serious issue and it's important to address it through various means like creating awareness and providing equal opportunities for everyone.

1000 per person per month respectively. It is higher in urban areas because of high prices of many essential commodities in urban areas. The accepted average of calories requirement in India is 2400 calories per person per day in rural areas and 2100 calories in urban areas.

AAY was launched in December 2000. Under the scheme 1 crore of the poorest among the BPL families covered under the targeted public distribution system are identified. Twenty five kilograms (kg) of food grains were made available to each eligible family at a highly subsidized rate of Rs. 2 per kg for wheat and Rs.3 per kg for rice. This quantity has been enhanced from 25 to 35 kgs with effect from April, 2002.