All questions of Political Science for Humanities/Arts Exam

The correct answer is option 'A', which means that the EU's total spending on defence ranks second after the U.S.

Explanation:

- The U.S. is currently the highest spender on defence in the world, with a total spending of $732 billion in 2019, according to the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI).

- The EU, on the other hand, is not a single country and does not have a unified defence budget. However, the EU member states collectively spend a significant amount on defence.

- According to SIPRI, the total military spending of all EU member states combined was $238 billion in 2019. This makes the EU the second-largest spender on defence in the world, behind the U.S.

- It is worth noting that the EU's defence spending is spread across multiple countries and is not consolidated under a single budget. This can make it difficult to compare the EU's defence spending to that of other countries.

- Additionally, the EU has been working to increase its defence capabilities and cooperation in recent years, including through initiatives like the European Defence Fund and the Permanent Structured Cooperation (PESCO). These efforts may lead to increased defence spending among EU member states in the future.

In summary, the EU's total spending on defence ranks second after the U.S., according to data from SIPRI.

Ayub Khan is an indian film and television actor. He made his screen debut with a commerical features film mashooq .He is the son of nasir Khan and begum para as well as nephew of late veteran actor Dilip Kumar. born of ayub Khan 23 February 1969 in Mumbai.

The Creation of Warsaw Pact

The Warsaw Pact was created on May 14, 1955, in response to the formation of NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) by the Western powers. It was a military alliance among the Soviet Union and its Eastern European allies, including Poland, East Germany, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, and Bulgaria.

Factors Leading to its Creation

The formation of the Warsaw Pact was influenced by several factors, including:

1. The threat of NATO: The creation of NATO by the Western powers in 1949 was seen as a threat by the Soviet Union and its allies. They viewed NATO as an aggressive military alliance aimed at containing the spread of communism.

2. The need for collective security: The Soviet Union and its allies believed that a collective security arrangement was necessary to counter the threat posed by NATO. The Warsaw Pact was therefore seen as a defensive alliance aimed at maintaining the security of its member states.

3. The desire for Soviet control: The Soviet Union saw the formation of the Warsaw Pact as a means of maintaining its control over its Eastern European allies. The alliance provided a framework for Soviet military intervention in the affairs of its allies.

Impact of the Warsaw Pact

The Warsaw Pact had a significant impact on the politics of Europe during the Cold War. It created a military alliance that challenged the dominance of NATO in Europe and contributed to the arms race between the two superpowers. The Warsaw Pact also played a role in the suppression of dissent in its member states, as the Soviet Union used the alliance to intervene in the affairs of its allies and maintain its control over the region.

Conclusion

In summary, the Warsaw Pact was created in response to the threat of NATO and the need for collective security among the Soviet Union and its Eastern European allies. It had a significant impact on the politics of Europe during the Cold War and contributed to the arms race between the two superpowers.

ASEAN: A Rapidly Growing Regional Organization

ASEAN stands for the Association of Southeast Asian Nations. It is a regional intergovernmental organization that promotes economic, social, and political cooperation among its member countries.

ASEAN Member Countries
The following countries are the members of ASEAN:
- Brunei
- Cambodia
- Indonesia
- Laos
- Malaysia
- Myanmar
- Philippines
- Singapore
- Thailand
- Vietnam

Significance of ASEAN
ASEAN is rapidly growing into a significant regional organization due to the following reasons:
- Economic Growth: ASEAN has a combined GDP of $2.8 trillion, making it the fifth-largest economy in the world. The organization's goal is to create a single market and production base, which will help increase trade and investment between member countries.
- Political Cooperation: ASEAN member countries work together to maintain regional peace and stability. They have established the ASEAN Regional Forum, which allows them to discuss security issues and cooperate on disaster relief efforts.
- Cultural Exchange: ASEAN promotes cultural exchange between member countries to strengthen their bonds and create a sense of community. This is achieved through initiatives such as the ASEAN Cultural Heritage Digital Archive and the ASEAN Youth Cultural Forum.

Conclusion
ASEAN is a rapidly growing regional organization that has the potential to become a significant player in the global economy and politics. Its member countries are working together to achieve economic growth, maintain regional peace and stability, and promote cultural exchange.

India made an earnest effort for the early freedom of Indonesia by convening an international conference. This conference is known as the Asian Relations Conference, which was held in New Delhi from March 23 to March 29, 1947. The conference aimed to bring together Asian countries to discuss and promote their common cause of independence from colonial rule.

The Asian Relations Conference was a significant step taken by India towards supporting the freedom struggle of other Asian nations. India, under the leadership of Jawaharlal Nehru, believed in the principle of non-alignment and sought to build strong relationships with other countries striving for independence.

Below is a detailed explanation of why India made efforts for the freedom of Indonesia through this conference:

1. The Importance of Asian Unity:
India recognized the importance of unity and cooperation among Asian nations in their struggle against colonialism. By convening the conference, India aimed to foster mutual understanding, solidarity, and support for each other's independence movements.

2. Support for Indonesia's Independence:
Indonesia was under Dutch colonial rule at the time, and India played a crucial role in supporting its struggle for freedom. India's leaders, particularly Jawaharlal Nehru, actively advocated for the independence of Indonesia and other colonized nations.

3. Promoting International Awareness:
The Asian Relations Conference aimed to raise international awareness about the aspirations and struggles of Asian nations. By bringing together representatives from various countries, the conference provided a platform for these nations to present their case for independence and garner support from the international community.

4. Strengthening Ties:
The conference provided an opportunity for India to strengthen its diplomatic ties with other Asian countries. India's leaders actively engaged with the representatives from different nations, discussing mutual concerns, and establishing diplomatic relationships that would later contribute to the formation of the Non-Aligned Movement.

5. Non-Aligned Stance:
India, being a newly independent nation, sought to adopt a non-aligned stance in global politics. Convening the Asian Relations Conference was part of India's efforts to promote peaceful coexistence, cooperation, and common development among nations, irrespective of their political ideologies or alignments.

In conclusion, India made an earnest effort for the early freedom of Indonesia by convening the Asian Relations Conference. This conference aimed to promote unity among Asian nations, support the independence movements of colonized countries, raise international awareness, strengthen diplomatic ties, and advocate for a non-aligned global order.

The Two Aspects of Human Rights: Natural and Legal Aspects

Human rights are the fundamental rights and freedoms that every individual is entitled to, regardless of their race, gender, religion, or nationality. These rights are essential for the protection and well-being of every person and are recognized internationally. There are two aspects of human rights that are crucial to understanding their nature and scope: natural and legal aspects.

1. Natural Aspects of Human Rights

The natural aspects of human rights are those that are inherent in every human being, simply because they are human. These rights are not granted by any government or authority but are considered to be universal and inalienable. Some examples of natural human rights include the right to life, liberty, and security of person, the right to freedom of thought, conscience, and religion, and the right to a fair trial.

2. Legal Aspects of Human Rights

The legal aspects of human rights are those that are recognized and protected by national and international laws. These rights are enshrined in legal documents such as constitutions, treaties, and conventions, and are enforced by courts and other institutions. Examples of legal human rights include the right to education, the right to work, and the right to freedom from discrimination.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the two aspects of human rights, natural and legal, are both essential in protecting and promoting human dignity, equality, and freedom. While natural human rights are inherent in every individual, legal human rights are recognized and enforced by governments and international bodies. Understanding these two aspects of human rights is crucial in promoting respect for human rights and ensuring their protection.

Statement: Technology is an important cause of globalization.

Explanation:
Globalization is the process of increased interconnectedness and integration among countries, societies, and economies around the world. It is driven by various factors, and one of the significant causes of globalization is technology. Here's why:

1. Communication: Technological advancements in communication, such as the internet, mobile phones, and social media, have revolutionized the way people connect and interact globally. These tools enable instantaneous communication, breaking down barriers of distance and time, and facilitating global collaboration and exchange of ideas.

2. Transportation: Improved transportation infrastructure, including air travel, shipping, and logistics, has made it easier and faster to move goods, services, and people across borders. This has led to the development of global supply chains and increased international trade.

3. Information and Data: Technology has made it possible to access and share vast amounts of information and data globally. This has enhanced the flow of knowledge, research, and expertise, allowing individuals and organizations to tap into global resources and insights.

4. Automation and Digitalization: Technological advancements in automation, robotics, and digitalization have transformed industries and economies. They have enabled the outsourcing of manufacturing and services to different countries, leading to increased economic integration and specialization.

5. Financial Systems: Technology has revolutionized financial systems, making it easier to conduct cross-border transactions, manage global investments, and access international markets. This has facilitated the flow of capital and investment across borders, promoting economic integration.

6. Global Communication Networks: The development of global communication networks, such as fiber optic cables and satellite systems, has created a seamless and interconnected world. These networks enable the exchange of information, data, and financial transactions on a global scale.

In conclusion, technology plays a crucial role in driving globalization. It has revolutionized communication, transportation, information sharing, and financial systems, making the world more interconnected and integrated. The advancements in technology have significantly reduced barriers to global exchange and facilitated the flow of goods, services, capital, and ideas across borders, leading to the emergence of a globalized world.

Secretary General Trygve Lie was from Norway.

Background:
- Trygve Halvdan Lie was born in Norway in 1896.
- He was a lawyer and active in Norwegian politics before becoming involved in international affairs.

Career:
- In 1945, Lie was appointed as the first Secretary General of the United Nations.
- He served in this position until 1952, overseeing the establishment of the UN's headquarters in New York and the organization's early efforts to promote international peace and security.
- During his time as Secretary General, Lie faced significant challenges, including the outbreak of the Korean War and the beginning of the Cold War.
- In 1952, he resigned from his position due to political pressure from the Soviet Union and other member states.

Legacy:
- Despite the controversy surrounding his resignation, Lie is remembered as an important figure in the early history of the United Nations.
- He helped to establish the organization as a key player in global affairs and laid the groundwork for its continued work in promoting peace, human rights, and sustainable development around the world.

Acharya Narendra Dev was the founder President of the Congress Socialist Party (CSP). Let's delve into the details to understand why he held this position and his significant contributions to the party.

- Acharya Narendra Dev: Acharya Narendra Dev was a prominent Indian independence activist, socialist leader, and educator. He was born on October 31, 1889, in Sitapur, Uttar Pradesh. Narendra Dev played a crucial role in the Indian National Congress and the Congress Socialist Party.

- Founding of the Congress Socialist Party (CSP): The Congress Socialist Party was founded in 1934 as a left-wing group within the Indian National Congress. It aimed to advocate for socialist policies and principles within the broader framework of the Congress.

- Role of Acharya Narendra Dev: Acharya Narendra Dev played a pivotal role in the formation and development of the Congress Socialist Party. He was instrumental in shaping the party's ideology and guiding its activities.

- Socialist Ideals: Acharya Narendra Dev believed in the principles of socialism and strived for the upliftment of the marginalized sections of society. He advocated for social justice, economic equality, and the welfare of workers and peasants.

- Opposition to Communalism: Narendra Dev strongly opposed communalism and worked towards fostering communal harmony. He believed in the unity of all communities and fought against divisive forces that sought to undermine the secular fabric of the nation.

- Contribution to the Indian National Movement: Acharya Narendra Dev actively participated in the Indian freedom struggle. He led various movements and agitations against British colonial rule. He was jailed multiple times for his involvement in the independence movement.

- After Independence: Following India's independence, Acharya Narendra Dev continued to work for social and economic reforms. He focused on issues such as agrarian reforms, education, and labor rights. He also served as a member of the Planning Commission of India.

- Legacy: Acharya Narendra Dev's contributions to the Congress Socialist Party and the Indian freedom movement are widely recognized. He left a lasting impact on Indian politics and socialist thought in the country. His commitment to social justice and equality continues to inspire generations of leaders.

In conclusion, Acharya Narendra Dev was the founder President of the Congress Socialist Party. He played a crucial role in shaping the party's ideology, advocating for socialist principles, and working for the welfare of the marginalized sections of society. His contributions to the Indian freedom movement and his commitment to social justice have left a lasting legacy.

ASEAN's Broadened Objectives

ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations) is a regional intergovernmental organization established on 8 August 1967. Its primary objective was to promote economic growth, social progress, and cultural development in Southeast Asia. However, over time, ASEAN broadened its objectives beyond the economic and social spheres.

Political and Security Cooperation:
ASEAN expanded its objectives to include political and security cooperation. In 1976, ASEAN signed the Treaty of Amity and Cooperation in Southeast Asia to promote peaceful coexistence and cooperation among its member states. In 1994, ASEAN established the ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF) to enhance regional security and cooperation.

Environment and Sustainable Development:
ASEAN also broadened its objectives to include environmental and sustainable development issues. In 1985, ASEAN established the ASEAN Centre for Biodiversity to conserve and enhance biodiversity in the region. In 2007, ASEAN adopted the ASEAN Declaration on Environmental Sustainability to promote sustainable development.

Cultural Cooperation and People-to-People Connectivity:
ASEAN also focuses on cultural cooperation and people-to-people connectivity. In 1997, ASEAN established the ASEAN Committee on Culture and Information to promote cultural cooperation among its member states. In 2015, ASEAN declared the year as the "ASEAN Community Building Year" to enhance people-to-people connectivity and promote a sense of community among ASEAN member states.

Conclusion:
In conclusion, ASEAN's objectives have broadened beyond the economic and social spheres to include political and security cooperation, environmental and sustainable development, as well as cultural cooperation and people-to-people connectivity. ASEAN's continued efforts in these areas have helped to promote regional peace, security, and development.

The Chechens: A Muslim Ethnic Group

The correct answer is option 'D', as the Chechens are predominantly a Muslim ethnic group. Let's delve into a detailed explanation of this answer.

Introduction:
The Chechens are an ethnic group primarily residing in the Chechen Republic, a federal subject of Russia. They have a rich history and distinct cultural identity.

Religion:
The majority of Chechens practice Sunni Islam, which is the largest branch of Islam and followed by around 85-90% of the global Muslim population. The Chechens converted to Islam in the 16th century, and since then, it has become an integral part of their identity and heritage.

Islamic Influence:
Islam plays a significant role in the lives of Chechens, shaping their traditions, values, and social structure. Mosques are considered sacred places where the community gathers for prayers, religious ceremonies, and community events.

Cultural Practices:
Chechen culture is deeply intertwined with Islam, evident in various aspects of their daily lives. Some cultural practices include:

1. Language: The Chechen language is influenced by Arabic and is written using the Arabic script. Islamic terminology and religious vocabulary are integrated into their language.

2. Festivals and Celebrations: Chechens celebrate Islamic festivals such as Eid al-Fitr (marking the end of Ramadan) and Eid al-Adha (commemorating Prophet Abraham's willingness to sacrifice his son). These festivals involve communal prayers, feasts, and acts of charity.

3. Islamic Dress: Traditional clothing for Chechen men includes the papakha (a wool hat) and chokha (a long coat). Women often wear headscarves and modest attire in adherence to Islamic dress codes.

Impact of Conflict:
The Chechen people have faced significant challenges throughout history, including conflicts and wars. The conflicts with Russia have impacted their lives and resulted in the displacement of many Chechens. However, their strong Islamic faith has been a source of resilience and unity during these trying times.

Conclusion:
In conclusion, the Chechens are a Muslim ethnic group. Islam has played a central role in shaping their cultural practices, language, and social structure. Understanding the religious and cultural background of the Chechens is essential for comprehending their history and identity as a distinct ethnic group.

Amnesty International is the correct answer as it is an international organization that works for the protection of human rights all over the world.

What is Amnesty International?
Amnesty International is a non-governmental organization that focuses on the protection and promotion of human rights. It was founded in 1961 in London and has since grown into a global movement with millions of members and supporters in over 150 countries and territories.

What does Amnesty International do?
Amnesty International works to protect human rights by conducting research, advocating for policy change, and mobilizing public support. The organization focuses on a wide range of human rights issues, including:

1. Freedom of speech and expression
2. Women's rights
3. LGBTI rights
4. Rights of refugees and migrants
5. Abolition of the death penalty
6. Ending torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment
7. Ending discrimination based on race, religion, gender, sexual orientation, or other factors.

How does Amnesty International work?
Amnesty International works through a variety of methods, including:

1. Research: Amnesty International conducts research on human rights abuses around the world and publishes reports to bring attention to these issues.

2. Advocacy: Amnesty International advocates for policy change at the national and international levels. This includes lobbying governments and working with international organizations such as the United Nations.

3. Mobilizing public support: Amnesty International relies on its millions of members and supporters around the world to raise awareness of human rights issues, put pressure on governments to take action, and support the organization's campaigns.

Conclusion:
In summary, Amnesty International is an international organization that works for the protection of human rights all over the world. The organization conducts research, advocates for policy change, and mobilizes public support to protect human rights and end human rights abuses.

Sarojini Naidu was an Indian political activist and poet who played a significant role in the Indian independence movement. She was born on February 13, 1879, in Hyderabad, India. Naidu was a prominent member of the Indian National Congress and participated in various nationalist activities. She was a close associate of Mahatma Gandhi and was actively involved in the Salt Satyagraha and the Quit India Movement. Naidu was also the first woman to be elected as the President of the Indian National Congress in 1925.


Aruna Asaf Ali was an Indian independence activist who was born on July 16, 1909, in Kalka, Punjab. She was an influential figure during the Quit India Movement and played a crucial role in mobilizing people against British rule. Ali was known for her fearlessness and determination in fighting for India's freedom. She was also a prominent leader of the Indian National Congress and was awarded the Bharat Ratna, India's highest civilian award, posthumously in 1997.


Vijay Lakshmi Pandit was an Indian diplomat and politician who was born on August 18, 1900, in Allahabad, India. She was the sister of Jawaharlal Nehru, the first Prime Minister of India. Pandit served as India's ambassador to several countries, including the United States and the United Kingdom. She was also the first woman to become the President of the United Nations General Assembly in 1953.


Raj Kumari Amrit Kaur was an Indian politician and social reformer who was born on February 2, 1889, in Lucknow, India. She was actively involved in the Indian independence movement and worked closely with Mahatma Gandhi. Kaur was a prominent advocate for women's rights and played a significant role in the establishment of the All India Women's Conference. She served as India's Minister of Health and was the first woman to hold a cabinet position in the Indian government.


Among the options provided, Vijay Lakshmi Pandit was the first woman to become the President of the United Nations General Assembly. She assumed this position in 1953, making history as the first woman to hold such a significant role in the international organization. Pandit's appointment as the President of the U.N. General Assembly was a testament to her diplomatic skills, political acumen, and dedication to global issues.

Pandit's tenure as the President of the U.N. General Assembly was marked by her efforts to promote peace, equality, and justice on a global scale. She advocated for the rights of women and marginalized communities, highlighting the importance of inclusivity in international decision-making processes. Pandit's leadership and commitment to international cooperation paved the way for future women leaders in the United Nations and other international organizations.

In conclusion, Vijay Lakshmi Pandit was the first woman to become the President of the U.N. General Assembly. Her achievement broke barriers and set a precedent for women's participation and leadership in global affairs.

Shyama Prasad Mukherjee - Founder of Bharatiya Jana Sangh
Shyama Prasad Mukherjee was the founder of Bharatiya Jana Sangh, which was a political party in India. Here is some information about him:

Early Life:
- Shyama Prasad Mukherjee was born on 6th July 1901 in Calcutta, British India.
- He was a prominent Indian politician, barrister, and academician.

Political Career:
- Shyama Prasad Mukherjee was a prominent leader in the Indian independence movement.
- He served as the Minister for Industry and Supply in Jawaharlal Nehru's cabinet.
- He was a strong advocate for the integration of Jammu and Kashmir into India.

Founding Bharatiya Jana Sangh:
- In 1951, Shyama Prasad Mukherjee founded the Bharatiya Jana Sangh, a right-wing political party in India.
- The party was founded with the aim of promoting nationalist and Hindutva ideologies.

Legacy:
- Shyama Prasad Mukherjee's contributions to Indian politics are remembered and honored by many.
- Bharatiya Jana Sangh later evolved into the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), which is one of the major political parties in India today.
In conclusion, Shyama Prasad Mukherjee was the founder of Bharatiya Jana Sangh, a party that played a significant role in shaping the political landscape of India. His legacy continues to inspire many in the country.

The Bolshevik Communist party was founded by Vladimir Lenin in 1912. Lenin was a Marxist revolutionary who believed in the overthrow of the capitalist system and the establishment of a socialist state.

Reasons for the founding of the Bolshevik Communist party:

1. Disillusionment with the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party: Lenin was dissatisfied with the direction of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (RSDLP) and believed that it was not radical enough to bring about the socialist revolution.

2. Need for a more centralized party: Lenin believed that a more centralized and disciplined party was necessary to achieve the socialist revolution. He argued that the party should be composed of professional revolutionaries who were committed to the cause.

3. Influence of Marxist ideology: Lenin was a follower of Marxist ideology and believed that the only way to achieve socialism was through revolution. He believed that the working class would eventually rise up against the capitalist class and establish a socialist state.

4. Inspiration from the Bolshevik faction: The Bolshevik faction of the RSDLP had been formed in 1903 and had a more revolutionary agenda than the Menshevik faction. Lenin was inspired by the Bolsheviks and believed that they were the true revolutionary force in Russia.

The founding of the Bolshevik Communist party marked the beginning of a new era in Russian politics. The party went on to play a key role in the Russian Revolution of 1917 and the establishment of the Soviet Union. Lenin's leadership of the party and his commitment to Marxist ideology continue to be a significant influence on communist movements around the world.

China's Economic Success and Rise as a Great Power

China's economic success has been linked to its rise as a great power since 1978. Here is an explanation of how this link came about:

Reforms and Opening Up Policy

- In 1978, China's leader Deng Xiaoping launched the "Reforms and Opening Up Policy", which marked a major shift in China's economic and political policies.
- The policy aimed to modernize China's economy by introducing market-oriented reforms, encouraging foreign investment, and promoting trade with other countries.
- This policy helped to unleash China's economic potential, as it allowed for the development of a more efficient and dynamic economy.

Economic Growth

- As a result of the Reforms and Opening Up Policy, China's economy grew rapidly, with an average annual GDP growth rate of 9.8% between 1978 and 2018.
- This economic growth helped to lift millions of people out of poverty and created a large middle class, which in turn fueled domestic consumption.
- China's economic growth also made it an attractive destination for foreign investment, which further boosted the country's economic development.

Global Trade

- China's economic success has been closely linked to its integration into the global economy.
- China has become the world's largest exporter of goods and the second-largest importer of goods, with its trade volume reaching $4.6 trillion in 2020.
- China's participation in global trade has helped it to gain access to new markets and technologies, as well as to establish stronger economic ties with other countries.

Rise as a Great Power

- China's economic success has enabled it to increase its global influence and become a great power.
- China is now the world's second-largest economy, with a GDP of $14.3 trillion in 2019, and is projected to overtake the United States as the world's largest economy by 2028.
- China's rise as a great power has also been fueled by its military modernization, diplomatic initiatives, and growing soft power.

In conclusion, China's economic success since 1978 has been closely linked to its rise as a great power. The Reforms and Opening Up Policy, economic growth, global trade, and military modernization have all contributed to China's emergence as a major player on the world stage.

The region that led to shortages in all consumer goods in the United States was the West. This region experienced a significant population boom during the mid-20th century, due to the migration of people looking for work and a better life. As a result, the demand for consumer goods, such as food, clothing, and housing, increased rapidly, leading to shortages in the region.

Factors contributing to shortages in the West:

1. Rapid population growth: The West experienced a significant population growth during the mid-20th century, which led to an increase in demand for consumer goods.

2. Limited infrastructure: The infrastructure in the West was not developed enough to keep up with the demand for consumer goods. This resulted in shortages of basic necessities such as food, clothing, and housing.

3. Limited resources: The West also faced limited resources, including water and energy. This limited the production of consumer goods, leading to further shortages.

4. Economic factors: The cost of living in the West was also higher than in other regions, which made it difficult for people to afford basic necessities.

Overall, the combination of rapid population growth, limited infrastructure, limited resources, and economic factors contributed to shortages in all consumer goods in the West region of the United States.

The United Nations (UN) is an international organization founded in 1945 to promote peace, security, and cooperation among member nations. The charter of the United Nations was signed by the original member nations in 1945. The correct answer to the question is option 'C' (51).

Explanation:

- The United Nations was established in 1945 after the end of World War II.
- The UN was created to replace the League of Nations, which had failed to prevent the outbreak of the Second World War.
- The charter of the United Nations was signed on June 26, 1945, by representatives of 50 countries.
- The founding members of the UN were the United States, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union, China, and France.
- In addition to these five permanent members of the Security Council, 46 other countries signed the UN Charter in 1945.
- The total number of original member nations that signed the charter of the United Nations was 51.
- Today, there are 193 member nations of the United Nations.

Conclusion:

The United Nations was established in 1945 to promote international peace, security, and cooperation among nations. The charter of the United Nations was signed by 51 original member nations, including the five permanent members of the Security Council. Today, there are 193 member nations of the United Nations.

The Tutsi tribe are in Rwanda

The Tutsi tribe is primarily located in Rwanda. This ethnic group is one of the major tribes in the country and has played a significant role in its history and culture. Here is a detailed explanation of why the correct answer is option 'A':

Geographical Location
- Rwanda: The Tutsi tribe is native to Rwanda, a landlocked country located in East Africa. It is bordered by Uganda to the north, Tanzania to the east, Burundi to the south, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the west.
- Uganda: While Uganda is a neighboring country to Rwanda, the Tutsi tribe is not primarily located in Uganda. Uganda is home to various ethnic groups, including the Baganda, Acholi, and Banyankole, but not the Tutsi tribe.
- Nigeria: Nigeria is located in West Africa and is home to numerous ethnic groups, such as the Hausa, Yoruba, and Igbo. The Tutsi tribe is not found in Nigeria.
- Greece: Greece is a country in southeastern Europe, and it is not a location where the Tutsi tribe is present. Greece has its own distinct ethnic groups, such as the Greeks.

Historical Context
- Rwanda's History: The Tutsi tribe has a long history in Rwanda and has played a prominent role in the country's social, political, and cultural development. The Tutsi people were traditionally cattle herders and established a monarchy in Rwanda, known as the Kingdom of Rwanda, which lasted until colonial rule.
- Colonial Influence: During the colonial era, Rwanda was colonized by Germany and later Belgium. The colonial powers exacerbated ethnic tensions between the Tutsi and Hutu tribes, leading to conflict and eventually culminating in the Rwandan genocide in 1994.
- Rwandan Genocide: The Rwandan genocide resulted in the mass killing of Tutsi people by extremist Hutu militias. This tragic event further highlighted the significance of the Tutsi tribe in Rwanda's history and the immense suffering they endured.

Cultural Significance
- Language and Culture: The Tutsi tribe has its own language, known as Kinyarwanda, which is widely spoken in Rwanda. They also have distinct cultural practices, including traditional dances, clothing, and ceremonies.
- Social Structure: Historically, the Tutsi society had a hierarchical social structure, with a ruling elite and a system of cattle ownership. While the social dynamics have evolved, the Tutsi identity remains an integral part of Rwandan society.

In conclusion, the Tutsi tribe is primarily located in Rwanda, a country in East Africa. They have a rich history, cultural heritage, and have faced significant challenges throughout their existence. Understanding the geographical and historical context is crucial to comprehending the significance of the Tutsi tribe in Rwanda.

The Kyoto Protocol is an international agreement created in 1997 in Kyoto, Japan, under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The main goal of the Kyoto Protocol is to reduce the concentration of greenhouse gases (GHGs) in the atmosphere to mitigate the effects of climate change.

The major nations, or Annex I countries, that signed the Kyoto Protocol agreed to reduce their GHG emissions by an average of 5.2% below their 1990 levels by the end of the first commitment period, which was from 2008 to 2012.

Therefore, the correct answer is option C, which states that the major nations agreed to reduce the concentration of greenhouse gases by 2012.

It is important to note that the Kyoto Protocol has been criticized for having weak enforcement mechanisms and for not including major emitters such as the United States and China. Additionally, some countries that signed the agreement did not meet their emissions reduction targets. Despite these challenges, the Kyoto Protocol was a significant international effort to address climate change and paved the way for future climate agreements such as the Paris Agreement.

Planning as an Instrument of Socio-Economic Development in India

Introduction:

Planning is an important instrument of socio-economic development in India. India adopted planning as the main tool for national development since independence in 1947. Planning refers to a process of setting goals, objectives and strategies to achieve them. The main objective of planning in India was to achieve economic growth and development, reduce poverty, and improve the standard of living of the people.

Socio-economic Development:

Socio-economic development refers to the process of improving the economic and social well-being of the people. This includes the provision of basic needs such as food, shelter, education, health care, and employment opportunities. The main objective of socio-economic development is to improve the quality of life of the people and reduce poverty.

Role of Planning in Socio-economic Development:

Planning plays a crucial role in socio-economic development in India. The main functions of planning are to allocate resources efficiently, to identify priorities and to coordinate the activities of different sectors. Planning helps in the following ways:

1. Resource Allocation: Planning helps in allocating resources efficiently to different sectors of the economy. It ensures that resources are allocated in a way that maximizes their use and benefits the people.

2. Identification of Priorities: Planning helps in identifying the priorities of the government. It ensures that the government focuses on the most important areas of development, such as education, health care, and infrastructure.

3. Coordination of Activities: Planning helps in coordinating the activities of different sectors of the economy. It ensures that the activities of different sectors are aligned with the overall development goals of the country.

Conclusion:

In conclusion, planning has played a significant role in the socio-economic development of India. It has helped in achieving economic growth, reducing poverty, and improving the standard of living of the people. Planning will continue to be an important instrument of development in India as the country strives to achieve its development goals.

The Bretton Woods System

The system set up by the US after the Second World War is known as the Bretton Woods System. It was established in 1944 at an international conference held in Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, and was designed to create a stable global economic environment in the aftermath of the war.

Key Features of the Bretton Woods System

1. Fixed Exchange Rates: Under the Bretton Woods System, countries agreed to fix their exchange rates to the US dollar. The US dollar was fixed to gold at a rate of $35 per ounce.

2. International Monetary Fund (IMF): The IMF was established to promote international monetary cooperation, facilitate international trade, and stabilize exchange rates.

3. World Bank: The World Bank was established to provide loans and technical assistance to developing countries.

4. Convertibility: Countries were allowed to convert their currencies to US dollars at a fixed rate and it was the responsibility of the US to maintain the value of the dollar by buying and selling gold.

Impact of the Bretton Woods System

The Bretton Woods System was successful in promoting economic growth and stability in the post-war period. However, it began to face challenges in the 1960s due to increased inflation and the growing US trade deficit. In 1971, the US ended the convertibility of the dollar to gold, effectively ending the Bretton Woods System.

Conclusion

The Bretton Woods System was a significant international economic arrangement established by the US after the Second World War. It was successful in promoting economic growth and stability for several decades but ultimately faced challenges that led to its demise.

December 1991
The correct answer is option 'a', December 1991. Let's delve into the details of this significant event.

Transition from U.S.S.R. to Russia
- In December 1991, the Soviet Union officially dissolved, marking the end of the U.S.S.R.
- As a result, the seat that was previously held by the U.S.S.R. at the United Nations was taken over by the Russian Federation.

Implications of the Transition
- This transition had significant implications for the global political landscape.
- Russia inherited the U.S.S.R.'s position as a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council.
- It also meant that Russia became responsible for upholding the international commitments and obligations previously held by the Soviet Union.

Importance of the U.N. Seat
- The seat at the United Nations holds great importance as it allows countries to participate in decision-making processes on crucial global issues.
- As a permanent member of the Security Council, Russia has the power to veto resolutions, making it a key player in international affairs.

Conclusion
In conclusion, the takeover of the U.S.S.R. seat by Russia at the United Nations in December 1991 was a significant event that marked the end of an era and the beginning of a new chapter in global politics.

A) Maoist guerrillas.

Answer to this question is missing. Please provide more information or clarify your request.

The correct answer is option 'B' - Cuba.

Explanation:

- Soviet Union was a communist country during the Cold War period.
- Cuba was also a communist country and was led by Fidel Castro.
- Cuba and Soviet Union had cordial relationships and Cuba received both diplomatic and financial aid from the Soviet Union.
- The financial aid helped Cuba to strengthen its economy and military power.
- Cuba became a strong ally of Soviet Union during the Cold War period and was heavily involved in the Cuban Missile Crisis.
- Japan, Sri Lanka, and Norway were not communist countries and did not receive diplomatic and financial aid from the Soviet Union.

The correct answer is c) NATO.

NATO stands for North Atlantic Treaty Organization. It is an intergovernmental military alliance between 30 North American and European countries. NATO was formed on 4th April 1949, with the signing of the North Atlantic Treaty in Washington, D.C. by twelve founding members.

Here are some key points about NATO:

Background:
- NATO was formed as a collective defence alliance to counter the perceived threat from the Soviet Union and its allies during the Cold War.
- Its main objective was to provide a system of collective defence whereby an attack against one member would be considered an attack against all members, and a response would be coordinated accordingly.

Membership:
- NATO currently has 30 members, including the United States, Canada, most European countries, and Turkey.
- Membership is based on the principle of collective defence and is open to any democratic state that is able and willing to fulfill the obligations of the North Atlantic Treaty and contribute to the security of the North Atlantic area.

Structure:
- NATO is headed by the Secretary General, who is appointed by the member countries for a four-year term.
- The Military Committee is the highest military authority within NATO, consisting of the Chiefs of Defence of all member countries.
- The North Atlantic Council is the principal political decision-making body within NATO, consisting of the ambassadors of all member countries.

Activities:
- NATO's main activity is collective defence, which includes the deployment of military forces and resources to deter and respond to potential threats.
- NATO also engages in crisis management and conflict resolution, including peacekeeping operations and humanitarian assistance.
- In recent years, NATO has also focused on countering terrorism and cyber threats.

In conclusion, NATO was formed in April 1949 as an intergovernmental military alliance aimed at providing collective defence against potential threats during the Cold War. It has since evolved to include a range of activities related to crisis management, conflict resolution, and countering emerging threats such as terrorism and cyber attacks.

The Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) in Mexico

The Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) exercised power in Mexico for over 70 years, from 1929 to 2000. Here's an explanation of how the party maintained its dominance in Mexican politics:

- **History of PRI**: The PRI was founded in 1929 after the Mexican Revolution and was the ruling party in Mexico for most of the 20th century.

- **Authoritarian Rule**: The party established a one-party system that allowed it to maintain power through a combination of patronage, coercion, and electoral fraud.

- **Political Control**: The PRI controlled all branches of government, including the executive, legislative, and judicial branches, as well as state and local governments.

- **Economic Policies**: The party implemented a mix of populist and neoliberal economic policies that aimed to promote economic growth and social welfare.

- **Corruption**: Despite its long rule, the PRI was also known for corruption and clientelism, which contributed to widespread inequality and social unrest.

- **Transition to Democracy**: In the late 20th century, Mexico began to transition to a multi-party democracy, leading to the PRI's eventual defeat in the 2000 presidential election.

- **Legacy**: The PRI's long rule left a lasting impact on Mexican politics and society, shaping the country's institutions and political culture.

Overall, the Institutional Revolutionary Party's prolonged hold on power in Mexico was characterized by a mix of authoritarianism, economic policies, corruption, and ultimately, a transition to democracy.

Not a Balkan Republic: Latvia

The Balkans region is located in southeastern Europe and is characterized by its complex history and cultural diversity. The Balkan Peninsula comprises several countries, including Albania, Bulgaria, Greece, Romania, Serbia, Montenegro, and Bosnia and Herzegovina. However, Latvia is not a Balkan Republic. The following points explain why Latvia is not a Balkan Republic:

Geographical Location
Latvia is located in Northern Europe, bordering the Baltic Sea, and is not part of the Balkan Peninsula. It is situated between Estonia, Lithuania, Russia, and Belarus.

Historical Background
Latvia has a different historical background compared to the Balkan countries. It was part of the Soviet Union until 1991 and has a distinct culture and language.

Cultural and Linguistic Differences
Latvia has a unique culture and language that is different from the Balkan countries. The Latvian language belongs to the Baltic language group, while the Balkan countries have their own unique languages, such as Bulgarian, Greek, Serbian, and Romanian.

Conclusion
Thus, the correct answer to the question is option D, Latvia, as it is not a Balkan Republic. The Balkan Peninsula consists of several countries in southeastern Europe, including Bulgaria, Greece, Romania, Serbia, Montenegro, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Albania.