All questions of Additional Topics of Ancient India for UPSC CSE Exam

**Explanation:**

Mirabai, also known as Meera Bai, was a 16th-century queen and poetess from Rajasthan, India. She was born into the Sisodia Dynasty, which was one of the prominent Rajput clans in Rajasthan. The Sisodia Dynasty ruled over the kingdom of Mewar, with its capital at Chittorgarh.

**Sisodia Dynasty: The Ruling Dynasty**

1. The Sisodia Dynasty was a Rajput dynasty that originated in the 7th century. They were descendants of Bappa Rawal, who founded the kingdom of Mewar.
2. The Sisodias belonged to the Guhilot clan, which was one of the oldest and most esteemed Rajput clans in Rajasthan.
3. The dynasty reached its pinnacle of power and glory under the rule of Rana Kumbha in the 15th century.
4. The Sisodias were known for their bravery, chivalry, and commitment to the protection of their kingdom and subjects.

**Mirabai: A Queen of the Sisodia Dynasty**

1. Mirabai was born into the royal family of Mewar in 1498. Her father, Ratan Singh, was the king of Merta, and her mother, Rani Durgavati, was the queen of Mewar.
2. As a princess, Mirabai was married to Rana Kumbha's son, Prince Bhojraj. However, she was more inclined towards spirituality and devotion to Lord Krishna than royal duties.
3. Mirabai composed numerous bhajans and poems expressing her deep love and devotion for Lord Krishna. Her compositions were filled with emotions of love, longing, and surrender to the divine.
4. Mirabai faced opposition and persecution from her own family and society due to her devotion to Lord Krishna, which was seen as unconventional for a queen.
5. Despite the challenges, Mirabai remained steadfast in her devotion and became a symbol of spiritual love and emancipation in Indian history.

In conclusion, Mirabai belonged to the Sisodia Dynasty, which was a prominent Rajput dynasty ruling over the kingdom of Mewar. She was a queen who gained fame as a poetess and devotee of Lord Krishna, and her compositions continue to inspire and resonate with people even today.

The another two are Hinayana(also known as Theravada) and Vajrayana(which is a motley of Tantric practices as well). A is correct.

This law was enunciated during the late Gupta and post-Gupta period, which spanned from the 6th to the 8th centuries AD in India. The Gupta Empire, which was known for its prosperity and cultural achievements, was followed by a period of political and cultural decline, known as the post-Gupta period. During this time, there were significant changes in the political and social landscape of India, including the emergence of new regional powers and the rise of Buddhism and Jainism as major religions. This law, which pertains to the rights of people who cultivate fallow land, was likely enacted during this period. The options (a), (b), and (c) are incorrect because they do not correspond to the correct time period.

B

Vajrayana Buddhism

- The correct answer is option 'C' - Vajrayana Buddhism.
- Vajrayana is one of the major branches of Buddhism and is also known as Tantric Buddhism or Esoteric Buddhism. It is primarily practiced in Tibet, Bhutan, Nepal, and Mongolia, as well as in certain regions of China and India.
- Vajrayana Buddhism is considered to be a part of Mahayana Buddhism, which is one of the two main branches of Buddhism along with Theravada Buddhism. However, Vajrayana has distinct characteristics that set it apart from both Mahayana and Theravada Buddhism.

Characteristics of Vajrayana Buddhism:

1. Tantric Practices:
- Vajrayana Buddhism is known for its emphasis on tantric practices. These practices involve the use of rituals, visualizations, mantras, and various techniques to achieve spiritual transformation and enlightenment.

2. Guru-Disciple Relationship:
- Vajrayana places a strong emphasis on the guru-disciple relationship. The guru is seen as a spiritual guide who provides teachings, initiations, and guidance to the disciple on the path to enlightenment.

3. Deities and Mandala:
- Vajrayana Buddhism incorporates a wide range of deities and mandalas. Deities are seen as manifestations of enlightened qualities, and the practice of visualizing and meditating on them is believed to bring about spiritual realization.

4. Rituals and Empowerments:
- Vajrayana Buddhism is known for its elaborate rituals and ceremonies. These rituals often involve empowerments, where the guru bestows blessings and transmits spiritual energy to the disciple.

5. Importance of Meditation:
- Like other branches of Buddhism, Vajrayana places great importance on meditation. However, Vajrayana includes specific meditation techniques that are unique to its tradition, such as deity yoga and the practice of 'gaining control' over the mind.

Conclusion:
- Nyngma, Kagyud, Shakya, and Geluk are all different sects or schools within the Vajrayana tradition of Buddhism. Each sect has its own distinct practices, lineages, and teachings, but they all share the common foundation of Vajrayana Buddhism. Vajrayana is known for its esoteric and transformative practices, its emphasis on the guru-disciple relationship, and its unique approach to meditation and spiritual realization.

Ancient Indian Thinkers and Their System of Ideas on Motion

Ancient Indian thinkers, through their philosophical and scientific explorations, developed a comprehensive understanding of motion. Their insights were remarkably similar to the modern laws of motion proposed by Newton. In particular, one concept from the Indian systems closely resembles the concept of inertia, which is the tendency of an object to resist changes in its state of motion or rest.

The Notion of Vega in the Vaisheshika Theory

Among the options given, the notion of Vega in the Vaisheshika theory is the closest to the concept of inertia. The Vaisheshika school of philosophy, founded by Kanada, focused on the nature of reality and the fundamental constituents of the universe. It proposed that all objects are made up of atoms (called paramanus) and possess certain inherent properties.

Understanding Vega and Its Relation to Inertia

In the Vaisheshika theory, Vega refers to the inherent power or force possessed by an object to retain its own state of motion or rest. This concept aligns with the concept of inertia because an object with Vega tends to maintain its current state of motion or rest until acted upon by an external force. This is analogous to Newton's first law of motion, which states that an object at rest will remain at rest, and an object in motion will continue moving in a straight line at a constant speed, unless acted upon by an external force.

Distinguishing Vega from Other Concepts

To further understand why Vega is the closest concept to inertia, let's briefly examine the other options:

1. The notion of abhighat in the Sankhya theory: Abhighat refers to collision or impact. While collisions are related to the study of motion, they do not directly correspond to the concept of inertia.

2. The notion of nodan in the Sankhya theory: Nodan refers to obstruction or resistance. While resistance is a related concept, it does not capture the essence of inertia as the tendency to maintain motion or rest.

3. The notion of sanskara in the Vaisheshika theory: Sanskara refers to a modification or change. While changes in motion are relevant to the study of inertia, sanskara encompasses a broader range of transformations and does not specifically address the concept of inertia.

In Conclusion

In conclusion, the concept of Vega in the Vaisheshika theory comes closest to the concept of inertia. Vega represents the inherent power or force possessed by an object to retain its state of motion or rest, aligning with the idea of inertia as described by Newton's laws of motion.

The Importance of Gandhi's Non-Cooperation Movement

The Non-Cooperation Movement led by Mahatma Gandhi in the early 1920s was a significant event in the Indian independence struggle. It aimed to mobilize the masses and awaken national consciousness against British colonial rule. Among the various reasons for its importance, the most relevant one is that it was a great movement on a large scale in the sense that national awakening penetrated the masses. Let's delve into the details:

1. National Awakening:
The Non-Cooperation Movement played a crucial role in spreading the message of Indian nationalism to the masses. It served as a platform for educating and mobilizing people across different social and economic strata. Through various forms of protest like strikes, boycotts, and demonstrations, it awakened a sense of pride and unity among the common people.

2. Mobilization of the Masses:
Gandhi's call for non-cooperation resonated with the people, leading to widespread participation. It brought together people from different walks of life, including students, peasants, workers, and even women. This mass mobilization demonstrated the willingness and ability of the people in general to endure hardships and make sacrifices for the cause of independence.

3. Non-Violence as an Effective Weapon:
While non-violence had been emphasized in previous movements, it was during the Non-Cooperation Movement that it emerged as an effective weapon of mass movement. Gandhi's philosophy of non-violence, or ahimsa, was put into practice on a large scale. The movement demonstrated that non-violence, when combined with mass participation, could exert significant pressure on the British government.

4. Awakening Political Consciousness:
The Non-Cooperation Movement helped in awakening political consciousness among the common people. It educated them about their rights, made them aware of the oppressive nature of British rule, and instilled in them a desire for self-governance. This political consciousness laid the foundation for future mass movements and political activism in the country.

5. Preparation for Future Struggles:
The Non-Cooperation Movement served as a baptism of fire for the Indian masses, preparing them for future struggles. It taught them valuable lessons in unity, perseverance, and self-reliance. The movement also highlighted the importance of non-cooperation with oppressive systems and encouraged people to actively participate in the fight for independence.

In conclusion, the Non-Cooperation Movement led by Gandhi was of great importance as it brought about a national awakening, mobilized the masses, employed non-violence as an effective weapon, awakened political consciousness, and prepared the people for future struggles. Its impact was far-reaching and played a pivotal role in shaping the course of the Indian independence movement.

It is Tolkapayyiam,Based on Tamil Literature..

Chalcolithic cultures in the Indian subcontinent:

Chalcolithic cultures in the Indian subcontinent refer to the period between the Neolithic and Bronze Age, characterized by the use of copper and stone tools.

Statement analysis:

1. Ochre-coloured pottery sites have been usually found in the Gangetic doab of India.

- This statement is correct.
- Ochre-coloured pottery sites have been found in several locations in the Gangetic doab region, including at sites such as Atranjikhera and Hastinapur.
- The pottery is distinguished by its reddish-brown colour and is associated with the Chalcolithic period.

2. Anthropomorphic figures of worship have been found in the copper hoard culture.

- This statement is also correct.
- The copper hoard culture is a Chalcolithic culture associated with the northwestern regions of the Indian subcontinent, particularly in the areas of Rajasthan, Haryana, and Punjab.
- The culture is characterized by the presence of copper objects, including weapons, tools, and ornaments, as well as anthropomorphic figures of worship, suggesting a religious or ritual significance to the culture.

Conclusion:

Both statements are correct, and the answer is option C. The ochre-coloured pottery sites are associated with the Gangetic doab region, while the anthropomorphic figures of worship are associated with the copper hoard culture in northwestern India.

The Karachi session of the Indian National Congress was held in 1931. It was a significant event in the history of the Indian independence movement. The session was presided over by Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel.

Resolution Passed by the Karachi Session

The Karachi session of the Indian National Congress passed a resolution on the fundamental rights and economic policy. The resolution was aimed at addressing the issues of poverty and unemployment in the country. The resolution emphasized the need to provide basic amenities and infrastructure to the people.

Importance of the Resolution

The resolution passed by the Karachi session of the Indian National Congress was significant for the following reasons:

1. It highlighted the importance of fundamental rights as a means to achieve social and economic justice.

2. It emphasized the need for a comprehensive economic policy that would address the issues of poverty and unemployment in the country.

3. It provided a roadmap for the future economic development of the country.

Conclusion

The Karachi session of the Indian National Congress was a milestone in the history of the Indian independence movement. The resolution passed by the session was aimed at addressing the issues of poverty and unemployment in the country. The resolution emphasized the importance of fundamental rights and a comprehensive economic policy to achieve social and economic justice.

1. No evidence of the use of Iron by Rig Vedic Aryans:
- This statement is incorrect. There is evidence to suggest that the Rig Vedic Aryans were familiar with the use of iron. The Rig Veda, one of the oldest texts of ancient India, mentions the use of different metals including iron. The Rig Vedic people were skilled in metallurgy and are known to have used iron for various purposes, such as creating weapons and tools.

2. Trade conducted on the barter system:
- This statement is correct. The Rig Vedic Aryans practiced a barter system of trade. They exchanged goods and services directly without the use of a standardized medium of exchange, such as coins. Bartering involved the exchange of commodities and services based on their perceived value.

3. Copper coins called nishka used as a medium of exchange:
- This statement is incorrect. There is no evidence to suggest that the Rig Vedic Aryans used copper coins called nishka as a medium of exchange. The use of coins as a medium of exchange developed much later in ancient India, during the Mauryan period.

Explanation:
- The Rig Vedic Aryans were a pastoral and agricultural society who relied on the exchange of goods and services through the barter system. They did not have a standardized currency system like coins.
- The Rig Vedic people were skilled in metalworking and used various metals, including iron, for different purposes. The Rig Veda mentions the use of iron in the context of weapon-making and other metal objects.
- The absence of evidence for the use of copper coins called nishka by the Rig Vedic Aryans suggests that they did not have a standardized currency system during that time. The use of coins as a medium of exchange became prevalent in later periods of ancient Indian history.

In summary, statement 1 is incorrect because there is evidence of the use of iron by the Rig Vedic Aryans. Statement 2 is correct as trade was conducted on the barter system. Statement 3 is incorrect as there is no evidence of the use of copper coins called nishka as a medium of exchange by the Rig Vedic Aryans. Therefore, option D is the correct answer.

Leader of the Kuka Movement against the British: Balak Singh

The Kuka Movement, also known as the Namdhari Movement or the Satnamis, was a religious and political movement that emerged in Punjab, India, during the mid-19th century. It was led by a charismatic leader named Balak Singh.

Overview of the Kuka Movement:
The Kuka Movement originated as a response to the oppressive policies and religious discrimination faced by the Sikh community under the British colonial rule. Balak Singh, a humble carpenter from the village of Bhaini Sahib, became the founder and spiritual leader of the movement.

Beliefs and Objectives:
The Kuka Movement advocated for a return to the pure and egalitarian principles of Sikhism as preached by Guru Nanak Dev and the other Sikh Gurus. They rejected the caste system and other social hierarchies that had become prevalent in Sikh society at that time.

The movement aimed to revive the Khalsa brotherhood and establish a society based on the principles of equality, justice, and self-sufficiency. They emphasized the importance of honest labor and communal living.

Leadership of Balak Singh:
Balak Singh played a crucial role in organizing and mobilizing the followers of the Kuka Movement. He was known for his simplicity, humility, and spiritual teachings. Balak Singh proclaimed himself the successor to Guru Gobind Singh, the tenth Sikh Guru, and encouraged his followers to adhere strictly to the Sikh code of conduct.

Under Balak Singh's leadership, the Kuka Movement gained popularity and attracted a significant following among the rural Sikh population. He preached against British rule and urged his followers to resist British domination.

Impact of the Kuka Movement:
The Kuka Movement posed a significant challenge to British authority in Punjab. The followers of the movement actively participated in various protests and acts of civil disobedience against the British administration.

However, the movement faced severe repression from the British authorities. Balak Singh was arrested and imprisoned in 1872, and he passed away in prison. Despite his death, the Kuka Movement continued to inspire and influence subsequent Sikh reform movements in Punjab.

Conclusion:
In conclusion, Balak Singh was the leader of the Kuka Movement against the British. He played a pivotal role in mobilizing the Sikh community and advocating for religious and social reforms. Although the movement faced repression and its leader was imprisoned, its impact on Sikh society and subsequent movements cannot be undermined.

The given text:

1. The text is referring to multiple statements that can be considered.
2. The text is providing information or context for those statements.
3. The statements may be related to a specific topic or subject.
4. The text may present arguments or evidence to support the statements.
5. The statements may be presented in a logical or sequential order.
6. The text may include examples or illustrations to clarify the statements.
7. The text may invite further discussion or analysis of the statements.
8. The statements may be subjective or objective in nature.
9. The text may present contrasting or conflicting statements.
10. The text may provide a conclusion or summary based on the statements.

B

The Boghazkoi inscription, also known as the Hittite inscription, was discovered in Turkey.

Discovery and Location:
The inscription was found at the ancient Hittite capital of Hattusa, which is located near modern-day Boğazkale in central Turkey. It was discovered in 1906 by a German archaeologist named Hugo Winckler during excavations at the site.

The Hittite Empire:
The Hittites were an ancient Anatolian civilization that flourished from the 18th to the 12th century BCE. They established one of the earliest known empires in history, with their capital at Hattusa. The empire reached its peak during the 14th century BCE and exerted significant influence over the Near East.

Significance of the Inscription:
The Boghazkoi inscription is one of the most important discoveries related to the Hittite civilization. It consists of several tablets inscribed with cuneiform script, which was the writing system used by the Hittites. The inscription provides valuable information about the Hittite culture, society, and historical events.

Cuneiform Script:
Cuneiform script was developed by the ancient Sumerians and later adopted by various civilizations in the Near East, including the Hittites. It is a system of writing that uses wedge-shaped marks impressed onto clay tablets. The script was deciphered in the 19th century by scholars such as Henry Rawlinson, who played a crucial role in unlocking the secrets of ancient Mesopotamian civilizations.

Content of the Inscription:
The Boghazkoi inscription contains a variety of texts, including royal edicts, treaties, religious hymns, and historical accounts. It provides insights into the Hittite political structure, diplomatic relations with neighboring kingdoms, religious practices, and military campaigns.

Decipherment and Translation:
The decipherment of the Hittite language and the translation of the Boghazkoi inscription posed significant challenges to scholars. It took several decades of research and collaboration among linguists and archaeologists to decode the cuneiform script and understand the Hittite language. The decipherment process provided valuable insights into the linguistic and cultural history of the ancient Near East.

Legacy and Historical Importance:
The discovery of the Boghazkoi inscription revolutionized our understanding of the Hittite civilization. It shed light on a previously little-known empire and contributed to the reconstruction of ancient history. The inscription remains a crucial source of information for researchers studying the Hittites and their interactions with other ancient civilizations in the region.

In conclusion, the Boghazkoi inscription was discovered in Turkey at the ancient Hittite capital of Hattusa. It is a collection of cuneiform tablets that provide valuable insights into the Hittite civilization, its language, culture, and historical events. The decipherment and translation of the inscription have greatly contributed to our knowledge of the ancient Near East.

According to the Matsya Purana, the Brahmins of Orissa, Andhra, Punjab (Thatta), Dravida, and Konkan were not supposed to be invited to a funeral repast for a specific reason: they refused to perform the Panchamahayajnas.

The Panchamahayajnas are a set of five important rituals or sacrifices that are performed by Brahmins. These rituals include the Agnihotra, the Darsha-Purnamasa, the Ahvaniya, the Anvaharya, and the Garhapatya. These rituals are considered essential for the well-being and spiritual upliftment of the individual as well as society as a whole.

The refusal of the Brahmins from Orissa, Andhra, Punjab (Thatta), Dravida, and Konkan to perform these Panchamahayajnas would have been viewed as a violation of their religious duties and responsibilities. By not performing these rituals, they were seen as neglecting their role as intermediaries between the divine and the human world.

The Matsya Purana also mentions that these Brahmins lived in regions that were considered impure by the people of Madhyadesa. This could have been another reason why they were excluded from funeral repasts. In ancient Hindu society, certain regions were believed to be more auspicious and pure than others. Inviting Brahmins from impure regions to participate in important rituals or ceremonies, such as funeral repasts, could have been seen as contaminating the sanctity of the event.

It is important to note that the exclusion of these Brahmins from funeral repasts was specific to the traditions and beliefs mentioned in the Matsya Purana. Different Puranas and religious texts may have different guidelines and customs regarding funeral rituals and the inclusion/exclusion of specific groups.

In conclusion, according to the Matsya Purana, the Brahmins of Orissa, Andhra, Punjab (Thatta), Dravida, and Konkan were not to be invited to a funeral repast because they refused to perform the Panchamahayajnas. This refusal was seen as a neglect of their religious duties, and their residence in regions considered impure further contributed to their exclusion from such rituals.

Explanation:

Assertion: Megasthenese mentioned seven castes into which the Indian society was divided.
- Megasthenese, a Greek historian and ambassador to the Mauryan Empire, did indeed mention seven castes in his writings about ancient India.
- These seven divisions were based on occupation and were known as Varna, not caste in the modern sense.
- The four primary Varnas were Brahmins (priests and scholars), Kshatriyas (warriors and rulers), Vaishyas (merchants and farmers), and Shudras (laborers and service providers).

Reason: Megasthenese confused caste with professions
- Megasthenese's classification of the Indian society into seven Varnas based on occupation was not a confusion of caste with professions.
- The Varna system was a social hierarchy based on birth and duties prescribed in ancient Indian texts like the Rig Veda and Manusmriti.
- Caste, on the other hand, refers to the social stratification system that developed over time with rigid boundaries and restrictions on social interactions.
- The confusion between Varna and caste arose in later centuries due to the mixing and solidification of these categories.
Therefore, both the assertion and reason are true, and the reason correctly explains why Megasthenese's mention of seven castes was not a confusion with professions but a classification based on Varna system.

Dara Shikoh was a Mughal prince who lived in the 17th century. He was the eldest son of Emperor Shah Jahan and was known for his intellectual pursuits and religious tolerance. Let's analyze each statement to understand Dara Shikoh's beliefs and accomplishments.

Orthodox to Liberal Sufi
Dara Shikoh's spiritual journey is described in the first statement. He began as an orthodox Muslim, adhering to the mainstream Sunni beliefs prevalent at the time. However, over time, he became more inclined towards Sufism, a mystical branch of Islam that emphasizes spiritual experiences and inner knowledge. Dara Shikoh was influenced by various Sufi saints and scholars, and he embraced the liberal and inclusive aspects of Sufi teachings. Thus, the first statement is correct.

Translation of Sanskrit Works
The second statement mentions that Dara Shikoh had several Sanskrit works translated into Persian. This is indeed true. Dara Shikoh had a keen interest in Hindu philosophy, especially Vedanta, and sought to bridge the gap between Islam and Hinduism. To facilitate this, he commissioned the translation of several ancient Hindu texts, such as the Upanishads, Bhagavad Gita, and Yoga Vasistha, into Persian. These translations aimed to make the wisdom of Hindu scriptures accessible to Persian-speaking Muslims. Therefore, the second statement is correct.

Biography of Muslim Saints
The third statement states that Dara Shikoh wrote a biography of Muslim saints. This is also true. Dara Shikoh was deeply interested in mysticism and Sufi practices. He studied the lives and teachings of various Sufi saints and compiled their biographies in a book called "Sakinat-ul-Auliya" (The Tranquility of the Saints). This work aimed to highlight the spiritual wisdom and experiences of these revered figures. So, the third statement is correct.

In conclusion, all three statements are correct. Dara Shikoh's journey from orthodoxy to liberal Sufism, his translations of Sanskrit works, and his authorship of a biography of Muslim saints reflect his intellectual curiosity, religious tolerance, and efforts to bridge the gap between different religious traditions.

And R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
b)Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
c)A is true but R is false.
d)A is false but R is true.

The correct answer is b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.

Jyotiba Phule did establish the Satya Shodhak Samaj in 1873, but the reason for its establishment was not to bring together people of different religions. The main aim of the Satya Shodhak Samaj was to fight against social injustices, caste discrimination, and the oppression of lower castes in Indian society. It aimed to promote equality and social reform.

Specialized Groups of Artisans in the Harappan Civilization

The Harappan civilization, also known as the Indus Valley civilization, was one of the earliest urban civilizations in the world. It flourished from approximately 2600 BCE to 1900 BCE in the northwestern regions of the Indian subcontinent. The civilization was known for its advanced urban planning, sophisticated drainage systems, and a thriving economy. Among the various specialized groups of artisans in the Harappan civilization, three prominent ones were goldsmiths, stonecutters, and weavers.

1. Goldsmiths:
Goldsmiths were highly skilled craftsmen who worked with precious metals, particularly gold. They had the knowledge and expertise to create intricate and beautiful jewelry, such as necklaces, bracelets, earrings, and rings. The Harappans had access to gold from nearby regions, including the Himalayas and the Gangetic plains. Gold ornaments have been found in abundance at Harappan sites, indicating the significance of goldsmiths in their society.

2. Stonecutters:
Stonecutters were another group of specialized artisans in the Harappan civilization. They were skilled in working with various types of stones, including granite, limestone, and sandstone. Stone was a commonly used material in the construction of Harappan cities, as seen in the well-preserved remains of structures such as the Great Bath and the citadel. Stonecutters played a crucial role in shaping and carving stones for building purposes.

3. Weavers:
Weaving was an essential craft in the Harappan civilization, and weavers were skilled artisans who produced textiles using techniques such as spinning, dyeing, and loom weaving. Cotton was the most commonly used fabric, and evidence of cotton cultivation and textile production has been found at Harappan sites. The high quality of Harappan textiles is evident from the intricate patterns and designs found on pottery and seals.

Conclusion:
In conclusion, if you were living in the Harappan civilization, you would have come across specialized groups of artisans such as goldsmiths, stonecutters, and weavers. Goldsmiths excelled in creating exquisite jewelry, stonecutters played a vital role in constructing buildings, and weavers produced high-quality textiles. These artisans contributed significantly to the thriving economy and cultural richness of the Harappan civilization. Therefore, the correct answer is option 'D' - All of the above.

Based upon Varna and Ashrams a four fold classification of the entire people into varna and a fourthfold division of the life of each individual into asharma.the indo aryans wre originally divided into 3 classes the brahman and rajanya and vis.

Background:
During the reign of the Delhi Sultanate, foreign visitors played significant roles in various aspects of administration, including the judiciary. One such visitor was Ibn Batuta, who was appointed as the Qazi of Delhi by the reigning monarch.

Explanation:
Ibn Batuta, also known as Abu Abdullah Muhammad Ibn Abdullah Al Lawati Al Tanji Ibn Batuta, was a famous Moroccan scholar, explorer, and traveler who visited India during the 14th century. He was appointed as the Qazi of Delhi by the then reigning monarch, Muhammad bin Tughluq.

Who were the other options?
a) Abdur Razzaq: Abdur Razzaq was a Persian ambassador who visited India during the reign of Sultan Mahmud Tughlaq. However, there is no historical evidence to suggest that he was appointed as the Qazi of Delhi.

c) Zamil Beg: Zamil Beg is not a known historical figure, and there is no record of his visit to India or appointment as the Qazi of Delhi.

d) Vadgar Ali: Vadgar Ali is not a known historical figure, and there is no record of his visit to India or appointment as the Qazi of Delhi.

Why was Ibn Batuta appointed as Qazi of Delhi?
Ibn Batuta was appointed as the Qazi of Delhi due to his extensive knowledge of Islamic jurisprudence and his reputation as a learned scholar. The Sultan, Muhammad bin Tughluq, recognized Ibn Batuta's expertise and appointed him to this prestigious position.

What is the significance of Ibn Batuta's appointment?
Ibn Batuta's appointment as the Qazi of Delhi highlights the cosmopolitan nature of the Delhi Sultanate and its openness to foreign scholars and administrators. It also demonstrates the Sultan's recognition of Ibn Batuta's qualifications and his willingness to entrust him with an important role in the administration.

Conclusion:
In conclusion, among the given options, Ibn Batuta was the foreign visitor appointed as the Qazi of Delhi by the reigning monarch, Muhammad bin Tughluq. His appointment highlights the Sultanate's openness to foreign scholars and administrators, and his expertise in Islamic jurisprudence made him suitable for this prestigious position.