All questions of Non-Constitutional Bodies for BPSC (Bihar) Exam

The correct answer is option 'B': Only statement 2 is correct.

Explanation:
The Central Vigilance Commission (CVC) is an apex governmental body in India that addresses corruption in public administration. It was established in February 1964 on the recommendation of the Santhanam Committee, which was appointed to study the problem of corruption in India. The CVC was set up by an executive resolution of the Government of India and not by an Act of Parliament. Therefore, statement 1 is incorrect.

The Union Public Service Commission (UPSC) is a constitutional body that conducts examinations for the appointment of civil servants in the Indian government. It has been granted a significant degree of independence and autonomy to ensure the impartiality and fairness of the selection process. Similarly, the Central Vigilance Commission is also granted a measure of independence and autonomy, but not to the same extent as the UPSC. The UPSC is a constitutional body, while the CVC is a statutory body. Therefore, statement 2 is correct.

To summarize:
- Statement 1 is incorrect because the Central Vigilance Commission was not set up by an Act of Parliament but by an executive resolution of the Government of India.
- Statement 2 is correct because the Central Vigilance Commission has been given a measure of independence and autonomy, although not to the same extent as the Union Public Service Commission.

Hence, the correct answer is option 'B': Only statement 2 is correct.

Is there any specific time for President presenting this report before each house of Parliament

I have a doubt that ex officio members are not of the Secretary rank. kindly discuss @edurev

Explanation:
The Administrative Reforms Commission (ARC) recommended the establishment of Lokpal and Lokayukta as institutions to address corruption in India. The major features of these institutions, as recommended by the ARC, are as follows:

1. Demonstrably independent and impartial:
The Lokpal and Lokayukta should be independent and impartial in their functioning. This means that they should not be influenced or controlled by any external factors, such as the government or political parties. They should have the autonomy to carry out their investigations and take actions against corruption without any interference.

2. Comparing with the highest judicial functionary:
The Lokpal and Lokayukta should be at par with the highest judicial functionary in the country. This means that their status, powers, and responsibilities should be similar to that of a Chief Justice or a Supreme Court judge. This ensures that they have the necessary authority and credibility to effectively address corruption cases.

3. Direct accountability to Parliament:
The Lokpal and Lokayukta should be directly accountable to Parliament. This means that they should submit their reports, findings, and recommendations to Parliament for review and action. This ensures transparency and oversight in their functioning and helps in maintaining public trust and confidence in these institutions.

4. Non-political appointments:
The appointments to the Lokpal and Lokayukta should be non-political as far as possible. This means that the selection and appointment process should be based on merit, integrity, and competence rather than political considerations. This helps in ensuring that the individuals appointed to these positions are independent and free from any political influence.

Conclusion:
Based on the above features recommended by the Administrative Reforms Commission, option 'B' is the correct answer as it includes all the major features of the institutions of Lokpal and Lokayukta.

Background:
The National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) is an independent public body constituted under the Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993.

Explanation:

• Statement 1: The National Human Rights Commission is not a constitutional body.

The NHRC is not a constitutional body as it is not mentioned in the Constitution of India. It was established under a statutory law, the Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993.


• Statement 2: The National Human Rights Commission is a statutory body.

This statement is correct. The NHRC is a statutory body created under the Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993. It derives its powers and functions from this Act, which was enacted by the Parliament of India.


• Conclusion:

Both statements are correct. The NHRC is not a constitutional body but a statutory body created by an Act of Parliament. It is tasked with the protection and promotion of human rights in India.

The correct answer is option 'C' - 1, 2, 3, and 4.

The National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) is a statutory body in India that is responsible for the protection and promotion of human rights in the country. It was established by the Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993.

The NHRC consists of a Chairperson and four members. These members include the following ex-officio members:

1. Chairman of the National Commission for Minorities: The National Commission for Minorities is a constitutional body that safeguards the rights and interests of minority communities in India. The Chairman of the National Commission for Minorities serves as an ex-officio member of the NHRC.

2. Chairman of the National Commission for Scheduled Castes (SCs): The National Commission for Scheduled Castes is a constitutional body that works towards the protection and welfare of Scheduled Castes communities in India. The Chairman of the National Commission for SCs is an ex-officio member of the NHRC.

3. Chairman of the National Commission for Scheduled Tribes (STs): The National Commission for Scheduled Tribes is a constitutional body that focuses on the rights and welfare of Scheduled Tribes communities in India. The Chairman of the National Commission for STs serves as an ex-officio member of the NHRC.

4. Chairman of the National Commission for Women: The National Commission for Women is a statutory body that is dedicated to promoting and safeguarding the rights of women in India. The Chairman of the National Commission for Women is also an ex-officio member of the NHRC.

These ex-officio members bring their expertise and experience in dealing with issues related to minorities, SCs, STs, and women to the NHRC. Their inclusion in the commission ensures a comprehensive approach towards addressing human rights violations in the country.

In conclusion, the correct answer is option 'C' - 1, 2, 3, and 4, as the ex-officio members of the National Human Rights Commission include the Chairman of the National Commission for Minorities, the Chairman of the National Commission for SCs, the Chairman of the National Commission for STs, and the Chairman of the National Commission for Women.

Introduction:
The institution of Ombudsman was first introduced in Sweden.

Origin:
The concept of Ombudsman originated in Sweden in 1809 when the Swedish Parliament established the office of the Parliamentary Ombudsman to safeguard the rights of citizens against governmental abuse.

Role and Function:
The Ombudsman is an independent and impartial official who investigates complaints from individuals about the actions or decisions of public authorities. The Ombudsman acts as a watchdog, ensuring that public officials act fairly, reasonably, and in accordance with the law.

Expansion:
The idea of the Ombudsman spread to other countries, such as Finland, Norway, and New Zealand, where similar institutions were established. These Ombudsman offices serve as a bridge between the government and the citizens, promoting transparency, accountability, and good governance.

Impact:
The introduction of the Ombudsman has had a significant impact on improving government accountability and responsiveness to the needs of the people. It has also helped in enhancing the trust of citizens in the government and promoting a culture of respect for human rights.

In conclusion, the institution of Ombudsman, first introduced in Sweden, has played a crucial role in promoting good governance and protecting the rights of individuals against governmental abuse. Its establishment has had a positive impact on government accountability and transparency in various countries around the world.

Committee on Prevention of Corruption:

The Government of India appointed a Committee on Prevention of Corruption in 1962. The aim of the committee was to suggest measures to prevent corruption in the country. The committee was chaired by K. Santhanam, a former Chief Justice of the Punjab and Haryana High Court.

Members of the Committee:

Apart from K. Santhanam, the committee had the following members:

1. Ananthaswamy Ayyangar - A former Speaker of the Lok Sabha
2. P.V. Subbaiah - A former Chief Justice of the Mysore High Court
3. K. Hanumanthayya - A former Chief Minister of Karnataka

Recommendations of the Committee:

The Committee on Prevention of Corruption submitted its report in 1964. The report contained several recommendations to prevent corruption in the country. Some of the important recommendations are:

1. Setting up of a Central Vigilance Commission to investigate cases of corruption.
2. The need for legislation to regulate the conduct of public servants.
3. The establishment of special courts to try corruption cases.
4. The need for transparency in the functioning of government departments.
5. The importance of educating the public about the harmful effects of corruption.

Impact of the Committee:

The recommendations of the Committee on Prevention of Corruption had a significant impact on the fight against corruption in India. The Central Vigilance Commission was set up in 1964, and several anti-corruption laws were passed in subsequent years. The recommendations of the committee also led to greater transparency in government functioning and increased public awareness about the harmful effects of corruption.

Conclusion:

The Committee on Prevention of Corruption, chaired by K. Santhanam, played a crucial role in the fight against corruption in India. Its recommendations led to the establishment of the Central Vigilance Commission and the passing of several anti-corruption laws. The committee's emphasis on transparency and public education also helped to create greater awareness about the harmful effects of corruption.

Union List in the Seventh Schedule of the Constitution

The CBI (Central Bureau of Investigation) is included in the Union List given in the seventh schedule of the Constitution of India.

Explanation

- The Union List contains subjects on which only the central government has the power to make laws. These subjects are listed in the Seventh Schedule of the Indian Constitution.
- The CBI, being a central investigating agency, falls under the jurisdiction of the central government.
- The agency was established by the Delhi Special Police Establishment Act, 1946, which is a central legislation.
- The CBI investigates a wide range of cases such as corruption, economic offences, special crimes, and cases of national importance.
- The agency operates under the Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances, and Pensions of the Government of India.

Therefore, the inclusion of the CBI in the Union List signifies that it is a central agency under the control of the central government and is empowered to investigate cases across states in India.

Power and Function of State Information Commissioner

The State Information Commissioner is responsible for ensuring the effective implementation of the Right to Information Act in the state. The powers and functions of the State Information Commissioner are as follows:

Inquiry: The commission can inquire into any matter on reasonable grounds. This includes complaints made by citizens, suo moto inquiries, and appeals against decisions made by the Public Information Officer (PIO) or First Appellate Authority (FAA).

Power of a civil court: During the inquiry, the commission has the power of a civil court. This means that it can summon and enforce the attendance of witnesses, receive evidence on affidavit, requisition any public record, and issue summons for the examination of witnesses or documents.

Disciplinary action: The commission can recommend disciplinary action against the errant official. This includes imposing penalties, initiating departmental proceedings, or recommending criminal proceedings.

Not examine information in custody of public authority: However, during the inquiry of a complaint, the commission cannot examine any information which is in the custody of a public authority. This is because the commission's role is to ensure that the public authority has provided the information requested by the citizen under the RTI Act. It cannot examine any other information that the public authority may hold.

In conclusion, the State Information Commissioner plays a critical role in ensuring transparency and accountability in the functioning of public authorities. By exercising the powers and functions conferred upon it by the RTI Act, the commission can ensure that citizens can access the information they need to hold public authorities accountable.

Explanation:

An Information Commissioner can be removed from office by the President on the advice/recommendation of the Supreme Court.

Role of the Information Commissioner:
The role of an Information Commissioner is to ensure transparency and accountability in the functioning of public authorities. They are responsible for the implementation of the Right to Information (RTI) Act, which allows citizens to access information held by public authorities.

Appointment of the Information Commissioner:
The Information Commissioner is appointed by the President on the recommendation of a committee consisting of the Prime Minister, the Leader of Opposition in the Lok Sabha, and a Union Cabinet Minister nominated by the Prime Minister.

Grounds for Removal:
A person holding the office of an Information Commissioner can be removed from office only if:

1. He/she is adjudged an insolvent.
2. He/she has been convicted of an offense which, in the opinion of the President, involves moral turpitude.
3. He/she engages during his/her term of office in any paid employment outside the duties of his/her office.
4. He/she is unfit to continue in office by reason of infirmity of mind or body.

Removal Process:
The process for the removal of an Information Commissioner is as follows:

1. An inquiry into the grounds of removal is initiated by the President. The President may either himself/herself inquire or refer the matter to the Supreme Court.

2. The Supreme Court, on receipt of the reference, conducts an inquiry into the grounds of removal. The Supreme Court must give the Information Commissioner an opportunity to be heard in person or by a legal practitioner.

3. Based on the inquiry, the Supreme Court submits its report to the President stating whether the Information Commissioner should be removed from office or not.

4. The President, after considering the report of the Supreme Court, may remove the Information Commissioner from office.

Therefore, it is the Supreme Court that recommends the removal of an Information Commissioner to the President. The President then acts on this recommendation and can remove the Information Commissioner from office. Hence, the correct answer is option 'A' - Supreme Court.

The National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) is a statutory body established in India to protect and promote human rights. It consists of a chairman and five members, making a total of six members.

The NHRC was established under the Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993. It is an autonomous body and functions independently of the government to ensure the protection and promotion of human rights in the country.

The members of the NHRC are appointed by the President of India. The chairman of the NHRC is a retired Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of India or a Judge of the Supreme Court. The other members of the commission include a retired Judge of the Supreme Court, a retired Chief Justice of a High Court, and two other members who have knowledge and experience in matters relating to human rights.

The composition of the NHRC with a chairman and five members ensures a diverse and inclusive representation in addressing human rights issues. The members bring their expertise and knowledge from the judiciary and other relevant fields, enabling the commission to effectively fulfill its mandate.

The NHRC has various powers and functions to protect and promote human rights. It can inquire into complaints of human rights violations, investigate matters related to human rights, visit places of detention, and take suo motu cognizance of human rights violations. The commission also has the power to recommend compensation to victims, initiate proceedings in the Supreme Court, and make recommendations to the government for policy changes.

In conclusion, the National Human Rights Commission consists of a chairman and five members. This composition ensures a diverse representation and expertise in addressing human rights issues in India.

The Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) is the premier investigating agency of India. It was established in 1963 by the Government of India through a resolution of the Ministry of Home Affairs. The CBI functions as an autonomous organization that investigates and solves high-profile cases related to corruption, economic offenses, and other serious crimes.

Establishment of CBI:

The CBI was set up by the Indian government through a resolution of the Ministry of Home Affairs in 1963. The resolution was passed under the Delhi Special Police Establishment (DSPE) Act, which was enacted in 1946. The DSPE Act was amended in 1964 to give the CBI statutory powers.

Functions of CBI:

The CBI is responsible for investigating cases related to corruption, economic offenses, serious crimes, and other cases of national and international importance. Some of the functions of the CBI are:

1. Investigating cases referred to it by state governments, Union Territories, and other agencies.

2. Probing cases related to economic offenses, such as fraud, embezzlement, and money laundering.

3. Investigating cases related to serious crimes, such as murder, terrorism, and organized crime.

4. Conducting joint operations with other law enforcement agencies.

5. Collecting and analyzing intelligence related to crimes and criminals.

6. Providing technical assistance to other law enforcement agencies.

Conclusion:

The CBI is a premier investigative agency of India that was established in 1963 by the Government of India through a resolution of the Ministry of Home Affairs. It functions as an autonomous organization that investigates and solves high-profile cases related to corruption, economic offenses, and other serious crimes. The CBI has been given statutory powers under the Delhi Special Police Establishment (DSPE) Act, which was enacted in 1946 and amended in 1964.

The number of State Information Commissioners varies from state to state in India. Here is a breakdown of the number of commissioners in some of the major states:

- Uttar Pradesh: 10
- Maharashtra: 7
- Tamil Nadu: 4
- Karnataka: 4
- Delhi: 2
- Gujarat: 3

As we can see, the number of commissioners varies widely. The Right to Information Act, 2005 mandates that each state should have a State Information Commission to oversee the implementation of the act. However, the exact number of commissioners is not specified in the act. This means that each state has the flexibility to decide how many commissioners it needs based on factors like the volume of RTI applications and the workload of the commission.

Some states have more commissioners to handle a large number of RTI applications, while others have fewer commissioners due to a lower volume of applications. It is also worth noting that the number of commissioners can change over time as the workload of the commission changes.

In conclusion, the number of State Information Commissioners varies from state to state in India and is determined based on factors like the volume of RTI applications and the workload of the commission.

The correct answer is option 'D', i.e., the Central Government. Let's understand why the Central Information Commission (CIC) submits its annual report to the Central Government.

Explanation:
The Central Information Commission (CIC) is an independent body established under the Right to Information (RTI) Act, 2005. Its primary objective is to promote transparency and accountability in the functioning of the government.

Annual Report:
The CIC prepares an annual report that provides an overview of its activities, achievements, challenges, and recommendations. This report is an important document that assesses the progress made in implementing the RTI Act and highlights any issues or areas for improvement.

Submission of the Annual Report:
The annual report of the CIC is submitted to the Central Government. Here's why:

1. Accountability: The CIC is accountable to the Central Government as it is a statutory body established by the government. Submitting the annual report to the Central Government ensures transparency and accountability in the functioning of the Commission.

2. Government Oversight: The Central Government has the authority to oversee the activities of the CIC. By submitting the annual report, the Commission provides the government with insights into its functioning, challenges faced, and recommendations for improvement.

3. Policy Formulation: The annual report of the CIC contains valuable information about the implementation of the RTI Act. The Central Government can use this report to assess the effectiveness of the Act, identify areas for policy intervention, and make necessary amendments if required.

4. Budgetary Allocation: The annual report also includes details of the financial resources utilized by the CIC. By submitting the report to the Central Government, the Commission provides information regarding its budgetary requirements, which helps the government in allocating funds for its functioning.

5. Transparency and Public Awareness: The submission of the annual report to the Central Government ensures transparency in the functioning of the CIC. It allows the government to communicate the Commission's activities and achievements to the public, thereby increasing awareness about the implementation of the RTI Act.

In conclusion, the Central Information Commission submits its annual report to the Central Government to ensure transparency, accountability, government oversight, policy formulation, budgetary allocation, and public awareness.

In which city is the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) Academy located?

The Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) Academy is located in Ghaziabad.

Overview of the CBI Academy

The CBI Academy is the training institute for the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI), which is the premier investigative agency in India. The academy plays a crucial role in training and developing officers to handle various complex cases and maintain the highest standards of investigation and law enforcement.

Location of the CBI Academy

The CBI Academy is situated in Ghaziabad, a city in the state of Uttar Pradesh, India. Ghaziabad is a part of the National Capital Region (NCR) and is located adjacent to the national capital, New Delhi. It is well-connected by road and rail networks, making it easily accessible for both trainees and instructors.

Reasons for choosing Ghaziabad as the location

1. Proximity to the National Capital: Ghaziabad's close proximity to New Delhi, the national capital, makes it a convenient location for the CBI Academy. It allows for easy coordination with other central government agencies and facilitates interaction with experts from various fields.

2. Infrastructure and Facilities: Ghaziabad offers a range of infrastructure and facilities required for a premier training institute. The city has well-equipped training facilities, accommodation for trainees and staff, administrative buildings, and other necessary amenities.

3. Security and Privacy: Ghaziabad provides a relatively secure and private environment for the CBI Academy. Being away from the hustle and bustle of the capital city, it allows for focused training and ensures confidentiality in sensitive matters.

4. Accessibility: Ghaziabad is well-connected to various parts of the country through road and rail networks. It has good connectivity to major airports, making it convenient for trainees and instructors traveling from different parts of India.

5. Cost-effectiveness: Ghaziabad offers a cost-effective location for setting up the academy compared to major metropolitan cities like New Delhi, Mumbai, or Kolkata. This enables efficient utilization of resources and infrastructure without compromising on the quality of training.

Overall, the choice of Ghaziabad as the location for the CBI Academy takes into consideration factors such as proximity to the national capital, infrastructure availability, security, accessibility, and cost-effectiveness. These factors contribute to creating an ideal environment for training and developing skilled investigators for the Central Bureau of Investigation.

Explanation:
The correct answer is option 'D', which includes all the mentioned individuals in the committee for the appointment of the chairman and members of the National Human Rights Commission.

Composition of the Committee:
- Speaker of the Lok Sabha: The Speaker of the Lok Sabha is a key member of the committee responsible for recommending the appointment of the chairman and members of the National Human Rights Commission.
- Deputy Chairman of the Rajya Sabha: The Deputy Chairman of the Rajya Sabha is also a part of the committee that makes recommendations for these appointments.
- Leader of the Opposition in the Lok Sabha: The Leader of the Opposition in the Lok Sabha has a significant role in the committee for selecting the chairman and members of the NHRC.
- Leader of the Opposition in the Rajya Sabha: Similarly, the Leader of the Opposition in the Rajya Sabha is part of the committee responsible for making these recommendations.
- Prime Minister: The Prime Minister is also included in the committee, adding to the decision-making process for the appointment of NHRC officials.
- Union Home Minister: Lastly, the Union Home Minister is a crucial member of the committee, contributing to the selection process for the chairman and members of the National Human Rights Commission.

Conclusion:
The appointment of the chairman and members of the National Human Rights Commission involves a committee comprising the Speaker of the Lok Sabha, Deputy Chairman of the Rajya Sabha, Leader of the Opposition in the Lok Sabha, Leader of the Opposition in the Rajya Sabha, Prime Minister, and Union Home Minister. This diverse composition ensures a thorough and balanced selection process for these crucial positions.

C) Prime Minister

Explanation:

The Lokayukta and Uplokayuktas Act was first passed in Maharashtra in 1971 to establish a Lokayukta in the state. The Lokayukta is an anti-corruption ombudsman who investigates complaints of corruption against public officials and elected representatives. The Act was later adopted by several other states in India, including Karnataka, Odisha, and West Bengal.

Key Points:
- The Lokayukta and Uplokayuktas Act was first passed in Maharashtra in 1971.
- The Act established a Lokayukta in the state to investigate complaints of corruption against public officials and elected representatives.
- The Act has been adopted by several other states in India, including Karnataka, Odisha, and West Bengal.

Grievances are of utmost importance in any democratic society. These institutions, commonly known as ombudsman or grievance redressal mechanisms, play a crucial role in ensuring accountability, transparency, and the protection of citizens' rights.

The primary function of these institutions is to provide a platform for citizens to voice their grievances regarding the actions or inactions of government officials or departments. They act as a neutral and impartial entity that investigates complaints, mediates between the aggrieved party and the concerned authorities, and facilitates the resolution of disputes.

In many countries, there are specific ombudsman offices or commissions established at both the national and regional levels. These institutions have the authority to receive complaints from citizens, conduct independent investigations, and recommend remedial actions. They have the power to summon officials, access relevant documents, and issue reports and recommendations.

The redressal of citizen grievances is crucial for several reasons. Firstly, it helps in ensuring the accountability of government officials and departments. By providing a platform for citizens to report misconduct, corruption, or negligence, these institutions act as a check on the abuse of power.

Secondly, grievance redressal mechanisms promote transparency and good governance. By investigating complaints and making their findings public, these institutions contribute to the overall transparency of government actions. This, in turn, enhances public trust in the government and strengthens the democratic system.

Thirdly, these institutions are essential for protecting citizens' rights. They provide a means for individuals to seek justice and redress when their rights have been violated. Whether it is a case of police brutality, administrative negligence, or denial of services, citizens can approach these institutions for assistance and resolution.

Lastly, grievance redressal mechanisms contribute to the overall development and improvement of public services. By identifying systemic issues and inefficiencies, these institutions can recommend reforms and improvements in government functioning. This leads to better service delivery and an improved quality of life for citizens.

In conclusion, institutions for the redressal of citizen grievances play a vital role in any democratic society. They ensure accountability, transparency, and the protection of citizens' rights. By providing a platform for citizens to voice their concerns and seek justice, these institutions contribute to the overall well-being of society and help in building a strong and inclusive democracy.

Establishment of the National Human Rights Commission

Legislation enacted by the Parliament provided for the establishment of the National Human Rights Commission (NHRC). The NHRC is an independent statutory body that was established in 1993 under the Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993.

Objective of NHRC

The objective of NHRC is to protect and promote the human rights of all individuals in India. It is responsible for investigating complaints of human rights violations, conducting research and advocacy, and promoting awareness of human rights issues.

Composition of NHRC

The NHRC consists of a chairperson, who is a retired Chief Justice of India, and four members, who are appointed by the President of India. The members of the NHRC must have experience in human rights matters.

Powers and Functions of NHRC

The NHRC has the power to:

• Investigate complaints of human rights violations
• Recommend compensation to victims of human rights violations
• Conduct research and advocacy on human rights issues
• Promote awareness of human rights issues
• Monitor the implementation of laws and policies related to human rights
• Advise the government on human rights issues

Conclusion

In conclusion, the National Human Rights Commission was established through legislation enacted by the Parliament. The NHRC is an independent statutory body that is responsible for protecting and promoting the human rights of all individuals in India. It has the power to investigate complaints of human rights violations, recommend compensation to victims of human rights violations, conduct research and advocacy, and promote awareness of human rights issues.

Central Vigilance Commissioners and Vigilance Commissioners are appointed by President after obtaining the recommendations of committee consisting Prime Minister, Minister of Home Affairs and Opposition Leader of Lok Sabha

- Regional councils of Niti Aayog are indeed formed to address specific issues and contingencies impacting more than one state or a region. These councils serve as platforms for cooperation, coordination, and resolution of inter-state disputes.

- Regional councils of Niti Aayog are not formed for a specified tenure. They are permanent bodies that continue to function to address ongoing issues and promote regional development.
Therefore, the correct statements about regional councils of Niti Aayog are:
- 1. These are formed to address specific issues and contingencies impacting more than one state or a region.
- 2. These are not formed for a specified tenure.
Hence, the correct answer is option 'A' (1 and 2 Only).

The correct answer is option 'C', the Parliament enacted a law conferring statutory status on the Central Vigilance Commission (CVC) in 2003.

The Central Vigilance Commission is an apex Indian governmental body created to address corruption and promote integrity in public administration. It was established in 1964 as a non-statutory body through an executive resolution of the Ministry of Home Affairs. However, recognizing the need for a more robust and independent anti-corruption institution, the Parliament passed the Central Vigilance Commission Act in 2003, conferring statutory status on the CVC.

The enactment of this law was a significant milestone, as it recognized the importance of an independent anti-corruption institution and provided the CVC with more powers and autonomy to carry out its functions effectively.

Key Features of the Central Vigilance Commission Act 2003:

1. Statutory Status: The Act conferred statutory status on the Central Vigilance Commission, giving it a legal basis for its existence and functioning. This elevated the CVC's position and increased its credibility and authority to combat corruption.

2. Functions and Powers: The Act defined the functions and powers of the CVC. It entrusted the Commission with the responsibility of superintendence over the functioning of the Delhi Special Police Establishment (DSPE), which investigates corruption cases under the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988.

3. Appointment and Tenure: The Act outlined the procedure for the appointment and tenure of the Central Vigilance Commissioner and Vigilance Commissioners. The CVC is appointed by the President of India on the recommendation of a committee comprising the Prime Minister, the Minister of Home Affairs, and the Leader of the Opposition in the Lok Sabha.

4. Autonomy and Independence: The Act provided the CVC with greater autonomy and independence in its functioning. It ensured that the Commission could exercise its powers and perform its functions without any external interference or pressure.

5. Monitoring and Advisory Role: The Act empowered the CVC to monitor the progress of investigations conducted by the DSPE and other anti-corruption agencies. It also authorized the Commission to give advice to government departments and organizations on anti-corruption measures and policies.

Overall, the enactment of the Central Vigilance Commission Act in 2003 was a significant step towards strengthening the anti-corruption framework in India. It recognized the need for an independent and empowered institution to combat corruption effectively and provided the CVC with the legal backing and authority to fulfill its mandate.

Explanation:
Lokayuktas have not been appointed in all the States of India. This makes option A false. The correct information is that Lokayuktas have been appointed in only 21 States of India. This makes option D true.

The reason given in option R is correct. An independent institution is required to redress grievances of the people against the actions of civil servants. However, it does not explain why Lokayuktas have not been appointed in all the States. Therefore, option R is not the correct explanation of option A.

In conclusion, option D is the correct answer as it correctly states that Lokayuktas have not been appointed in all the States of India.

Explanation:
The Government of India has established several institutions to check misconduct, malpractices, corruption, and misdemeanour on the part of public servants. These institutions play a crucial role in promoting transparency, accountability, and integrity in the functioning of the government. The institutions that have been set up for this purpose include:

1. Central Vigilance Commission (CVC):
The Central Vigilance Commission is the apex vigilance institution in India. It was established in 1964 to address corruption, misconduct, and malpractices in the government. The CVC is responsible for overseeing the vigilance administration in various government organizations and advising them on vigilance matters. It also conducts inquiries and investigations into allegations of corruption and recommends disciplinary action against public servants.

2. Lokpal:
The Lokpal is an anti-corruption ombudsman institution established under the Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013. It has been set up to inquire into allegations of corruption against public servants, including the Prime Minister, Ministers, Members of Parliament, and officials of the central government. The Lokpal has the power to initiate investigations, conduct inquiries, and recommend punitive action against corrupt public servants.

3. Special Police Establishment (SPE):
The Special Police Establishment is the investigative arm of the Central Vigilance Commission. It was set up in 1941 to investigate corruption cases involving public servants. The SPE has the authority to conduct inquiries, collect evidence, and file chargesheets against corrupt officials. It works closely with the CVC to ensure the effective enforcement of anti-corruption laws.

4. Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI):
The Central Bureau of Investigation is the premier investigative agency in India. It was established in 1941 as the Special Police Establishment and was later renamed as the Central Bureau of Investigation. The CBI is responsible for investigating a wide range of crimes, including corruption cases involving public servants. It has the authority to register and investigate cases, collect evidence, and file chargesheets. The CBI functions under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances, and Pensions.

Therefore, the correct answer is option 'D' - 1, 3, and 4.

The correct answer is option 'D' - 1, 2, 3, and 4. The Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) is a premier investigative agency in India, and it is responsible for investigating a wide range of cases. Let's discuss each option in detail:

1. National and transnational organized crime:
The CBI has the authority to investigate cases related to national and transnational organized crime. This includes cases related to terrorism, drug trafficking, human trafficking, arms smuggling, money laundering, and other organized criminal activities that have a national or international impact.

2. Protection of the environment:
The CBI is also empowered to investigate cases related to the protection of the environment. This includes cases of environmental pollution, illegal mining, deforestation, wildlife trafficking, and other offenses that harm the environment. The CBI works in coordination with other environmental agencies to ensure the enforcement of environmental laws.

3. Conservation and protection of arts, antiques, and heritage of India:
The CBI is entrusted with the responsibility of conserving and protecting the arts, antiques, and heritage of India. It investigates cases of theft, smuggling, and illegal trade of cultural artifacts, archaeological treasures, and other items of historical and cultural significance. The CBI works closely with the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) and other relevant authorities to safeguard India's rich cultural heritage.

4. Offenses of Economic and Cyber domains:
The CBI has jurisdiction over offenses related to the economic and cyber domains. It investigates cases of corruption, fraud, embezzlement, bribery, economic offenses, and cybercrimes. This includes cases of financial scams, bank frauds, corporate frauds, cyber hacking, online frauds, and other offenses that impact the economic and digital security of the country.

In conclusion, the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) is authorized to handle cases related to national and transnational organized crime, protection of the environment, conservation and protection of arts, antiques, and heritage of India, as well as offenses of the economic and cyber domains. These powers and responsibilities enable the CBI to play a crucial role in maintaining law and order and ensuring justice in various domains.

Those of the Chief Election Commissioner of India. They are entitled to a salary equal to the salary of a judge of the Supreme Court of India. They are also entitled to other allowances and benefits, such as a government-provided residence, a car, medical facilities, and travel allowances. The retirement age for the State Chief Information Commissioners is 65 years.

Explanation:
The Central Information Commission (CIC) is an independent and autonomous body established under the Right to Information Act, 2005. It is responsible for ensuring transparency and accountability in the functioning of public authorities. Let's analyze each statement given in the question:

Statement 1: The Central Information Commission can order an inquiry into any matter if there are reasonable grounds.
The CIC has the power to order an inquiry into any matter if there are reasonable grounds. This means that if the CIC receives a complaint or comes across any information suggesting misconduct, non-compliance, or violation of the Right to Information (RTI) Act, it can initiate an inquiry to investigate the matter. The inquiry can be conducted by the CIC itself or by a designated officer.

This statement is correct.

Statement 2: The Central Information Commission has the power to secure compliance of its decisions from the public authority.
The CIC has the power to secure compliance of its decisions from the public authorities. Once the CIC passes a decision or order, it becomes binding on the public authority. The public authority is required to comply with the decision within the stipulated timeframe. If the public authority fails to comply, the CIC can take further action, including imposing penalties or recommending disciplinary action.

This statement is correct.

Conclusion:
Both statements 1 and 2 are correct. The Central Information Commission has the power to order an inquiry into any matter if there are reasonable grounds, and it also has the power to secure compliance of its decisions from the public authority.

Therefore, the correct answer is option 'C' - Both 1 and 2.