All questions of Other Constitutional Dimensions for BPSC (Bihar) Exam

Introduction:
In 2017, the Government of India (GOI) granted classical language status to three languages - Malayalam, Kannada, and Sanskrit. However, Prakrit was not given classical language status.

Explanation:
1. Classical Language Status:
- The Government of India grants classical language status to languages that have ancient roots and a rich literary tradition.
- Classical languages are recognized for their historical and cultural significance, as well as their contribution to knowledge and learning.

2. Malayalam:
- Malayalam is a language primarily spoken in the southern state of Kerala, India.
- It has a long history and a rich literary tradition, with works dating back to the 9th century CE.
- Malayalam was granted classical language status by the GOI in 2013, recognizing its antiquity and cultural importance.

3. Kannada:
- Kannada is a language primarily spoken in the southern state of Karnataka, India.
- It has a rich literary tradition, with works dating back to the 9th century CE.
- Kannada was granted classical language status by the GOI in 2008, acknowledging its historical significance.

4. Prakrit:
- Prakrit is an ancient language that was widely spoken in ancient India.
- It was the language of the common people and was used extensively in literature, especially in Buddhist and Jain texts.
- However, Prakrit was not granted classical language status by the GOI in 2017.
- The decision not to grant Prakrit classical language status may be attributed to factors such as its limited contemporary usage and the existence of other languages with a stronger literary tradition.

5. Sanskrit:
- Sanskrit is an ancient language of India that has had a profound influence on various aspects of Indian culture, philosophy, and literature.
- It is considered the language of the gods in Hinduism and has been used in religious and scholarly contexts for centuries.
- Sanskrit was granted classical language status by the GOI in 2005, recognizing its importance and contribution to knowledge.

Conclusion:
In 2017, the Government of India granted classical language status to Malayalam and Kannada, but not Prakrit. Sanskrit had already been recognized as a classical language in 2005. The decision to grant classical language status is based on various factors, including the language's historical significance and rich literary tradition.

For any purpose of inclusion nd exclusion parliament has power to make decision not of the commission so option a is also correct

Statutory Requirement:
In the context of the Union of India, the use of the English language for all official purposes and business in Parliament is a statutory requirement. This means that it is mandated by law and must be adhered to by all government officials and members of Parliament.

Explanation:
- The provision regarding the use of English language for official purposes is enshrined in the Constitution of India under Article 343. This provision states that English shall be used for official purposes until Parliament decides otherwise.
- The decision to continue using English was made through the Official Languages Act of 1963, which specified that English shall be used for all official purposes of the Union. This Act was later amended in 1967 to allow for the continued use of English alongside Hindi.
- The use of English in Parliament and for official purposes is crucial for ensuring effective communication and understanding among members from diverse linguistic backgrounds. It also helps in maintaining continuity and consistency in governance and administration.
- While there have been debates and discussions on promoting Hindi as the sole official language, the statutory requirement for using English remains in place until a formal decision is taken by Parliament to change it.
In conclusion, the use of English for all official purposes of the Union and in Parliament is not just a convention or informal agreement, but a statutory requirement that is legally binding and must be followed as per the laws of the country.

Article 371-I is associated with Goa

Explanation:
Article 371-I of the Indian Constitution grants special status and privileges to the state of Goa. It was inserted into the Constitution in 1987 following the Opinion Poll held in Goa in 1967, which decided that Goa should continue to be a separate state.

Key Points:

1. Background: Goa, a former Portuguese colony, was incorporated into the Indian Union in 1961. However, there was a significant section of the population that wanted Goa to be an independent entity rather than being merged with any other state.

2. Opinion Poll: To decide the future of Goa, an Opinion Poll was conducted in 1967. The poll offered two options: merging Goa with Maharashtra or retaining it as a separate Union Territory. The majority of the voters favored the second option, and Goa continued to be a separate entity.

3. Inclusion of Article 371-I: To address the concerns and aspirations of the people of Goa, Article 371-I was added to the Constitution of India. It provides for certain special provisions and safeguards for Goa.

4. Special Provisions: Article 371-I grants the following special provisions for Goa:

- The Governor of Goa shall have special responsibilities regarding law and order in the state.
- The Governor shall have the power to direct the manner in which the state government is to be carried out.
- The Governor can also exercise his/her discretion in matters related to the use of the official language of Goa, grant of mining leases, and ownership of houses and other properties.

5. Protection of Culture and Identity: Article 371-I ensures the preservation of the distinct culture, heritage, and identity of the people of Goa. It safeguards the rights and interests of the local population.

6. Empowerment of Local Institutions: The provision also empowers the local institutions in Goa, such as the Village Panchayats and the Municipalities, by giving them greater autonomy in their functioning.

7. Goa Daman and Diu Reorganization Act: In 1987, Goa was granted statehood through the Goa Daman and Diu Reorganization Act, which incorporated Article 371-I into the Constitution.

Therefore, Article 371-I of the Indian Constitution grants special status and privileges to Goa, ensuring the protection of its unique culture, heritage, and identity, and empowering local institutions in the state.

Article 331: National Commission for Scheduled Castes is not matched correctly.

Explanation:

- The correct match for Article 338-I is a) National Commission for Scheduled Tribes. This article establishes the National Commission for Scheduled Tribes as a constitutional body to safeguard the rights and interests of the Scheduled Tribes in India.
- The correct match for Article 330 is b) Reservation of seats for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in Lok Sabha. This article provides for the reservation of seats for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in the Lok Sabha, the lower house of the Parliament of India.
- The correct match for Article 333 is c) Representation of the people of the Anglo-Indian community in the Legislative Assemblies of the States. This article allows for the representation of the Anglo-Indian community in the Legislative Assemblies of the States by nominating members from the community if they are not adequately represented.

However, the match for Article 331 is incorrect. There is no provision in the Indian Constitution for a National Commission for Scheduled Castes under Article 331. The correct provision related to Scheduled Castes is Article 338, which establishes the National Commission for Scheduled Castes.

The National Commission for Scheduled Castes is a constitutional body established under Article 338 of the Indian Constitution. It is responsible for monitoring the safeguards provided for the Scheduled Castes and for inquiring into specific complaints regarding the violation of their rights. The commission has the power to investigate and recommend measures to improve the socio-economic conditions of Scheduled Castes and to protect them from discrimination and exploitation.

Therefore, the correct match for Article 331 should be: d) National Commission for Scheduled Castes.

The Bill reorganizes the state of Jammu and Kashmir into The Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir with a legislature, and The Union Territory of Ladakh without a legislature. The Union Territory of Ladakh will comprise Kargil and Leh districts, and the Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir will comprise the remaining territories of the existing state of Jammu and Kashmir.

Introduction:
According to the Constitution of India, the establishment of a new All India Service can be initiated through various means. One of these means is through the Rajya Sabha, which is the upper house of the Parliament of India. This option is considered correct because it aligns with the provisions mentioned in the Constitution.

Explanation:
The All India Services are prestigious civil services of the Government of India, which include the Indian Administrative Service (IAS), Indian Police Service (IPS), and Indian Forest Service (IFS). These services are responsible for maintaining administrative continuity and efficiency throughout the country.

The Constitution of India provides for the establishment of new All India Services under Article 312. According to this article, if Rajya Sabha passes a resolution by a majority of not less than two-thirds of the members present and voting, declaring that it is necessary or expedient in the national interest to establish a new All India Service, then the Parliament may by law provide for the establishment of such service.

Other Options:
Let's analyze the other options given in the question and why they are not correct:

a) More than two-thirds of the States: While the states have a significant role in the establishment of All India Services, the Constitution does not specifically mention that more than two-thirds of the states are required to initiate the establishment of a new service. The provision for initiating the establishment lies with the Rajya Sabha.

b) The Inter-State Council: The Inter-State Council is a constitutional body established to facilitate coordination and cooperation between the states and the center. However, it does not have the power to initiate the establishment of a new All India Service.

c) The Lok Sabha: The Lok Sabha, which is the lower house of the Parliament, does not have the power to initiate the establishment of a new All India Service. The power lies with the Rajya Sabha as per the provisions of the Constitution.

Conclusion:
In conclusion, according to the Constitution of India, the establishment of a new All India Service can be initiated with the initiative taken by the Rajya Sabha. The Rajya Sabha, through a resolution passed by a majority of not less than two-thirds of the members present and voting, can declare the necessity or expediency of establishing a new service. This provision ensures that the establishment of new All India Services is carried out in the national interest and with the consent of the upper house of the Parliament.

Under Article 371-J of the Indian Constitution, the President is empowered to provide special responsibility for the Governor of Karnataka in relation to the Hyderabad-Karnataka region. Let's analyze each statement to determine their correctness:

1. The establishment of a separate development board for the Hyderabad-Karnataka region: Correct
Under Article 371-J, the President can empower the Governor of Karnataka to establish a separate development board for the Hyderabad-Karnataka region. This board is responsible for overseeing and implementing various developmental activities in the region to ensure its overall progress and growth.

2. Making a provision that a report on the working of the board would be placed every year before the State Legislative Assembly: Correct
The President can also mandate that a report on the functioning and progress of the development board be submitted annually before the State Legislative Assembly. This provision ensures transparency and accountability in the board's activities and allows for proper legislative oversight.

3. The equitable allocation of funds for developmental expenditure over the region: Correct
Another responsibility conferred upon the Governor of Karnataka under Article 371-J is the equitable allocation of funds for developmental expenditure in the Hyderabad-Karnataka region. This ensures that adequate financial resources are allocated to address the specific developmental needs of the region, promoting balanced growth and reducing regional disparities.

In conclusion, all three statements are correct. Under Article 371-J, the President empowers the Governor of Karnataka to establish a separate development board, ensure the submission of an annual report on its functioning, and oversee the equitable allocation of funds for developmental expenditure in the Hyderabad-Karnataka region. These provisions aim to promote the region's overall development and address the unique challenges faced by it.

Background:
The special provisions for Scheduled Caste tribes and Anglo-Indians were originally made under the Constitution of India.

Duration:
These provisions were originally made for up to 1960.

Reason for the Provision:
The Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes are historically marginalized communities that have faced discrimination and social exclusion for centuries. The provision was made to uplift these communities and provide them with opportunities for social, economic, and educational advancement.

Anglo-Indians:
Anglo-Indians are a small minority community in India with mixed Indian and European ancestry. They were also included in these special provisions to address their unique socio-economic challenges.

Extension:
The provisions have been extended multiple times since their original enactment in 1960. The latest extension was until 1991.

Impact:
These special provisions have played a crucial role in improving the socio-economic status of Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, and Anglo-Indians in India. They have helped in reducing disparities and promoting social justice in the country.

Creating a new All-India service is a significant decision that requires a proper constitutional framework. Among the given options, the correct answer is option 'C', which suggests that a resolution under Article 312 of the Constitution can be used to create a new All-India service. Let's explore this answer in detail:

Article 312 of the Indian Constitution:
Article 312 of the Indian Constitution empowers the Rajya Sabha to pass a resolution by a majority of not less than two-thirds of the members present and voting, declaring that it is necessary or expedient in the national interest to create one or more All-India services. This article provides a constitutional provision for the creation of new All-India services, which are crucial for the efficient functioning of the government and administration.

Process of creating a new All-India service under Article 312:
To create a new All-India service under Article 312, the following process needs to be followed:

1. Proposal: The proposal to create a new All-India service must be initiated by the central government, keeping in mind the national interest and the need for such a service.

2. Rajya Sabha Resolution: The central government presents a resolution in the Rajya Sabha, which is the upper house of the Parliament. This resolution must be passed by a majority of not less than two-thirds of the members present and voting.

3. Lok Sabha Approval: After the resolution is passed by the Rajya Sabha, it is then presented in the Lok Sabha, which is the lower house of the Parliament. The resolution must be approved by a simple majority in the Lok Sabha.

4. President's Assent: Once the resolution is passed by both houses of Parliament, it is sent to the President of India for his assent. The President's assent is necessary for the resolution to become effective.

5. Creation of the All-India Service: After receiving the President's assent, the central government can proceed with the creation of the new All-India service. The government will establish the rules and regulations governing the service, including recruitment, training, and service conditions.

Importance of Article 312:
Article 312 provides a constitutional mechanism for the creation of All-India services, which are essential for maintaining uniformity and efficiency in the administration of the country. These services play a crucial role in implementing various policies and programs of the central government across different states and union territories. By creating new All-India services, the government can ensure effective governance and better coordination between the center and the states.

In conclusion, creating a new All-India service requires following a constitutional process, and the correct method is through a resolution under Article 312 of the Constitution. This article empowers the Rajya Sabha to pass a resolution by a two-thirds majority, declaring the need for a new All-India service. Once the resolution is passed by both houses of Parliament and receives the President's assent, the government can proceed with the establishment of the new service.

Explanation:

Statement 1: The personnel of the All-India Services serve in the Central Government, Union Territories and States.
This statement is correct. The All-India Services include the Indian Administrative Service (IAS), Indian Police Service (IPS), and Indian Forest Service (IFS). These services are responsible for the administrative functions of the government at various levels. The officers of these services are recruited by the Union Public Service Commission (UPSC) and serve in both the Central Government and the State Governments. They also serve in Union Territories and other government organizations as per the requirement.

Statement 2: They bring a national perspective to their jobs.
This statement is also correct. The All-India Services officers are selected through a rigorous examination process conducted by the UPSC. They undergo comprehensive training at the Lal Bahadur Shastri National Academy of Administration (LBSNAA) in Mussoorie, where they are exposed to a wide range of subjects and perspectives. This training equips them with the necessary skills and knowledge to handle diverse administrative tasks. Their training also emphasizes the importance of a national perspective, which enables them to understand and address the needs and aspirations of the entire country, rather than just a particular region or state.

Conclusion:
Both statements 1 and 2 are correct. The personnel of the All-India Services serve in the Central Government, Union Territories, and States. They bring a national perspective to their jobs.

Explanation:
The correct answer is option D - A is incorrect, but R is correct.

Assertion (A): A member of the house cannot address the House in his mother tongue.
Reason (R): The Constitution has declared Hindi and English to be the languages for transacting business in Parliament.

The assertion states that a member of the house cannot address the House in his mother tongue, while the reason given is that the Constitution has declared Hindi and English to be the languages for transacting business in Parliament.

Assertion (A) is incorrect because it is not true that a member of the house cannot address the House in his mother tongue. In fact, the Constitution of India allows members to speak in any of the 22 scheduled languages recognized by the Indian Constitution. This means that members can address the House in their mother tongue if it is one of the recognized languages.

Reason (R) is correct because the Constitution of India has indeed declared Hindi and English to be the languages for transacting business in Parliament. Article 120 of the Indian Constitution states that the business of the Parliament shall be transacted in Hindi or English. However, it is important to note that this does not mean that members cannot speak in their mother tongue. They have the freedom to do so, and simultaneous interpretation is provided in the House for the benefit of members who do not understand Hindi or English.

Therefore, option D is the correct answer as A is incorrect, but R is correct.

Understanding All India Services (AIS)
The All India Services (AIS) play a crucial role in the administrative framework of India. Let's analyze the statements provided to understand their correctness.
1. Disciplinary Action by Central Government
- Only the central government can take disciplinary action against AIS officers.
- This is correct. The AIS officers are appointed by the President of India, and any disciplinary proceedings against them are initiated by the central government, highlighting its authority over these services.
2. Number of All India Civil Services
- The statement claims there are only two All India Civil Services: IAS and IPS.
- This is incorrect. While IAS and IPS are the most recognized, there are other All India Services like the Indian Forest Service (IFS), which also falls under this category. Therefore, this statement is misleading.
3. Power of Creation of AIS
- The statement suggests that the power to create AIS is vested in the lower house of the Central Legislature.
- This is incorrect. The creation of AIS is primarily under the jurisdiction of the Parliament, not specifically the Lok Sabha (the lower house). Hence, this statement is also misleading.
Conclusion
Based on the analysis, the only correct statement is the first one regarding disciplinary action, making the correct answer option 'A'.
- Correct Answer: 1 Only

Understanding Political Neutrality in Bureaucracy
Political neutrality in bureaucracy is a cornerstone for ensuring that civil servants operate independently from political influences. However, this concept raises questions about the extent of neutrality in various contexts.
1. Taking a Purely Political Position on Policy Matters
- Bureaucrats are expected to provide objective analysis and recommendations based on data and public interest rather than adopting a political stance.
- Therefore, they should not take a purely political position on policy matters; this undermines their role as impartial administrators.
2. Contesting for Political Offices
- Political neutrality explicitly requires bureaucrats to refrain from contesting political offices.
- Engaging in politics would compromise their objectivity and the trust placed in them by the public and elected officials.
3. Implementing Policies with Political Objectives
- While bureaucrats may implement policies that have political objectives, their role is to execute these policies impartially.
- Their responsibility is to ensure effective governance, regardless of the political motives behind specific policies.
Conclusion
Given this breakdown, the correct interpretation of political neutrality is that bureaucrats should not take a purely political position or contest for political offices (points 1 and 2). However, they are obligated to implement policies, even those with political objectives, as part of their administrative duties (point 3).
Thus, the answer is option 'A': 1 and 2 only, as they clearly define the boundaries of political neutrality in the bureaucracy.

Explanation:
Article 312 of the Indian Constitution empowers the Rajya Sabha to create new All India Services in the national interest. However, the assertion that the Rajya Sabha can define national interest better is incorrect. Here's why:

A is false: The assertion that the Rajya Sabha under Article 312 is empowered to create new All India Services in the national interest is true.

R is true: The reason that the Rajya Sabha can define national interest better is false. This is because the Constitution of India does not give any specific power to either the Rajya Sabha or the Lok Sabha to define national interest. The Constitution defines national interest as the interest of the nation as a whole, and it is the responsibility of the government to ensure that the national interest is protected. Therefore, both the Rajya Sabha and the Lok Sabha have equal responsibility to protect the national interest.

In conclusion, the correct answer is option D: A is false but R is true.

Understanding the Statements
The question presents two statements regarding co-operative societies in India, which are important for understanding the legal framework surrounding them.
Statement 1 Analysis
- The first statement suggests that "The Parliament may make provisions for the incorporation and regulation of co-operative societies."
- This statement is misleading as it implies that Parliament has exclusive authority over co-operatives. In reality, the incorporation and regulation of co-operative societies are primarily under the jurisdiction of state governments, as per the provisions of the Constitution of India (specifically, the State List).
Statement 2 Analysis
- The second statement claims that "The maximum number of directors of a co-operative society shall not exceed twenty-five."
- This statement is incorrect as well. The maximum number of directors can vary depending on the rules framed by each co-operative society and the relevant state laws. There is no universal cap of twenty-five directors; some societies may have more, and the limit is not standardized across all co-operatives.
Conclusion
- Both statements are inaccurate in the context of the legal provisions governing co-operative societies in India.
- Therefore, the correct answer is option 'D', as neither statement holds true based on the existing laws and regulations.
Key Takeaway
- Understanding the legal framework of co-operative societies involves recognizing the powers and limitations of both Parliament and state legislatures, as well as the variability of governance structures within different societies.

India is the fifth largest producer of wind energy with the sector alone constituting 68 per cent of the total renewable energy produced in the country, India's ambassador to the UAE T P Seetharam has said.

Under Article 371 of the Indian Constitution, the President is authorized to provide certain special provisions for the Governor of Maharashtra and Gujarat. Let's understand each statement in detail:

1. The establishment of separate development boards for (i) Vidarbha, Marathwada, and the rest of Maharashtra, (ii) Saurashtra, Kutch, and the rest of Gujarat:
This statement is correct. Article 371 empowers the President to establish separate development boards for specific regions within a state. In the case of Maharashtra, the President can establish separate boards for Vidarbha, Marathwada, and the rest of Maharashtra. Similarly, in Gujarat, separate boards can be established for Saurashtra, Kutch, and the rest of Gujarat. These boards aim to promote and accelerate the development of these specific regions.

2. Making a provision that a report on the working of these boards would be placed every 5 years before the State Legislative Assembly:
This statement is incorrect. Article 371 does not specifically mention the provision for a report on the working of these boards to be placed before the State Legislative Assembly every 5 years. The provision might exist in some other legislation or rules but not under Article 371 itself.

In conclusion, only statement 1 is correct, and statement 2 is incorrect. The President is authorized to establish separate development boards for specific regions within Maharashtra and Gujarat under Article 371, but there is no specific provision for a report on the working of these boards to be placed before the State Legislative Assembly every 5 years.

Understanding the Choice of Official Language in a State
When a state decides on its official language, it has the liberty to choose from a wide range of languages. Here’s a detailed explanation of why option 'D' is correct.
Constitutional Provisions
- The Constitution of India does not limit a state’s choice to the languages listed in the Eighth Schedule.
- While the Eighth Schedule contains languages recognized at the national level, states can opt for languages not included in this list.
State Autonomy
- Each state has the autonomy to decide its official language based on regional demographics, cultural heritage, and linguistic diversity.
- This flexibility allows states to choose languages that best serve their population's needs, including local dialects or languages that may not have formal recognition.
Language Recognition
- The choice is not confined to languages officially recognized by the State Government either.
- States can adopt languages that may be less commonly spoken but are significant to their regional identity.
Cultural Considerations
- The decision can reflect the cultural and historical context of the region, promoting inclusivity and representation for various linguistic communities.
- This can also include aboriginal languages, classical languages, or even widely spoken languages like English or Hindi.
Conclusion
In summary, the choice of an official language by a state in India is not restricted to the languages listed in the Constitution or those recognized by the state government. It can encompass any language that best meets the needs of its citizens, emphasizing the diversity and richness of India's linguistic landscape.

Analysis of Statements
To understand the correct answer, let's evaluate each statement regarding the Indian Constitution and language policy.
Statement 1: National Language Status of Hindi
- This statement is incorrect. The Indian Constitution does not declare Hindi as the national language. Instead, it recognizes Hindi in the Devanagari script as the official language of the central government, but there is no national language specified.
Statement 2: Seventh Schedule and Recognized Languages
- This statement is correct. The Seventh Schedule of the Indian Constitution lists the subjects on which both the Union and State legislatures can legislate. It includes the Eighth Schedule, which recognizes the languages of India.
Statement 3: Grouping of Languages
- This statement is correct. Languages in India are categorized into scheduled and non-scheduled languages. Scheduled languages are those listed in the Eighth Schedule, while non-scheduled languages are not recognized in this list.
Statement 4: Linguistic Basis for States
- This statement is incorrect. While some states in India were indeed formed on a linguistic basis, the theory of ‘one language-one state’ does not universally apply. There are multilingual states where more than one language is spoken.
Conclusion
Based on the evaluations:
- Correct Statements: 2 and 3
- Incorrect Statements: 1 and 4
Thus, the only correct answer is option A (3 Only), as it accurately reflects the grouping of languages in India.

In f'r we have right to freedom and under this very right (article 19 ) we are free to form associations or unions or cooperatives.
In dpsp's we can set up cooperatives for the common welfare.

The correct answer is option 'A': Agricultural Credit Cooperative Society, 1905.

- The first cooperative society registered under the Cooperative Societies Act 1904 was the Agricultural Credit Cooperative Society in 1905.
- This society was established with the aim of providing financial assistance and credit facilities to the agricultural community.
- The Cooperative Societies Act 1904 was enacted by the British government in India to promote the formation and development of cooperative societies in various sectors.
- The act provided a legal framework for the registration, management, and functioning of cooperative societies.
- The Agricultural Credit Cooperative Society was registered in accordance with the provisions of this act.
- The society aimed to address the financial needs of farmers who often faced difficulties in obtaining credit from traditional sources such as moneylenders.
- By pooling their resources and collectively providing credit, the society aimed to empower farmers and promote their economic well-being.
- The society operated on the principles of cooperation, mutual assistance, and democratic decision-making.
- It was managed by a board of directors elected by the members, who were primarily farmers.
- The society offered various financial services such as loans for purchasing agricultural inputs, investment in agricultural machinery, and meeting other farming-related expenses.
- It also encouraged savings among the members and provided a platform for the exchange of agricultural knowledge and best practices.
- The success of the Agricultural Credit Cooperative Society paved the way for the establishment of numerous other cooperative societies across the country, addressing the needs of different sectors such as consumer cooperatives, housing cooperatives, and dairy cooperatives.
- These cooperative societies played a crucial role in promoting economic development, empowering marginalized communities, and reducing dependence on exploitative financial institutions.
- Over the years, cooperative societies have evolved and expanded their scope, contributing significantly to the socio-economic development of the country.

Article 312: The provision for the creation of an All India Service is mentioned in Article 312 of the Constitution of India. This article empowers the Parliament to create one or more All India Services if it deems it necessary or expedient for the better administration of the Union or any state.

Explanation:
The creation of All India Services is a significant provision in the Indian Constitution. It aims to ensure a uniform and efficient administrative system throughout the country. Let us understand the details of Article 312 and its implications:

1. Significance of All India Services:
- All India Services, including the Indian Administrative Service (IAS), Indian Police Service (IPS), and Indian Forest Service (IFS), play a crucial role in the governance and administration of the country.
- These services provide a pool of highly skilled and competent officers who serve both at the central and state levels, contributing to effective policy implementation, law and order maintenance, and efficient governance.

2. Empowering the Parliament:
- Article 312 empowers the Parliament to create one or more All India Services.
- The provision grants the Parliament the authority to enact laws for the creation of such services, as it deems necessary or expedient for the better administration of the Union or any state.

3. Conditions for Creation:
- The Parliament can establish an All India Service only if the Rajya Sabha passes a resolution by a majority of not less than two-thirds of the members present and voting.
- This ensures a broad consensus among the members of the Rajya Sabha, representing the states and the Union, before the creation of such services.

4. Common Cadre and Recruitment:
- All India Services have a common cadre that allows officers to be appointed to different states or the Union.
- The recruitment, training, and career progression of officers in these services are regulated by the central government through the Union Public Service Commission (UPSC).

5. Service Conditions:
- The service conditions of All India Service officers, including their pay, allowances, and pension, are determined by the Parliament.
- This ensures uniformity across the country and prevents disparities in the working conditions of officers serving in different states.

Conclusion:
Article 312 of the Indian Constitution empowers the Parliament to create All India Services, which serve as a vital pillar of the administrative machinery. This provision ensures the availability of capable and skilled officers who contribute to efficient governance and the better administration of both the Union and the states.

Correct answer: D

Explanation:
The given statements are related to the provisions made for certain communities and laws passed for the prevention of atrocities. Let's discuss each statement in detail:

1. There was a special provision for the Anglo-Indian community in certain services:
This statement is correct. The Constitution of India provided for special provisions for the Anglo-Indian community in certain services such as government jobs, education, and representation in the Lok Sabha and State Legislative Assemblies. This provision was made to protect the interests of the Anglo-Indian community, which was a minority community in India.

2. The Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act was passed in 1955:
This statement is incorrect. The Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act was passed in 1989 to prevent atrocities against the members of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes. The Act provides for stringent punishment for the offences committed against the members of these communities.

3. The Untouchability (Offences) Act was renamed as the Protection of Civil Rights Act:
This statement is correct. The Untouchability (Offences) Act was passed in 1955 to abolish the practice of untouchability in India. The Act was later renamed as the Protection of Civil Rights Act in 1976 to reflect its broader scope of protecting the civil rights of all citizens, regardless of their caste or religion.

Therefore, the correct answer is option D - 1 and 3.

The High Court of Jammu and Kashmir will be the common High Court for the Union Territories of Ladakh, and Jammu and Kashmir. Further, the Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir will have an Advocate General to provide legal advice to the government of the Union Territory.

The Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir will have a Council of Ministers of not more than ten per cent of the total number of members in the Assembly. The Council will aide and advise the Lieutenant Governor on matters that the Assembly has powers to make laws. The Chief Minister will communicate all decisions of the Council to the Lieutenant Governor.

Official Language Policy in India

Background:

India has a rich linguistic diversity with over 19,500 languages and dialects. The Constitution of India recognizes Hindi and English as the official languages of the Union. However, the Constitution also recognizes the importance of preserving and promoting the diverse languages of India.

Official Language Act:

The Official Language Act of 1963 lays down the provisions regarding the use of official languages in India. The Act declares Hindi in the Devanagari script as the official language of the Union. However, it also provides for the use of English for official purposes until a date to be determined by Parliament.

State Official Languages:

Each state of India has its own official language(s), which are used for official purposes within the state. The Constitution of India allows the Parliament of India to make any one or more of the languages in use in a State or Hindi as the official language of that State.

Statements:

1. Parliament of India may make any one or more of the languages in use in a State or Hindi as the official language of that State. - This statement is correct.

2. The Official Language Act lays down that English should be used for purposes of communication between the Union and non-Hindi States. - This statement is correct.

Therefore, the correct answer is option B, i.e., only statement 2 is correct.

Understanding the Statements
To evaluate the correctness of the statements regarding the official language of India, let’s break down each statement.
Statement 1: English as the Official Language of the Union
- The Constitution of India, in Article 343, states that Hindi in the Devanagari script is the official language of the Union.
- However, it also allows for the continued use of English for official purposes for a period of 15 years from the commencement of the Constitution, which is until 1965.
- After this period, the official use of English can continue if the Parliament decides so, which has indeed occurred. Therefore, this statement is misleading as it implies a mandatory continuation rather than an allowance.
Statement 2: Official Language of Different States
- The Constitution does not explicitly specify the official language for each state.
- Instead, it empowers the states to adopt their own official languages. Article 345 states that a state can adopt any language as its official language by law.
- This means that states have the autonomy to decide their own official languages based on their linguistic demographics.
Conclusion
- Since the first statement is not entirely accurate, and the second statement is correct, the correct answer is option 'B': Only Statement 2 is correct.

B)Mandal Commission
c)Sachar Commission

a)Kaka Saheb Kalelkar Commission, Mandal Commission, Sachar Commission

Regulation of District Cooperative Banks in India by RBI

Introduction
District Cooperative Banks (DCBs) are cooperative banks that operate at the district level in India, providing banking services to the rural and semi-urban population. These banks are registered under the Cooperative Societies Act of the respective states and are regulated by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI).

Role of RBI in Regulating DCBs
The RBI is the apex regulatory body for all banks in India, including DCBs. Its primary role is to ensure the safety and soundness of the banking system, maintain financial stability, and promote public confidence in the banking system.

Functions of RBI in Regulating DCBs
The RBI performs the following functions in regulating DCBs:

1. Licensing: The RBI is responsible for issuing licenses to DCBs to operate within a specific geographical area. It ensures that DCBs comply with all the necessary requirements, including capital adequacy, governance structure, and internal controls.

2. Supervision: The RBI regularly supervises DCBs to ensure that they comply with regulatory guidelines and maintain financial soundness. It conducts inspections, audits, and off-site surveillance to monitor the banks' performance and identify any potential risks.

3. Regulation: The RBI regulates DCBs by setting prudential norms for various aspects of their operations. These norms cover areas such as capital adequacy, asset classification, provisioning, exposure norms, and investment restrictions.

4. Resolution: In case of any financial distress or non-compliance by DCBs, the RBI has the power to intervene and take corrective action. It can enforce penalties, issue directions, or even cancel the bank's license if necessary.

Conclusion
In conclusion, the RBI plays a crucial role in regulating DCBs in India. By ensuring compliance with regulatory guidelines, maintaining financial stability, and promoting public confidence in the banking system, the RBI helps to create a robust and resilient banking system that can support the country's economic growth.