All questions of Indian freedom struggle for Super TET Exam

C

The "swamp" of corrupt politicians and special interests?

It is difficult to answer this question without more context or information about the specific incident being referred to. However, it is possible that the speaker in question could be a political figure or public figure who has expressed criticism of the National Congress or government in general. Without more information, it is not possible to provide a definitive answer.

Answer:

Introduction:
The Swadeshi movement was a movement that originated in India during the British rule in 1905 and continued until 1908. The movement urged Indians to boycott British goods, especially textiles, and instead use Indian-made goods. The movement was a part of the Indian independence movement.

Students burning foreign clothes:
The Swadeshi movement was not the first movement of its kind. In 1861, students in Maharashtra burned foreign clothes as part of a similar campaign. The campaign was led by Bal Gangadhar Tilak, who was a prominent Indian nationalist. The campaign was successful, and it helped to create a sense of unity among the people of India.

The larger Swadeshi campaign:
The Swadeshi movement was much larger than the campaign in Maharashtra in 1861. The movement was a response to the British government's decision to partition Bengal in 1905. The partition was seen as an attempt by the British to divide and rule India. The movement was led by Indian nationalists, including Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Lala Lajpat Rai, and Bipin Chandra Pal.

The impact of the Swadeshi movement:
The Swadeshi movement had a significant impact on India's struggle for independence. The movement helped to create a sense of national pride and unity among the people of India. It also led to the growth of Indian industries, as people began to use Indian-made goods instead of British goods. The movement was also responsible for the growth of the Indian National Congress, which became the leading political party in India.

Conclusion:
In conclusion, students in Maharashtra burned foreign clothes in 1861 as part of a campaign similar to the Swadeshi movement. The Swadeshi movement was a larger movement that had a significant impact on India's struggle for independence. The movement helped to create a sense of national pride and unity among the people of India and led to the growth of Indian industries.

**British Viceroy Lord Lytton and the Intensification of Discontent Against Foreign Rule**

**Introduction:**
During the early 1880s, British rule in India faced increasing discontent and resistance from the Indian population. One of the key figures responsible for intensifying this discontent was Lord Lytton, who served as the Viceroy of India from 1876 to 1880. Lytton's policies and actions during his tenure significantly contributed to the growing dissatisfaction among Indians towards foreign rule.

**Policies and Actions:**

1. **The Vernacular Press Act:** In 1878, Lord Lytton introduced the Vernacular Press Act, which sought to control the Indian press. This act imposed strict regulations and censorship on vernacular newspapers, effectively curbing freedom of the press. The act was widely seen as an attack on the freedom of expression and a means to suppress dissenting voices, further fueling resentment among the Indian population.

2. **The Arms Act:** Under Lytton's administration, the Arms Act was passed in 1878. This act aimed to disarm the Indian population, making it more difficult for them to resist British rule. The act was perceived as an infringement on the right to bear arms and an attempt to weaken the Indian populace. It contributed to the growing sense of frustration and anger towards foreign rule.

3. **The Afghan Wars:** Lord Lytton's aggressive policies towards Afghanistan also led to increased discontent among Indians. In an attempt to counter Russian influence in the region, Lytton initiated the Second Anglo-Afghan War in 1878. The war resulted in a British victory but at a significant cost, both in terms of lives lost and financial resources expended. The Indian population resented being dragged into a conflict that seemed to serve British imperial interests rather than their own.

4. **Famine Relief Policies:** Lord Lytton's handling of the Great Famine of 1876-78 further exacerbated discontent. His administration's response to the famine was criticized for being inadequate and insensitive, leading to widespread suffering and loss of life. Many Indians felt that the British government prioritized its own interests over the welfare of the Indian people.

**Conclusion:**
Lord Lytton's tenure as Viceroy of India played a significant role in intensifying discontent against foreign rule. His policies and actions, such as the Vernacular Press Act, the Arms Act, aggressive military interventions, and inadequate famine relief measures, contributed to growing resentment and resistance among the Indian population. These factors laid the foundation for the Indian independence movement that would gain momentum in the coming decades.

Sir William Wedderburn along with Allan Octavian Hume was a founder of the Indian National Congress and served as its president in 1889 and 1910. During his service in India, Wedderburn's attention was focussed on famine, the poverty of the Indian peasantry, the problem of agricultural indebtedness, etc. 

Constitutional agitation

C) i and iii

Answer:

Bal Gangadhar Tilak's arrest in 1897 marked the beginning of a new phase of the nationalist movement in India.

Background:

Bal Gangadhar Tilak was a prominent Indian nationalist, social reformer, and freedom fighter who played a significant role in India's struggle for independence from British rule. He was born in Ratnagiri, Maharashtra, in 1856 and was educated in Pune. He was deeply influenced by the Indian freedom struggle and was inspired by the works of Indian nationalist leaders like Dadabhai Naoroji and Surendranath Banerjee.

Tilak's Arrest:

Tilak's arrest in 1897 was a turning point in India's struggle for independence. He was arrested for his inflammatory speeches and articles against the British government. He was charged with sedition and sentenced to six years' imprisonment in Mandalay, Burma (now Myanmar). His arrest sparked widespread protests and demonstrations across India, and the nationalist movement gained momentum.

Impact of Tilak's Arrest:

Tilak's arrest had a profound impact on the nationalist movement in India. It galvanized the people of India and led to the emergence of a new phase of the nationalist movement, which was more militant and aggressive in its approach. The people of India began to realize that peaceful protests and petitions would not be enough to secure their freedom from British rule. They needed a more radical and forceful approach to achieve their goals.

Tilak's arrest also led to the emergence of a new breed of nationalist leaders who were more radical and militant in their approach. These leaders included Lala Lajpat Rai, Bipin Chandra Pal, and Aurobindo Ghosh, who were inspired by Tilak's ideas and methods.

Conclusion:

In conclusion, Bal Gangadhar Tilak's arrest in 1897 marked the beginning of a new phase of the nationalist movement in India. His arrest was a turning point in India's struggle for independence and led to the emergence of a more radical and militant nationalist movement. Tilak's ideas and methods inspired a new generation of nationalist leaders who played a significant role in India's struggle for independence.

Society, which was established in Bengal in 1838. This society aimed to protect the interests of the landed gentry and promote their rights and privileges. It played a significant role in advocating for the rights of landowners and influencing government policies related to land reforms. The Landholders Society was one of the first organized efforts by the Indian elite to form a public association and assert their influence in colonial India.

The demand for Swarajya or self- government within the British empire was made from the Congress platform by Gopal Krishna Gokhale in 1905 and Dadabhai Naoroji in 1906.

Reform of Civil Service Regulations and Raising the Age Limit for Its Examination

The Indian Association was founded in 1876 by Surendranath Banerjee and Ananda Mohan Bose, and it played a crucial role in India's struggle for independence. The first major issue that the Indian Association took up for agitation was the reform of the Civil Service regulations and raising the age limit for its examination.

Background

During the British colonial rule, the Indian Civil Service (ICS) was one of the most important institutions that governed India. The ICS was a highly exclusive service, and only a handful of Indians were able to pass its rigorous examination. The minimum age for appearing in the ICS examination was 19, which meant that many talented Indians were not eligible to take the exam.

Agitation

The Indian Association launched a campaign to reform the Civil Service regulations and raise the age limit for its examination. They argued that the ICS was a colonial institution that discriminated against Indians and that the minimum age for appearing in the examination should be raised to 21. They also demanded that the ICS exam be held in India rather than in London.

The Indian Association organized public meetings, protests, and petitions to press for their demands. They mobilized public opinion against the ICS and highlighted the discriminatory nature of the institution. The agitation was successful, and the British government eventually raised the age limit for appearing in the ICS examination to 21.

Significance

The agitation for the reform of the Civil Service regulations and raising the age limit for its examination was significant in several ways. First, it highlighted the exclusionary nature of the colonial administration and the need for Indian representation in the civil service. Second, it demonstrated the power of organized public opinion and the effectiveness of peaceful protests and petitions. Third, it paved the way for future struggles for Indian independence and democracy.

In conclusion, the Indian Association's agitation for the reform of the Civil Service regulations and raising the age limit for its examination was a crucial moment in India's struggle for independence. It demonstrated the need for Indian representation in the colonial administration and paved the way for future struggles for democracy and self-rule.

Under the Dyarchy in the provinces during the British Raj in India, certain subjects were reserved and administered by the Governor and his Executive Council. These reserved subjects were crucial for the functioning and stability of the province. Let's examine the options given and determine which subjects were included in the reserved list.

(i) Law and order: This subject was undoubtedly included in the reserved subjects. Maintaining law and order was a key responsibility of the colonial administration, and it remained under their direct control.

(ii) Land Revenue: Land revenue collection was an important source of income for the colonial government. Therefore, it was also included in the reserved subjects and administered by the Governor and his Executive Council.

(iii) Agriculture: Agriculture, being the backbone of the Indian economy, was of great importance. However, agriculture was not reserved and remained a transferred subject under the Dyarchy. It was administered by the Indian ministers.

(iv) Education: Education was not a reserved subject under the Dyarchy. Instead, it was a transferred subject, which means it was administered by the Indian ministers and not directly controlled by the Governor and his Executive Council.

(v) Industries: Industries were included in the reserved subjects. The colonial government aimed to strengthen and control the industrial sector for its own benefit, and therefore, it was administered by the Governor and his Executive Council.

(vi) Irrigation: Like agriculture, irrigation was also a transferred subject. It was administered by the Indian ministers and not directly controlled by the Governor and his Executive Council.

Based on the above analysis, the correct answer is option (c) - (i) law and order, (ii) land revenue, and (vi) irrigation. These subjects were included in the reserved list and administered by the Governor and his Executive Council.

The Swadeshi movement was a significant part of the Indian independence movement that aimed to promote the use of indigenous products and boycott foreign goods. It emerged as a response to British colonial policies and economic exploitation.

**Abdul Rasul:**
Abdul Rasul was a prominent figure in the Swadeshi movement. He was actively involved in promoting the use of indigenous goods and encouraging people to boycott foreign products. Rasul played a crucial role in organizing protests, spreading awareness, and mobilizing people to participate in the movement.

**Guznavi:**
Guznavi, also known as Ghulam Rasul Bhatti, was another important participant in the Swadeshi movement. He actively worked towards promoting the use of Indian goods and encouraging people to reject foreign products. Guznavi organized campaigns, public meetings, and demonstrations to create awareness and garner support for the movement.

**Liaquat Husain:**
Liaquat Husain was a prominent freedom fighter and politician who actively participated in the Swadeshi movement. He played a crucial role in mobilizing people and spreading the message of Swadeshi. Husain organized public meetings, delivered speeches, and worked towards building unity among Indians to boycott foreign goods and promote indigenous products.

**All of the above:**
The correct answer is option 'D' - all of the above. Abdul Rasul, Guznavi, and Liaquat Husain all joined the Swadeshi movement and made significant contributions to its success. They actively participated in organizing protests, spreading awareness, and mobilizing people to boycott foreign goods and promote indigenous products.

The Swadeshi movement was a collective effort by various individuals from different backgrounds and regions of India. These individuals, including Abdul Rasul, Guznavi, and Liaquat Husain, played a crucial role in shaping the movement and creating a sense of national unity among Indians. Their efforts were instrumental in raising awareness about the exploitation faced by Indians under British colonial rule and in promoting self-reliance and economic independence.

Overall, the Swadeshi movement was a crucial phase in India's struggle for independence, and the participation of individuals like Abdul Rasul, Guznavi, and Liaquat Husain highlights the widespread support and determination of the Indian people to break free from British dominance.

The famous Bengal Chemical Swadeshi Stores were organized by P.C. Ray.

Explanation:
The Swadeshi and Boycott movement was a significant socio-political movement in India during the early 20th century. It was a direct response to the partition of Bengal in 1905 by the British government. The partition was seen as a divide-and-rule policy by the British, as it aimed to weaken the growing nationalist movement in India.

The Swadeshi and Boycott movement aimed at promoting indigenous industries and boycotting foreign goods as a means of protest against the partition. As part of this movement, foreign cloth was burnt in public demonstrations, and people were encouraged to buy and use only Indian-made goods.

One of the important aspects of the Swadeshi movement was the establishment of indigenous industries to replace the dependency on foreign goods. P.C. Ray, a renowned scientist and entrepreneur, played a significant role in organizing and promoting indigenous industries.

Bengal Chemical Swadeshi Stores was one such initiative that aimed at promoting Indian-made chemical products. P.C. Ray established the Bengal Chemical Works in 1892, which later became the Bengal Chemical Swadeshi Stores. The stores sold a range of indigenous chemical products, including medicines, soaps, and other household items.

P.C. Ray's contribution to the Swadeshi movement was not limited to promoting indigenous industries. He was also involved in scientific research and development, particularly in the field of chemistry. His work in developing indigenous industries and promoting scientific research made him a prominent figure in the nationalist movement.

In addition to P.C. Ray's efforts, many other leaders and organizations played a crucial role in organizing and promoting indigenous industries during the Swadeshi and Boycott movement. R.K. Sen, Mukunda Das, and Rabindranath Tagore were also important figures in the movement, but P.C. Ray specifically organized the Bengal Chemical Swadeshi Stores.

Overall, the Swadeshi and Boycott movement was a significant movement that aimed at promoting indigenous industries and boycotting foreign goods. P.C. Ray's efforts in organizing the Bengal Chemical Swadeshi Stores were instrumental in promoting Indian-made chemical products during this movement.

Correct Answer:- B (Poona)

On 22 June 1897, brothers Damodar Hari Chapekar and Balkrishna Hari Chapekar assassinated a British official Walter Charles Rand and his military escort Lieutenant Ayerst at Pune, Maharashtra. This was the first case of militant nationalism in India after the 1857 Revolt.

It was in 1896, Pune witnessed the Plague epidemic. It came to the city from Mumbai and by early 1897 it assumed the form of an epidemic.

The plague took a heavy toll on Pune’s populations. More than half of Pune’s population had fled to other areas to save them from this new danger. The Plague consumed about a large section of population when the colonial government decided to take some serious steps to curb the further spread of the disease. It formed a Special Committee on Plague and appointed W. A. Rand as its Commissioner.

Walter Charles Rand got into action and established hospitals, quarantine camps and measures like disinfecting the areas. But soon these steps led to more brutal actions that would hit at the dignity of the affected families. And this insult had ignited the fire of anger among the youths like Chapekar brothers.
In 1897, Chapekar brothers assassinated the W. A. Rand and his military Lieutenant Ayerst at Pune, Maharashtra.

Introduction:
The Indian Association was a political organization formed in 1876 by Surendranath Banerjee and Ananda Mohan Bose. It aimed to unite Indians and fight for the rights and interests of the Indian people during the British colonial period. One of the significant events organized by the Indian Association was the All-lndia National Conference held in Calcutta.

Details:
The All-lndia National Conference sponsored by the Indian Association took place in Calcutta in 1883. It was a crucial gathering as it brought together leaders from various parts of India to discuss and address the issues faced by the Indian people under British rule. The conference provided a platform for these leaders to express their opinions, share ideas, and work towards the betterment of the Indian society.

Significance:
The All-lndia National Conference held in Calcutta in 1883 played a significant role in the Indian nationalist movement for several reasons:

1. Unity: The conference served as a platform to foster unity among leaders from different regions of India. It provided an opportunity for these leaders to come together and discuss common issues faced by the Indian people and work towards a collective solution.

2. Political Awakening: The conference helped in raising political awareness among the Indian masses. The discussions and speeches delivered during the conference highlighted the exploitation and discrimination faced by Indians under British rule. This led to an increased political consciousness among the Indian population.

3. Formation of All-lndia National Conference: The conference led to the formation of the All-lndia National Conference, which later became an important political organization in the fight for Indian independence. The organization played a crucial role in mobilizing public opinion and organizing protests against British rule.

4. Policy Formulation: The conference provided a platform for leaders to discuss and formulate policies for the betterment of Indian society. They deliberated on issues such as education, social reforms, economic development, and political rights of Indians.

5. International Attention: The conference garnered international attention and highlighted the Indian nationalist movement to the world. It helped in creating awareness about the Indian struggle for independence and garnered support from international communities sympathetic to the cause.

Conclusion:
The All-lndia National Conference sponsored by the Indian Association in 1883 at Calcutta was a significant event in the Indian nationalist movement. It brought together leaders from various parts of India, fostered unity, raised political awareness, and paved the way for the formation of the All-lndia National Conference. The conference played a crucial role in shaping the course of the Indian independence movement and highlighting the grievances of the Indian people under British colonial rule.

The correct answer is option 'D': (i) Bengal, (iii) U.P., (iv) Bihar, and (vi) Assam.

Bicameralism refers to a system of government where the legislative body is divided into two separate chambers. In India, bicameralism was introduced for the first time in 1935 with the Government of India Act, 1935. This act provided for the establishment of a bicameral legislature in certain provinces.

Let's look at each province mentioned in the options:

(i) Bengal:
Under the Government of India Act, 1935, Bengal was one of the provinces where bicameralism was introduced. The legislature in Bengal consisted of two chambers - the Legislative Assembly and the Legislative Council.

(iii) U.P. (Uttar Pradesh):
U.P. was another province where bicameralism was introduced in 1935. The Legislative Assembly and the Legislative Council constituted the bicameral legislature of U.P.

(iv) Bihar:
Bihar was also one of the provinces where bicameralism was introduced in 1935. Similar to Bengal and U.P., Bihar had a Legislative Assembly and a Legislative Council.

(vi) Assam:
Assam was the fourth province where bicameralism was introduced in 1935. The Legislative Assembly and the Legislative Council formed the bicameral legislature in Assam.

Therefore, the correct answer is option 'D': (i) Bengal, (iii) U.P., (iv) Bihar, and (vi) Assam. These provinces saw the introduction of bicameralism for the first time in 1935 under the Government of India Act.

Answer:

Introduction
The Calcutta University was established on 24 January 1857, and it is the first modern university in the Indian subcontinent. It was established on the pattern of the University of London. The University of Calcutta played a significant role in the development of higher education in India. It has produced many eminent scholars, leaders, and scientists. Kadambini Ganguly was the first woman graduate of Calcutta University. She addressed the Congress session in 1890.

Kadambini Ganguly
Kadambini Ganguly was born on 18 July 1861 in Bhagalpur, Bihar. She was the daughter of Brahmo reformer Braja Kishore Basu. In 1883, she became the first woman to be admitted to the Calcutta Medical College. In 1886, she became the first woman to graduate from the University of Calcutta.

Congress Session
In 1890, Kadambini Ganguly addressed the Congress session. The Congress session was held in Calcutta. Kadambini Ganguly was the first woman to address the Congress session. Her speech was well-received, and it inspired many women to join the freedom struggle.

Role in Women Empowerment
Kadambini Ganguly played a significant role in women's empowerment. She broke the gender barriers and pursued higher education in a time when it was not acceptable for women to study. She inspired many women to break free from the societal norms and pursue their dreams. She was a role model for many women and helped in the development of women's education in India.

Conclusion
Kadambini Ganguly was a trailblazer and a pioneer in women's education. She was the first woman to graduate from the University of Calcutta and the first woman to address the Congress session. She played a significant role in women's empowerment and inspired many women to pursue higher education and break free from societal norms. Her contribution to women's education in India is invaluable, and she will always be remembered as a pioneer in women's education.

B.G. Tilak is regarded as the first nationalist leader to seek close contact with the masses. He played a crucial role in the Indian independence movement and was known for his efforts to mobilize the common people against British rule. Here is a detailed explanation of why Tilak is considered the first nationalist leader to seek close contact with the masses:

1. Introduction:
- B.G. Tilak was a prominent figure in the Indian independence movement and a strong advocate for the rights and welfare of the Indian people.
- He was born in 1856 in Maharashtra and was educated in law in England.
- Tilak was deeply influenced by the nationalist movements in Europe and returned to India with a strong desire to fight for the freedom of his country.

2. Mass Mobilization:
- Tilak believed in the power of the masses and their ability to bring about change.
- He realized that the common people needed to be awakened and mobilized against British rule.
- Tilak actively sought to involve the masses in the freedom struggle by organizing public meetings, processions, and rallies.
- He utilized festivals like Ganesh Chaturthi to spread nationalist ideas and inspire the people to rise against oppression.

3. Formation of Organizations:
- Tilak was instrumental in the formation of two important organizations, the Deccan Education Society and the Home Rule League.
- The Deccan Education Society aimed to promote education among the masses and create an intellectual awakening.
- The Home Rule League focused on demanding self-government for India and mobilizing public support for the cause.

4. Newspapers and Publications:
- Tilak recognized the importance of the press in spreading nationalist ideas and rallying public support.
- He established two newspapers, Kesari (in Marathi) and Mahratta (in English), which became powerful platforms for expressing nationalist sentiments and criticizing British policies.
- These newspapers played a significant role in shaping public opinion and creating awareness among the masses.

5. Resistance against British Policies:
- Tilak actively opposed British policies that were detrimental to Indian interests.
- He vehemently criticized the British government's repressive measures, such as the partition of Bengal and the Sedition Act.
- Tilak's strong stance against British injustices resonated with the masses and garnered widespread support for the nationalist cause.

In conclusion, B.G. Tilak is considered the first nationalist leader to seek close contact with the masses due to his efforts in mobilizing and awakening the common people against British rule. His focus on mass mobilization, formation of organizations, use of newspapers, and resistance against British policies made him a pivotal figure in the Indian independence movement.

The correct sequence of events is as follows:

(i) Formation of the Interim Government by the Congress;
(ii) Cabinet Mission;
(iii) Direct Action Day by the Muslim League;
(iv) Recall of Lord Wavell and appointment of Lord Mountbatten as the Viceroy
(v) Joining of the League in the Interim Government.

Let's break down each event and understand the sequence in detail:

Formation of the Interim Government by the Congress:
After the failure of the Cripps Mission in 1942, the Congress decided to launch the Quit India Movement. As a result, several Congress leaders were arrested and imprisoned. In order to maintain the administration and provide governance, the Congress formed an Interim Government in September 1946. This government was headed by Jawaharlal Nehru and had members from both the Congress and the Muslim League.

Cabinet Mission:
The Cabinet Mission was sent to India in 1946 by the British government to propose a plan for the transfer of power from British rule to Indian hands. The mission recommended the formation of a united India with a federal structure, where power would be shared between the central government and regional provinces. The plan also allowed for the creation of separate Muslim-majority provinces if the leaders agreed.

Direct Action Day by the Muslim League:
On August 16, 1946, the Muslim League called for a Direct Action Day to protest against the rejection of their demand for a separate Muslim-majority state called Pakistan. This led to widespread violence and communal clashes between Hindus and Muslims in several cities, particularly in Calcutta (now Kolkata).

Recall of Lord Wavell and appointment of Lord Mountbatten as the Viceroy:
Due to the deteriorating communal situation and the inability to find a political solution, Lord Wavell was recalled as the Viceroy of India in 1947. He was replaced by Lord Mountbatten, who was given the task of overseeing the transfer of power and the partition of India.

Joining of the League in the Interim Government:
After the formation of the Interim Government, the Muslim League initially boycotted it. However, in October 1946, they joined the Interim Government with the aim of safeguarding the interests of the Muslim community and ensuring the creation of Pakistan.

Therefore, the correct sequence of events is (ii) Cabinet Mission, (iii) Direct Action Day by the Muslim League, (i) Formation of the Interim Government by the Congress, (iv) Recall of Lord Wavell and appointment of Lord Mountbatten as the Viceroy, and (v) Joining of the League in the Interim Government.

**Answer:**

The Vernacular Press Act was passed in 1878, making option D the correct answer. This Act was a clear manifestation of the racial bitterness of the British towards the Indian population.

**Background:**
During the colonial period, the British sought to control and manipulate public opinion in India. The Vernacular Press Act was one such legislation that aimed to suppress the Indian press, which was seen as a powerful tool for mobilizing public opinion against British rule.

**Explanation:**
The passing of the Vernacular Press Act in 1878 can be understood through the following points:

1. **Racial Bitterness:** The British administration in India harbored a deep sense of racial superiority and resentment towards the Indian population. They considered themselves as the "civilizing" force and believed that they had the right to control and manipulate public opinion in India.

2. **Suppression of the Press:** The Indian press played a crucial role in shaping public opinion and providing a platform for dissent against British rule. This Act was a direct attempt to suppress the Indian press by imposing stringent regulations and restrictions.

3. **Gagging Public Opinion:** The Vernacular Press Act gave the colonial government the power to scrutinize and censor any content published in Indian-language newspapers. It required publishers to provide a security deposit and obtain a license, making it easier for the government to control and suppress dissenting voices.

4. **Targeting Vernacular Press:** The Act specifically targeted the vernacular press, which published newspapers in local Indian languages. The British believed that the vernacular press was more effective in reaching the masses and mobilizing public opinion against colonial rule. By targeting the vernacular press, the British sought to limit the dissemination of nationalist ideas and movements.

5. **Impact and Criticism:** The Vernacular Press Act faced significant criticism from Indian nationalists and intellectuals who saw it as a direct assault on the freedom of the press and the right to free speech. It further fueled anti-British sentiments and resistance movements, as Indians saw it as yet another oppressive measure by the colonial government.

In conclusion, the Vernacular Press Act was a clear manifestation of the racial bitterness of the British towards the Indian population. It aimed to suppress public opinion and control the narrative in India, allowing the colonial government to consolidate its power and maintain control over the Indian population.

Saiyid Abdullah Khan was the most powerful noble during the reign of Bahadur Shah and Jahandar Shah.

Background:
Bahadur Shah was the seventh Mughal emperor of India and ruled from 1707 to 1712. Jahandar Shah was his successor and ruled from 1712 to 1713. Both these emperors faced challenges from various nobles who wanted to gain power and influence.

Role of Saiyid Abdullah Khan:

1. Rise to Power: Saiyid Abdullah Khan was a prominent noble who served under both Bahadur Shah and Jahandar Shah. He rose to power due to his military and administrative skills.

2. Military Campaigns: Saiyid Abdullah Khan played a key role in various military campaigns and expeditions. He led successful campaigns against the Marathas and the Sikhs in Punjab.

3. Administrative Reforms: Saiyid Abdullah Khan was also known for his administrative reforms. He introduced measures to improve revenue collection and reduce corruption in the administration.

4. Influence at the Court: Saiyid Abdullah Khan was a trusted advisor of both Bahadur Shah and Jahandar Shah. He had a significant influence at the court and was involved in the decision-making process.

5. Downfall: However, Saiyid Abdullah Khan's rise to power and influence also led to his downfall. He was accused of conspiring against Jahandar Shah and was ultimately executed in 1714.

Conclusion:
Saiyid Abdullah Khan was a powerful noble during the reign of Bahadur Shah and Jahandar Shah. He played a key role in military campaigns, administrative reforms, and had significant influence at the court. However, his downfall serves as a reminder of the dangers of political intrigue and power struggles in Mughal India.

Answer a) Civil servant

Ya option A.... We can answer it as we know Muslim league was formed during the swadeshi movement orr we can say after bengal partition for their representation so 1906....and home rule league was during 1916 when tilak released from tha jail... So by elimination we cam go for option A

**The Ilbert Bill controversy during the viceroyalty of Ripon**

The Ilbert Bill controversy refers to a significant event during the viceroyalty of Lord Ripon (1880-1884) in colonial India. The controversy revolved around the attempt to introduce a bill that aimed to reform the Indian legal system, particularly the criminal jurisdiction of British and Indian judges.

**Introduction to the Ilbert Bill**

During British colonial rule, there was a clear distinction between British and Indian subjects, particularly in matters of law and governance. Under existing laws, Indian judges were not allowed to try European offenders, while British judges had jurisdiction over both European and Indian offenders.

The Ilbert Bill, named after its author, Sir Courtenay Ilbert, who was the legal member of the Viceroy's Council, sought to address this discriminatory practice by allowing Indian judges to try European offenders in certain cases. The bill aimed to bring about equality before the law, challenging the prevailing racial hierarchy and promoting a more equitable legal system.

**The Controversy**

The introduction of the Ilbert Bill faced strong opposition from the European community in India, especially the Anglo-Indian community, which consisted of people of British descent born in India. They vehemently opposed the idea of Indian judges having jurisdiction over European offenders, fearing that it would undermine their privileged status and lead to a loss of power and influence.

The controversy quickly escalated, with the European community organizing protests, demonstrations, and even forming anti-Ilbert associations. They argued that allowing Indian judges to try European offenders would compromise British supremacy, create an unsafe environment for Europeans, and result in an erosion of their legal rights.

**Response and Reforms**

Despite the opposition, Lord Ripon and the Viceroy's Council stood firm in their support for the Ilbert Bill. They saw it as a necessary step towards ending racial discrimination and promoting equality under the law. However, in order to mitigate the opposition, certain compromises were made.

One of the compromises was the inclusion of a clause that allowed European offenders to claim a trial by jury, which was typically composed of their peers. This provision was included to address the concerns of the European community about being judged solely by Indian judges.

**Outcome of the Controversy**

Finally, after a long and heated debate, the Ilbert Bill was passed in 1883. However, the bill was significantly diluted from its original form due to the compromises made. The provision allowing Indian judges to try European offenders was limited to cases where the offender was of lower rank or the victim was an Indian. This compromise undermined the original intent of the bill, but it was still considered a step forward in promoting equality before the law.

The Ilbert Bill controversy highlighted the deep-seated racial prejudices prevalent during British colonial rule in India. It also brought attention to the need for legal reforms that would challenge discriminatory practices and promote a more just and equitable society. While the Ilbert Bill did not fully achieve its goals, it laid the groundwork for future reforms in the Indian legal system.

The correct answer is option C: iii, ii, iv, i, v. Let's understand the historical sequence of events:

(i) Resignation of the Congress Ministries:
The sequence begins with the resignation of the Congress Ministries. In response to the failure of the Cripps Mission in 1942, the Congress decided to launch the Quit India Movement. As a part of this movement, the Congress Ministries resigned from power in various provinces in August 1942.

(ii) Celebration of the Deliverance Day by the Muslim League:
After the resignation of Congress Ministries, the Muslim League celebrated Deliverance Day on October 22, 1942. This day was observed as a victory for the League as they believed that the resignation of the Congress Ministries would pave the way for the creation of a separate state for Muslims.

(iii) Lahore Resolution of the League demanding a separate state for Muslims:
Next in chronological order is the Lahore Resolution of the Muslim League. This resolution, also known as the Pakistan Resolution, was passed on March 23, 1940. It demanded the creation of independent states for Muslims in British India.

(iv) Escape of Subhas Chandra Bose from India:
After the Lahore Resolution, Subhas Chandra Bose, who was a prominent leader of the Indian National Congress, escaped from India in 1941 to seek international support for India's independence struggle. He formed the Indian National Army (INA) in collaboration with the Japanese during World War II.

(v) Quit India Resolution by the Congress:
The last event in the sequence is the Quit India Resolution passed by the Congress in August 1942. This resolution called for the immediate end of British rule in India and launched a mass civil disobedience movement against the colonial government.

Therefore, the correct historical sequence of events is iii, ii, iv, i, v.

Answer:
G.K. Gokhale

Explanation:
Gopal Krishna Gokhale was an Indian political leader and a social reformer who was one of the founding members of the Indian National Congress. He delivered a speech on the budget in 1901, which expounded nationalist economic theory on the floor of the Imperial Legislative Council for the first time. The speech was a landmark event in the Indian freedom struggle, as it marked the beginning of the Indian nationalist movement's economic critique of British colonialism. Gokhale argued that India's economic underdevelopment was a result of British colonial policies, which had deprived India of its resources and stunted its growth. He emphasized the need for economic self-sufficiency and advocated for the development of Indian industry and agriculture. His ideas laid the foundation for the Swadeshi movement, which called for the boycott of British goods and the promotion of Indian products. Gokhale's speech was a significant moment in the history of Indian nationalism, as it marked the beginning of a new phase in the movement, which focused on economic empowerment and self-reliance.

Answer:

Background information:

The Indian National Congress was founded in 1885 by A.O. Hume, a retired British civil servant. The first session of the Indian National Congress was held from 28th to 31st December 1885 at Gokuldas Tejpal Sanskrit College in Bombay (now Mumbai). The session was presided over by W.C. Banerjee, a prominent lawyer and member of the Congress.

Explanation:

The first session of the Indian National Congress was attended by a total of 72 delegates. These delegates were mainly from the western and southern parts of India. The session was also attended by a few British representatives who were interested in the proceedings of the Congress.

During the session, the delegates discussed various issues including the need for political reform in India, the promotion of education, and the establishment of a national movement for independence. The session also saw the adoption of the Congress Constitution, which outlined the objectives and structure of the organization.

Conclusion:

In conclusion, the first session of the Indian National Congress was attended by 72 delegates. The session marked the beginning of India's struggle for independence and laid the foundation for the country's political and social development.

It is likely that Dadabhai Nauroji declared that British rule was "an everlasting, increasing, and everyday increasing foreign invasion" that was "utterly, though gradually, destroying the country." Dadabhai Nauroji was an Indian political leader and one of the founding members of the Indian National Congress, a political party that played a key role in the Indian independence movement. Nauroji was a vocal critic of British rule in India and argued that it was detrimental to the country's development and well-being. He advocated for greater autonomy and self-governance for India and was instrumental in shaping the demands of the independence movement. The other options you provided, "S.N. Banerjee," "G.K. Gokhale," and "A.O. Hume," are not known for making this statement about British rule in India.

The work of the nationalists from 1885-1905 was marked by various demands and agitations. Let's discuss each of these demands in detail.

I. Agitation for reduction in land revenue:
- The Nationalists demanded a reduction in the land revenue which was very high at that time.
- They believed that the farmers were burdened with excessive taxes and could not make a decent living.
- The Nationalists demanded that the revenue should be reduced to a level that would enable the farmers to live a decent life.

II. Agitation for improvement in the working conditions of plantation labourers:
- The Nationalists also agitated for the improvement in the working conditions of plantation labourers.
- They believed that the labourers were exploited by the British planters who paid them very low wages and provided them with very poor living conditions.
- The Nationalists demanded that the wages of the labourers should be increased and their living conditions should be improved.

III. Demand for reduction in military expenditure of the Government of India:
- The Nationalists also demanded a reduction in the military expenditure of the Government of India.
- They believed that the British Government was spending too much money on the military and that this money could have been better spent on the development of India.
- The Nationalists demanded that the military expenditure should be reduced and the money should be spent on the development of India.

Conclusion:
Thus, it can be concluded that the work of the nationalists from 1885-1905 was marked by demands for reduction in land revenue, improvement in the working conditions of plantation labourers, and reduction in military expenditure of the Government of India.

Explanation:

The birth of the Indian National Congress in 1885 was a result of several immediate and long-term factors. The immediate factors were the events that occurred in the preceding decade, which laid the foundation for the formation of the Congress. The long-term factors were the historical, social, and cultural conditions of India that contributed to the rise of nationalism.

Immediate factors that led to the birth of the Indian National Congress were:

The Arms Act of 1878 and the Vernacular Press Act: These two acts were passed by the British government to restrict the freedom of the press and the possession of arms by Indians. These acts were seen as an attack on the fundamental rights of Indians and led to widespread protests.

The holding of the imperial durbar at Delhi in 1877 when Indian was struck by famine: The imperial durbar was a grand ceremony organized by the British government to proclaim Queen Victoria as the Empress of India. However, the ceremony was held at a time when India was struck by a severe famine, and the British government's indifference to the suffering of Indians was seen as a sign of its callousness and lack of concern for the welfare of its subjects.

Ilbert Bill controversy, 1883: The Ilbert Bill was a proposed law that would have allowed Indian judges to preside over cases involving Europeans. However, the proposal was opposed by the European community in India, who saw it as a threat to their privilege and status. The controversy led to widespread protests by Indians and highlighted the discriminatory policies of the British government.

However, the Second Anglo-Afghan War, 1870-80, was not an immediate factor that led to the birth of the Indian National Congress. The war was fought between the British Empire and the Emirate of Afghanistan over control of Afghanistan. While the war had significant political and strategic implications for the British Empire, it did not directly impact the Indian population or contribute to the rise of nationalism in India.

The reckoned to be the first political association of modern India. Formally launched in Calcutta in March 1838, it was renamed the Landholders' Society shortly afterwards. Landed magnates like Raja radhakant dev, dwarkanath tagore, Prasanna Kumar Tagore, Rajkamal Sen and Bhabani Charan Mitra were its leading members. The promotion of landholders' interests through petitions to government and discreet persuasion of the bureaucracy was its professed object. Among its aims were securing a halt to the resumption of rent-free tenures and an extension of the permanent settlement of land all over India, including the grant of lease of waste land to their occupants. The demand for reform of the judiciary, the police and the revenue departments was also on its agenda.

A) Passive resistance. The call for people to boycott government service, courts, schools, and colleges, and to not cooperate with the government is an example of passive resistance. Passive resistance is a form of civil disobedience that involves the use of non-violent means to protest or resist a particular policy or action. It is a way for people to express their opposition to a particular issue without resorting to violence or other aggressive tactics. Passive resistance can take many forms, including boycotts, strikes, and refusal to comply with certain laws or regulations. It is often used as a way to bring about social or political change without resorting to violence.