All questions of Biodiversity & Conservation for Grade 12 Exam

Deforestation is the process of cutting down trees and clearing forests or woodlands, typically to make way for agricultural or urban development. This process has a significant impact on the environment and can result in the extinction of many species. The following are the reasons why deforestation is the main reason for species extinction:

1. Loss of habitat: Deforestation leads to the destruction of natural habitats of many species. Trees provide homes for animals, birds, and insects. When these habitats are destroyed, the animals are forced to migrate, which can lead to the extinction of the species.

2. Fragmentation of ecosystems: Deforestation fragments ecosystems, creating isolated pockets of habitat that are too small to sustain a viable population of many species. As a result, many species become extinct due to the lack of genetic diversity and the inability to find mates.

3. Climate change: Trees absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and release oxygen. The destruction of forests leads to an increase in carbon dioxide levels, which contributes to climate change. Climate change can cause the extinction of many species that cannot adapt to the changing environment.

4. Hunting and poaching: Deforestation also leads to an increase in hunting and poaching activities, as many species are displaced from their natural habitats. This further increases the risk of extinction for many species.

In conclusion, deforestation is the main reason for species extinction as it leads to the loss of habitat, fragmentation of ecosystems, climate change, and an increase in hunting and poaching activities. It is, therefore, essential to implement measures to protect forests and prevent their destruction to conserve biodiversity and prevent the extinction of many species.

Presently, 12% all the birds species, 23% all mammals species, 31% all gymnosperms species and 32% all amphibian species in world face the threat of extinctions.

Rauwolfia vomitoria is the source of active chemical drug reserpine, which is prescribed in hypertension and act as tranquilliser. 

36 bio diversity hotspots in world...

Red Data Book is a state document established for documenting rare and endangered species of animals, plants and fungi, as well as some local subspecies (such as the Ladoga seal) that exist within the territory of the Russian Federation and its continental shelf and marine economic zone. The book has been adopted by Russia and all CIS states to enact a common agreement on rare and endangered species protection.

Red data books are produced by IUCN, which stands for the International Union for Conservation of Nature. These books are a type of conservation tool used to identify and assess the conservation status of various species around the world.

The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species is the most well-known red data book produced by the organization. This list provides a comprehensive overview of the conservation status of tens of thousands of species, including mammals, birds, reptiles, fish, and plants.

The main purpose of red data books is to provide information on species that are at risk of extinction or are already extinct. This information can be used to inform conservation efforts, such as habitat preservation, captive breeding programs, and wildlife reintroduction programs.

Red data books typically include information on the following:

- The scientific name of the species
- The common name of the species
- The population size of the species
- The geographic range of the species
- The habitat of the species
- The reasons why the species is at risk of extinction
- The conservation measures that are being taken to protect the species

In addition to the IUCN Red List, other organizations also produce red data books that focus on specific regions or groups of species. For example, the European Red List is produced by the European Commission and includes information on the conservation status of European species.

Overall, red data books are an important conservation tool that helps to raise awareness about the plight of endangered species and inform conservation efforts around the world.

The species of an organism lasting with the change in suitable condition of survival with the time. Such species are called critically endangered.

Clarias Gariepinus

There are more than 30 biodiversity hot-spots in the world. India has 4 biodiversity hot-spots.

7 million !!!

River dolphin is India's national aquatic animal. To save dolphins from extinction, the Union government has declared them as the national aquatic animal.

Diversity of plants and animals in the ecosystem is called ecological diversity.

Legal Conversion of Land into the Status of Royal Forest

The legal conversion of land into the status of royal forest refers to the process of designating a particular piece of land as a royal forest through legal means. This status grants the land special protections and regulations, primarily aimed at preserving and promoting the growth of trees and forests. The correct answer to this question is option 'B', which is afforestation. Let's explore this answer in detail.

Afforestation:
Afforestation is the process of establishing a forest, or stand of trees, in an area where there was no forest. It involves planting trees in an area that was previously devoid of significant tree cover. Afforestation is a proactive approach to combat deforestation and promote environmental sustainability. By converting land into a royal forest, afforestation efforts are legally recognized and supported.

Reasons for Legal Conversion:
There are several reasons why land may be legally converted into the status of royal forest:

1. Conservation: Royal forests are established to conserve and protect the natural environment, particularly forests and associated biodiversity. This legal status ensures that the land is managed and protected according to specific regulations and guidelines.

2. Environmental Benefits: Afforestation and the establishment of royal forests contribute to various environmental benefits. These include carbon sequestration, soil erosion prevention, water cycle regulation, habitat preservation, and climate regulation.

3. Historical and Cultural Significance: Some royal forests have historical and cultural significance, often dating back centuries. By preserving and protecting these areas, their historical and cultural value is upheld.

4. Sustainable Resource Management: Royal forests are often managed sustainably to ensure the long-term availability of forest resources such as timber, non-timber forest products, and wildlife. Proper management practices help strike a balance between resource utilization and conservation.

5. Recreation and Tourism: Many royal forests are open to the public and provide recreational opportunities such as hiking, camping, and wildlife watching. These areas also attract tourists, contributing to local economies.

Conclusion:
The legal conversion of land into the status of royal forest refers to the process of designating a specific piece of land as a protected forest area. This status promotes afforestation efforts, conservation, sustainable resource management, and environmental benefits. By legally recognizing and supporting the establishment of royal forests, authorities ensure the long-term preservation and sustainable use of these valuable natural resources.

There are many reasons behind the loss of biodiversity among them habitat loss is one, others are over-exploitation, alien species invasions, co-extinctions.

Tropics have more biodiversity due to warm temperature and high humidity.

Bioprospecting involves exploring molecular, genetic, and species-level diversity to discover new products of economic importance, such as medicinal compounds, from natural organisms.

• Birds are known for their extensive diversity, with over 10,000 species worldwide, adapting to almost every environment on Earth.
• Mammals also exhibit significant diversity, with approximately 6,400 species identified, ranging from the smallest bumblebee bat to the largest blue whale.
• Reptiles include a wide variety of lizards, snakes, turtles, and crocodiles, with over 10,000 species. They are diverse but not as widely distributed as birds and mammals, especially in colder climates.
• Amphibians, which include frogs, toads, salamanders, and newts, have around 8,000 species. They are generally more sensitive to environmental changes and habitat destruction, making them more vulnerable to extinction.

Ratio of plants and species in India is 2 : 1.

Character of a stable community

A stable community refers to a balanced and functioning ecosystem where various species interact with each other and their environment. The character of a stable community can be determined by several factors, including its productivity, resilience to disturbances, and ability to resist invasions by alien species.

1. Year-to-year productivity
A stable community should not show too much variation in its year-to-year productivity. This means that the overall productivity of the community remains relatively constant over time. Fluctuations in productivity can disrupt the balance of the ecosystem and affect the populations of different species. Therefore, a stable community strives to maintain a consistent level of productivity to support the organisms living within it.

2. Resistance to natural or man-made disturbances
Another important characteristic of a stable community is its ability to withstand occasional natural or man-made disturbances. Natural disturbances such as hurricanes, wildfires, or droughts can temporarily disrupt the community's balance. Similarly, human activities like deforestation, pollution, or habitat destruction can also have negative impacts on the ecosystem. A stable community is resilient and can recover from such disturbances, returning to its original state over time.

3. Resistance to invasions by alien species
Invasions by alien species, also known as invasive species, can pose a significant threat to the stability of a community. These species are typically introduced from outside the ecosystem and can outcompete native species for resources, disrupt ecological interactions, and alter the overall structure and function of the community. A stable community has mechanisms in place to resist invasion by alien species, either through competitive exclusion or by maintaining a diverse and robust native species population that can resist the establishment of invaders.

Conclusion
In conclusion, the character of a stable community encompasses several key features. It should exhibit minimal year-to-year variations in productivity, be resilient to natural or man-made disturbances, and have the ability to resist invasions by alien species. These traits ensure the long-term sustainability and functioning of the ecosystem, allowing the various species within the community to thrive.

Understanding Invasive Species
Invasive species are organisms that are introduced to a new environment where they are not native. These species can disrupt the local ecosystem, leading to several ecological issues. Here’s a detailed look at invasive species:
Definition of Invasive Species
- An invasive species is an exotic (non-native) species that spreads rapidly in its new habitat.
- These species often lack natural predators or controls in their new environment, allowing them to thrive.
Impact on Native Species
- Invasive species can outcompete native species for resources such as food, water, and space.
- They may introduce diseases that native species are not equipped to handle.
- The result can be the decline or extinction of native species, disrupting the ecological balance.
Characteristics of Invasive Species
- Rapid reproduction: They often reproduce quickly, leading to large populations.
- Adaptability: These species can thrive in various environmental conditions.
- Aggressive growth: They may grow faster than native plants, overshadowing them and limiting their sunlight access.
Examples of Invasive Species
- Zebra mussels in North America: They clog waterways and disrupt local aquatic ecosystems.
- Kudzu in the southeastern United States: This plant grows aggressively, choking out native flora.
- Burmese python in Florida: This predator threatens local wildlife populations.
Conclusion
Recognizing and managing invasive species is crucial for preserving biodiversity and maintaining the health of ecosystems. Conservation efforts aim to control or eradicate these species to protect native wildlife and habitats.

Species diversity as we move away from the equator towards the poles

Introduction:
Species diversity refers to the variety of species within a given area. It is influenced by various factors, including climate, habitat complexity, and evolutionary history. One important pattern observed in species diversity is the change in diversity as we move away from the equator towards the poles.

Explanation:

1. Latitudinal Gradient:
- The latitudinal gradient in species diversity is a well-documented pattern in ecology.
- Generally, species diversity tends to decrease as we move away from the equator towards the poles.
- This means that there are typically more species in tropical regions near the equator and fewer species in polar regions.

2. Factors influencing species diversity:
- Several factors contribute to this latitudinal gradient in species diversity.
- Firstly, the equatorial regions receive more sunlight and have a more stable climate, allowing for higher primary productivity and more diverse habitats. This leads to the presence of a greater number of niches and a higher number of species.
- Secondly, the tropics have a longer evolutionary history, which has allowed for the accumulation of more species over time.
- Thirdly, the tropics provide more stable conditions for species survival, reducing the risk of extinction.
- In contrast, the polar regions have harsher and more unpredictable climates, with shorter growing seasons and lower primary productivity. These factors limit the number of species that can survive in these regions.

3. Biodiversity hotspots:
- Biodiversity hotspots are areas with exceptionally high species richness and endemism.
- Many biodiversity hotspots are found in tropical regions near the equator, such as the Amazon rainforest and the Coral Triangle.
- These hotspots support a diverse array of species, including plants, animals, and microorganisms.

Conclusion:
In conclusion, species diversity generally decreases as we move away from the equator towards the poles. This pattern is influenced by factors such as climate, habitat complexity, and evolutionary history. Understanding these patterns in species diversity is crucial for conservation efforts and maintaining the overall health and functioning of ecosystems.

Organisms Protected by the Bishnoi Community of Rajasthan

The Bishnoi community of Rajasthan is known for its deep-rooted traditions and religious beliefs that emphasize environmental conservation and protection of wildlife. They have been actively involved in safeguarding various organisms and habitats from harm. Two key organisms that are protected by the Bishnoi community are the Prosopis cineraria tree and the Black buck.

1. Prosopis cineraria:
The Prosopis cineraria, commonly known as the Khejri tree, is a native species to the arid regions of Rajasthan. It holds immense importance in the lives of the Bishnoi people. They consider the Khejri tree as sacred and worship it as part of their religious rituals. The Bishnoi community has been actively involved in the conservation and protection of this tree species for centuries. They believe that cutting down a Khejri tree is equivalent to killing a person from their own community. The Bishnoi community has played a significant role in preventing the indiscriminate felling of Khejri trees and raising awareness about their ecological importance.

2. Black buck:
The Black buck (Antilope cervicapra) is a species of antelope found in the Indian subcontinent, including the arid regions of Rajasthan. It is known for its distinctive black coat and spiraled horns in males. The Bishnoi community holds the Black buck in high regard and considers it a symbol of grace, beauty, and peace. They have a deep connection with this species and have taken several measures to protect it from hunting and poaching. The Bishnoi community has historically resisted the killing of Black bucks and has even sacrificed their lives to protect them. They have set up sanctuaries and conservation areas to provide a safe habitat for these animals.

Conclusion:
The Bishnoi community of Rajasthan plays a crucial role in the conservation and protection of various organisms, especially the Prosopis cineraria tree and the Black buck. Their religious beliefs and deep-rooted traditions guide their commitment to environmental conservation. Through their collective efforts, the Bishnoi community has successfully contributed to the preservation of these species and their habitats, ensuring a sustainable future for both nature and mankind.

Beatles show maximum diversity in species as they represent the largest order of insects.

The Evil Quartet described by Jared Diamond does not include fission.

Jared Diamond, in his book "Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed," discusses the various factors that contribute to the decline and collapse of civilizations throughout history. He identifies a set of interrelated and mutually reinforcing problems that he calls the "Evil Quartet." These problems are significant drivers of societal collapse and include:

1. Introduction of Invasive Species:
The introduction of non-native species into an ecosystem can have devastating effects. Invasive species often lack natural predators and can outcompete native species for resources, leading to the decline or extinction of native flora and fauna. They can also disrupt ecosystem processes and alter the balance of the entire ecosystem.

2. Fragmentation:
Fragmentation refers to the breaking up of natural habitats into smaller, isolated patches. This process often occurs due to human activities such as deforestation, urbanization, and infrastructure development. Fragmentation disrupts ecological connectivity, making it difficult for species to migrate, find mates, and access resources. It can also lead to genetic isolation and an increased risk of extinction.

3. Overharvesting:
Overharvesting occurs when the exploitation of natural resources exceeds their ability to replenish. This can include the unsustainable extraction of fish, timber, water, minerals, and other valuable resources. Overharvesting can lead to resource depletion, ecosystem degradation, and the collapse of industries and economies dependent on these resources.

4. Introduction of Invasive Species:
Fission is the process of splitting a group or society into smaller, separate entities. While fission can have social and political consequences, it is not typically considered one of the key drivers of societal collapse. Instead, Diamond focuses on factors such as resource depletion, environmental degradation, and social, economic, and political factors as the primary causes of collapse.

In conclusion, the Evil Quartet described by Jared Diamond includes the introduction of invasive species, fragmentation, and overharvesting as significant drivers of societal collapse. Fission, on the other hand, is not considered one of the key factors in his analysis.

Western ghats is one of the eight hotspots of biological diversity in the world due to its high level of biological diversity and endemism.

The regression slope in the species-area relationship indicates how species richness increases with increasing habitat area. A steeper slope suggests a higher rate of species accumulation as area increases.