Mutation can be artificially induced by :a)Radiationsb)Chemicalsc)None of themd)Both of themCorrect answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?

Question

Answer

Mutations can be induced by radiations such as ultraviolet light and by  chemical carcinogens (e.g., aflatoxin B1). thus, op D.

Answer

Mutations can be induced by both physical and chemical mutagens. so option D is correct.

Answer

Both by radiation and chemical methods

Answer

Mutations can be induced by several methods. The three general approaches used to generate mutations are radiation, chemical and transposon insertion.
In addition to X-rays, other types of radiation treatments that have proven useful include gamma rays and fast neutron bombardment. These treatments can induce point mutations (changes in a single nucleotide) or deletions (loss of a chromosomal segment).
Chemical mutagens work mostly by inducing point mutations. Point mutations occur when a single base pair of a gene is changed. These changes are classified as transitions or transversions. Two major classes of chemical mutagens are routinely used. These are alkylating agents (such as ethyl methane sulphonate (EMS), ethyl ethane sulphonate (EES) and base analogs (5-bromouracil and 2-aminopurine).
Therefore, the correct answer is option D.

Answer

Mutation can be artificially induced by both radiations and chemicals.

Radiations:
Radiations such as X-rays, gamma rays, and ultraviolet (UV) rays have the ability to cause mutations in organisms. These radiations have high energy and can penetrate the cells, causing damage to the DNA molecules within them. The damaged DNA can lead to changes in the nucleotide sequence, resulting in mutations. X-rays and gamma rays are ionizing radiations, which means they have enough energy to remove tightly bound electrons from atoms, leading to the formation of free radicals. These free radicals can directly damage the DNA by breaking the bonds between nucleotides or creating cross-links between DNA strands. UV rays, on the other hand, are non-ionizing radiations that can cause mutations by forming thymine dimers in the DNA molecule. Thymine dimers are abnormal bonds formed between adjacent thymine bases, leading to distortions in the DNA structure.

Chemicals:
Certain chemicals can also induce mutations in organisms. These chemicals are called mutagens and can interact with the DNA molecules, causing changes in their structure or interfering with DNA replication and repair processes. Some examples of mutagens include certain pesticides, industrial chemicals, and certain drugs. Mutagens can either directly damage the DNA or interfere with the cellular machinery responsible for DNA replication and repair. For example, alkylating agents can add alkyl groups to the DNA bases, leading to mispairing during replication. Base analogs can be incorporated into the DNA sequence during replication, causing substitutions in the nucleotide sequence. Intercalating agents can insert themselves between the DNA base pairs, distorting the DNA structure.

Artificial Induction:
By exposing organisms to either radiations or chemicals, scientists can artificially induce mutations in a controlled environment. This allows them to study the effects of mutations on the organisms and understand the underlying mechanisms of genetic diseases. Artificially induced mutations can be used in various fields such as agriculture to develop new crop varieties with desirable traits, in medicine to study the genetic basis of diseases, and in basic research to unravel the complexities of genetics and evolution.

In conclusion, both radiations and chemicals can be used to artificially induce mutations in organisms. These induced mutations provide valuable insights into genetic processes and have various applications in different fields.

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