The Chola rulers were generally Saivites. Among the existing specimens in museums around the world and in the temples of South India may be seen many fine figures of Shiva in various forms, such as Vishnu and his consort Lakshmi, and the Saivite saints. Though conforming generally to the iconographic conventions established by long tradition, The sculptors worked with great freedom in the 11th and the 12th centuries to achieve a classic grace and grandeur. The best example of this can be seen in the form of Nataraja the Divine Dancer.

The Chola rulers were generally Saivites. Saivism is a sect within Hinduism that worships Lord Shiva as the supreme deity. The Chola dynasty, which ruled over a significant portion of South India from the 9th to the 13th century, was known for its patronage of Saivism and the construction of numerous Shiva temples.

The Chola Dynasty and Saivism:
1. Patronage of Shiva Temples: The Chola rulers were ardent devotees of Lord Shiva and played a crucial role in the construction and renovation of several important Shiva temples. They were responsible for the architectural marvels like the Brihadeeswara Temple in Thanjavur, Airavateswara Temple in Darasuram, and the Gangaikonda Cholapuram Temple, among others. These temples not only served as places of worship but also as centers of art, culture, and administration.

2. Inscriptions and Donations: The Chola rulers left behind numerous inscriptions that highlight their religious devotion to Lord Shiva. These inscriptions provide valuable historical information about the rulers, their lineage, and their contributions to the temples. The Chola kings often made generous donations of land, gold, jewels, and other resources to temples, priests, and religious institutions.

3. Festivals and Rituals: The Chola rulers actively participated in religious festivals and rituals associated with Lord Shiva. The grand festivals, such as Mahashivaratri (the night of Shiva) and Arudra Darshanam, were celebrated with great pomp and splendor. The rulers themselves would often perform elaborate poojas (rituals) and offer prayers at the temples.

4. Iconography and Art: The Chola rulers also played a significant role in the development of iconography and art related to Lord Shiva. They promoted the creation of intricate stone sculptures and bronze idols of Lord Shiva in various forms like Nataraja (the cosmic dancer), Dakshinamurthy (the guru), and Ardhanarishvara (half male and half female). These artistic expressions showcased their devotion and reverence towards Lord Shiva.

Overall, the Chola rulers' devotion to Saivism played a crucial role in shaping the religious and cultural landscape of South India. Their patronage of Shiva temples, participation in religious rituals, and promotion of art associated with Lord Shiva are testaments to their strong affiliation with Saivism.