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Categorization of Civil services into Imperial, Provisional and subordinate was done under the tenure of
  • a)
    Lord Lytton
  • b)
    Lord Curzon
  • c)
    Lord Lansdowne
  • d)
    Lord Mountbaten
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?
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Most Upvoted Answer
Categorization of Civil services into Imperial, Provisional and subor...
Lord Lansdowne (1888-1894), important works done during the tenure of Lord Lansdowne-
  1. Factory Act (1891)
  2. Categorization of civil services into imperial, provisional and subordinate
  3. Indian Councils Act (1892)
Setting up of Durand Commission (1893) to define the Durand Line between India and Afghanistan (now between Pakistan and Afghanistan).
Hence, the correct option (c).
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Categorization of Civil services into Imperial, Provisional and subor...
Categorization of Civil services into Imperial, Provisional and subordinate was done under the tenure of Lord Lansdowne. This was a significant reform in the administrative system of India during the British rule. Let's discuss this in detail.

Background:
Before the categorization, the civil services in India were divided into two categories - covenanted and uncovenanted. The covenanted services were the ones that required an agreement or a covenant with the British Crown, while the uncovenanted services did not have such an agreement. The covenanted services were considered superior to the uncovenanted ones, and this led to a lot of dissatisfaction among the Indian officials.

Categorization:
Lord Lansdowne, who was the Viceroy of India from 1888 to 1894, introduced a new system of categorization of civil services in India. This system classified the civil services into three categories - Imperial, Provincial and Subordinate.

Imperial Services:
The Imperial Services were the highest-ranking services, and they were responsible for the governance of the entire country. These services included the Indian Civil Service (ICS) and the Indian Police Service (IPS).

Provincial Services:
The Provincial Services were responsible for the governance of individual provinces in India. These services included the Provincial Civil Service (PCS) and the Provincial Police Service (PPS).

Subordinate Services:
The Subordinate Services were the lowest-ranking services, and they were responsible for carrying out the day-to-day administrative work. These services included the Subordinate Civil Service (SCS) and the Subordinate Police Service (SPS).

Impact:
The categorization of civil services had a significant impact on the administrative system of India. It led to the establishment of a clear hierarchy in the civil services and provided a sense of direction to the officials. It also led to the professionalization of the civil services and improved their efficiency.

Conclusion:
In conclusion, the categorization of civil services into Imperial, Provincial and Subordinate was a significant reform in the administrative system of India during the British rule. It provided a clear hierarchy in the civil services and improved their efficiency.
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Accountability, or the lack of it, in governance generally, and civil services, in particular, is a major factor underlying the deficiencies in governance and public administration. Designing an effective framework for accountability has been a key element of the reform agenda. A fundamental issue is whether civil services should be accountable to the political executive of the day or to society at large. In other words, how should internal and external accountability be reconciled? Internal accountability is sought to be achieved by internal performance monitoring, official supervision by bodies like the —Central-Vigilance Commission-andComptroller and Auditor—General, and judicial review of executive decisions. Articles 311 and 312 of the Indian Constitution provide job security and safeguards to the civil services, especially the All India Services. The framers of the Constitution had envisaged that provision of these safeguards would result in a civil service that is not totally subservient to the political executive but will have the strength to function in larger public interest. The need to balance internal and external accountability is thus built into the Constitution. The issue is where to draw the line. Over the years, the emphasis seems to have tilted in favour of greater internal accountability of the civil services to the political leaders of the day who in turn are expected to be externally accountable to the society at large through the election process. This system for seeking accountability to Society has not worked out, and has led to several adverse consequences for governance.Some special measures can be considered for improving accountability in civil services.Provisions of articles 311 and 312 should be reviewed and laws and regulations framed to ensure external accountability of civil services. The proposed Civil Services Bill seeks to address some of these requirements. The respective roles of professional civil services and the political executive should he defined so that professional managerial functions and management of civil services are depoliticized. For this purpose, effective statutory civil service boards should be created at the centre and in the states. Decentralization and devolution of authority to bring government and decision making closer to the people also helps to enhance accountability.Q. With reference to the passage, the following assumptions have been made : 1. Political executive is an obstacle to the accountability of the civil services to the society 2. In the present framework of Indian polity, the political executive is no longer accountable to the society Which of these assumptions is/are valid?

Accountability, or the lack of it, in governance generally, and civil services, in particular, is a major factor underlying the deficiencies in governance and public administration. Designing an effective framework for accountability has been a key element of the reform agenda. A fundamental issue is whether civil services should be accountable to the political executive of the day or to society at large. In other words, how should internal and external accountability be reconciled? Internal accountability is sought to be achieved by internal performance monitoring, official supervision by bodies like the —Central-Vigilance Commission-andComptroller and Auditor—General, and judicial review of executive decisions. Articles 311 and 312 of the Indian Constitution provide job security and safeguards to the civil services, especially the All India Services. The framers of the Constitution had envisaged that provision of these safeguards would result in a civil service that is not totally subservient to the political executive but will have the strength to function in larger public interest. The need to balance internal and external accountability is thus built into the Constitution. The issue is where to draw the line. Over the years, the emphasis seems to have tilted in favour of greater internal accountability of the civil services to the political leaders of the day who in turn are expected to be externally accountable to the society at large through the election process. This system for seeking accountability to Society has not worked out, and has led to several adverse consequences for governance.Some special measures can be considered for improving accountability in civil services.Provisions of articles 311 and 312 should be reviewed and laws and regulations framed to ensure external accountability of civil services. The proposed Civil Services Bill seeks to address some of these requirements. The respective roles of professional civil services and the political executive should he defined so that professional managerial functions and management of civil services are depoliticized. For this purpose, effective statutory civil service boards should be created at the centre and in the states. Decentralization and devolution of authority to bring government and decision making closer to the people also helps to enhance accountability.Q. According to the passage, which of the following factor/factors led to the adverse consequences for governance/public administration?1. Inability of civil services to strike a balance between internal and external accountabilities2. Lack of sufficient professional training to the officers of All India Services 3. Lack of proper service benefits in civil services4. Lack of Constitutional provisions to define the respective roles of professional civil services vis-a-vis political executive in this context Select the correct answer using the code given below

Accountability, or the lack of it, in governance generally, and civil services, in particular, is a major factor underlying the deficiencies in governance and public administration. Designing an effective framework for accountability has been a key element of the reform agenda. A fundamental issue is whether civil services should be accountable to the political executive of the day or to society at large. In other words, how should internal and external accountability be reconciled? Internal accountability is sought to be achieved by internal performance monitoring, official supervision by bodies like the —Central-Vigilance Commission-andComptroller and Auditor—General, and judicial review of executive decisions. Articles 311 and 312 of the Indian Constitution provide job security and safeguards to the civil services, especially the All India Services. The framers of the Constitution had envisaged that provision of these safeguards would result in a civil service that is not totally subservient to the political executive but will have the strength to function in larger public interest. The need to balance internal and external accountability is thus built into the Constitution. The issue is where to draw the line. Over the years, the emphasis seems to have tilted in favour of greater internal accountability of the civil services to the political leaders of the day who in turn are expected to be externally accountable to the society at large through the election process. This system for seeking accountability to Society has not worked out, and has led to several adverse consequences for governance.Some special measures can be considered for improving accountability in civil services.Provisions of articles 311 and 312 should be reviewed and laws and regulations framed to ensure external accountability of civil services. The proposed Civil Services Bill seeks to address some of these requirements. The respective roles of professional civil services and the political executive should he defined so that professional managerial functions and management of civil services are depoliticized. For this purpose, effective statutory civil service boards should be created at the centre and in the states. Decentralization and devolution of authority to bring government and decision making closer to the people also helps to enhance accountability.Q. Which one of the following is the essential message implied by this passage?

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Categorization of Civil services into Imperial, Provisional and subordinate was done under the tenure ofa)Lord Lyttonb)Lord Curzonc)Lord Lansdowned)Lord MountbatenCorrect answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?
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