Primary Sources
- One of the main sources to know the history of Mesopotamia is through primary sources such as cuneiform inscriptions on clay tablets. These tablets contain a wealth of information about the political, social, and economic aspects of ancient Mesopotamian society.

Archaeological Discoveries
- Archaeological excavations in Mesopotamia have unearthed various artifacts, temples, palaces, and other structures that provide valuable insights into the history of the region. These discoveries help in understanding the culture, religion, and daily life of the ancient Mesopotamians.

Ancient Texts
- Ancient Mesopotamian texts, such as the Epic of Gilgamesh, Enuma Elish, and Code of Hammurabi, offer valuable information about the beliefs, myths, and laws of the people living in Mesopotamia. These texts provide a glimpse into the literature and legal systems of the ancient civilization.

Historical Accounts
- Historical accounts written by ancient historians like Herodotus and later scholars provide additional information about Mesopotamian history. These accounts offer a broader perspective on the interactions between Mesopotamia and other ancient civilizations.

Modern Scholarship
- Modern scholarship, including academic research, scholarly articles, and books, plays a crucial role in interpreting and analyzing the historical evidence related to Mesopotamia. This ongoing research helps in refining our understanding of the ancient civilization and its significance in world history.
By exploring these various sources, historians and archaeologists continue to piece together the complex history of Mesopotamia and shed light on the achievements and legacy of this ancient civilization.