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Rinderpest a fast spreading disease of cattle plague. It was brought to Africa by European in late 1880s.It spread westward 'like forest fire' destroying almost 90% of African cattle wealth. It destroyed the livelihood of the Africans and paved the way for conquest of Africa.
(iii) After the First World War, most men of working- age were either maimed or dead. These deaths and injuries reduced the workforce of able bodied people. With fewer members in the family, household incomes declined after the war.
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Rinderpest: The Devastating Livestock Disease

Rinderpest, also known as cattle plague, is a highly contagious and lethal viral disease that primarily affects cloven-hoofed animals such as cattle, buffalo, and several wildlife species. It is caused by the Rinderpest virus (RPV), which belongs to the genus Morbillivirus within the family Paramyxoviridae. Rinderpest has had a significant impact on livestock populations throughout history, causing immense economic losses and threatening food security in affected regions.

Transmission and Symptoms

Rinderpest is primarily transmitted through direct contact with infected animals or their bodily fluids. The virus can also be transmitted indirectly through contaminated feed, water, or fomites. The incubation period typically ranges from 4 to 14 days, during which the virus replicates in the lymphoid tissue before spreading to the bloodstream.

Upon infection, animals initially exhibit fever, loss of appetite, and depression. As the disease progresses, more severe symptoms manifest, including diarrhea, nasal and ocular discharges, dehydration, and oral lesions. In the later stages, respiratory distress, bloody diarrhea, and emaciation become evident. The mortality rate can be as high as 90%, especially in susceptible populations.

Historical Impact and Eradication Efforts

Rinderpest has had significant historical consequences, leading to devastating losses in livestock populations and negatively impacting agriculture-based economies. It has caused famine and economic collapse in various regions, hindering societal development.

Efforts to control and eradicate rinderpest date back to the early 20th century, with the development of vaccines being a crucial milestone. The first heat-inactivated vaccine was introduced in the 1920s, followed by modified live vaccines in the 1960s. These vaccines played a pivotal role in reducing the disease's impact and led to successful eradication campaigns.

Eradication and Legacy

In May 2011, the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) declared rinderpest eradicated, becoming the first animal disease to be eradicated globally. This achievement was the result of decades of collaborative efforts, including vaccination campaigns, surveillance, and strict control measures.

The eradication of rinderpest has had a profound impact, not only on livestock health but also on food security, rural economies, and biodiversity conservation. It has opened up new opportunities for livestock production, trade, and improved animal health services. The expertise gained during the eradication campaign also contributed to the development of strategies for tackling other infectious animal diseases.

Conclusion

Rinderpest, a devastating viral disease, has plagued livestock populations for centuries. However, through concerted global efforts, the disease has been successfully eradicated. This achievement stands as a testament to the power of collaboration, vaccination, and effective control measures. The eradication of rinderpest has brought about significant positive impacts, improving the livelihoods of farmers, ensuring food security, and advancing animal health practices.