Institutional and technological reforms to improve agriculture in the 1980’s and 1990’s by the Government of India:

Institutional Reforms
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• A Comprehensive Land Development Programme was initiated.

• Provision of crop insurance against drought, floods, cyclone, fire and disease.

• Establishment of Gramin Banks, Cooperative Societies and Banks for providing loan facilities to the farmers at lower rates of interest.

• Kissan Credit Card (KCC) introduced.

• Accident Insurance Scheme (PAIS) introduced.

• The government announced Minimum Support Price, remunerative and procurement prices to reduce exploitation.

Technological Reforms
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• HYV seeds / Chemical Fertilizer / Pesticides were provided.

• Methods of Irrigation modernized.

• Latest agricultural equipments introduced.

• Special weather bulletins and agricultural programmes for farmers were introduced on Radio and Television.

That's all🙂

Institutional and Technological Reforms in Indian Agriculture during 1980 and 1990:

The Indian Government introduced various institutional and technological reforms to improve agriculture in the country during the 1980s and 1990s. The main aim of these reforms was to boost agricultural productivity, increase farmers' income, and ensure food security in the country. Some of the significant reforms introduced during this period are:

1. Land Reforms: The government introduced land reforms to provide land to the landless farmers, distribute surplus land among small and marginal farmers, and make tenancy laws more favorable to the tenants. The aim was to provide security of tenure to the cultivators and improve their access to credit and irrigation facilities.

2. Agricultural Credit: The government introduced various schemes to provide agricultural credit to farmers at a low-interest rate. It also set up specialized institutions like NABARD, which provided long-term credit to farmers for investment in infrastructure and modern farming practices.

3. Technology Transfer: The government launched various programs to transfer modern technologies to farmers, such as high-yielding varieties of seeds, chemical fertilizers, and pesticides. It also set up Krishi Vigyan Kendras to provide training and extension services to farmers.

4. Irrigation: The government invested heavily in irrigation infrastructure, such as dams, canals, and tube wells, to improve the availability of water for agriculture. It also introduced various schemes to promote efficient water use and conservation in agriculture.

5. Price Support: The government introduced minimum support prices for various crops to ensure that farmers get remunerative prices for their produce. It also set up procurement agencies to purchase crops directly from farmers at the minimum support price.

6. Agricultural Research: The government set up various research institutions like ICAR and State Agricultural Universities to develop new technologies and improve farming practices. It also encouraged private sector participation in agricultural research and development.

In conclusion, the institutional and technological reforms introduced by the Indian government during the 1980s and 1990s played a crucial role in improving agricultural productivity, increasing farmers' income, and ensuring food security in the country. These reforms provided a conducive environment for sustainable agricultural growth and development in India.