Sporangia
- Sporangia are structures that produce and contain spores.
- They can be found in various groups of plants, including ferns, mosses, and fungi.
- Sporangia are usually located on the underside of leaves or specialized structures called sporophylls.
- They are responsible for the production and dispersal of spores, which are reproductive cells that can grow into new individuals.
- Sporangia can have different shapes and sizes depending on the plant group they belong to.
- In ferns, sporangia are typically clustered together in structures called sori, which are found on the underside of fern leaves.
- When the sporangia are mature, they release the spores, which are then carried by wind or other means to find suitable conditions for germination.

Sporophylls
- Sporophylls are specialized leaves that bear sporangia.
- They are found in plants that reproduce by spores, such as ferns and some gymnosperms.
- Sporophylls are often modified to have a different appearance or structure compared to ordinary leaves.
- In ferns, sporophylls are typically arranged in clusters called fronds.
- Each frond may have several sporophylls attached to it, with each sporophyll bearing sporangia.
- The sporophylls protect the sporangia and aid in their dispersal.
- Sporophylls can vary in shape, size, and color depending on the plant species.
- They play a crucial role in the reproductive process of plants by producing and releasing spores.

Sporophyte
- The sporophyte is the diploid, multicellular phase in the life cycle of plants.
- It is the dominant phase in the life cycle of vascular plants, including ferns.
- The sporophyte produces spores through meiosis, which are then released and dispersed.
- These spores grow into gametophytes, which are the haploid, multicellular phase in the plant life cycle.
- The gametophytes produce gametes (eggs and sperm) through mitosis.
- Fertilization of the gametes results in the formation of a new sporophyte, completing the life cycle.
- In ferns, the sporophyte is the leafy, above-ground part of the plant that we commonly recognize as the fern.
- It is the phase that carries out photosynthesis and reproduces through sporangia on the underside of its fronds.

Sporophylls are leaves that bear reproductive organs.
Plants show alternation of generation. Two stages of life cycle are haplontic and diplontic. Diplontic stage is Sporophyte.
Sporangia are sacs which contain spores and are borne on sporophylls.