Germplasm is a livi tissue from which a plant can be grown. it includes both cultivated and wild species . plus given all three options . so the correct option is d.

Germplasm includes:
Germplasm refers to the collection of genetic material that is used for breeding and conservation purposes. It includes various types of plant materials that are important for the development of new cultivars and the preservation of genetic diversity.

Types of Germplasm:
Germplasm can be categorized into the following types:

1. Cultivated improved varieties:
These are plant varieties that have been selectively bred and improved by humans for specific traits such as yield, disease resistance, or quality. Cultivated improved varieties are commonly used in agriculture and horticulture for their desirable characteristics.

2. Varieties which are no more in cultivation:
This category includes plant varieties that were previously cultivated but are no longer grown commercially or have become obsolete. These varieties may have been replaced by newer, more productive cultivars or may have lost their relevance due to changing market demands.

3. Wild and obsolete plants:
Wild plants refer to species that grow naturally in their native habitats, without any human intervention. Germplasm also includes wild relatives of cultivated plants, which are valuable sources of genetic diversity and traits that can be bred into cultivated varieties. Obsolete plants are those that are no longer used or cultivated due to various reasons such as low productivity, poor adaptation to changing environmental conditions, or lack of market demand.

Importance of Germplasm:
Germplasm is crucial for the development of new crop varieties with improved traits, such as higher yield, resistance to pests and diseases, and tolerance to environmental stresses. It serves as a valuable resource for breeders, researchers, and farmers in improving agricultural productivity and ensuring food security.

Germplasm conservation is also important for preserving genetic diversity, which is essential for the long-term sustainability of agriculture. By conserving germplasm, we can safeguard valuable plant genetic resources and ensure their availability for future generations.

In conclusion, germplasm includes cultivated improved varieties, varieties no longer in cultivation, as well as wild and obsolete plants. It plays a vital role in crop improvement and genetic conservation, contributing to the development of sustainable and resilient agricultural systems.