All questions of Class 6 History for UPSC CSE Exam

Correct answer is D only .Today, As we use dominant number 10 for weights & measures i.e 50kg, 100, 200 . At the time of indus valley civilization they used dominant number 16 . Weights & measures were done in the multiple of 16 i.e 32, 64 etc.

The sun may appear to be largest star in sky but that's just because it's the closest. on a stellar scale, it's really quite average -about half of the known stars are larger, half are smaller.

Pandyas★.It is the cultural capital of Tamil Nadu and the administrative headquarters of Madurai District, the third largest city in Tamil Nadu and 44th most populated city in India.

Kushanas
The Kushanas were among the earliest rulers who issued gold coins. They ruled over a vast empire in Central Asia and Northern India from the 1st to the 4th century AD. The Kushanas were known for their promotion of trade and commerce, as well as their adoption of Hellenistic culture.

Importance of Gold Coins
The Kushanas issued gold coins to facilitate trade and to establish their authority over their vast empire. These gold coins were not only a symbol of wealth and power but also served as a medium of exchange in their commercial transactions. The Kushanas were able to establish themselves as a dominant force in the region through the circulation of these gold coins.

Design and Inscriptions
The gold coins issued by the Kushanas were typically round in shape and featured various designs such as images of rulers, deities, and animals. Inscriptions on these coins were in Greek, Kharoshthi, and Brahmi scripts, reflecting the diverse cultural influences of the Kushana empire.

Legacy
The issuance of gold coins by the Kushanas set a precedent for future rulers in India, such as the Gupta and Mughal empires, who also issued their own gold coins. The Kushana gold coins are not only valuable artifacts for historians and numismatists but also serve as a reminder of the economic and cultural achievements of this ancient civilization.

Vajji Gana: An Overview
The Vajji gana, also known as the Vajji sangha, was a prominent political and social organization in ancient India, particularly during the time of the Mahajanapadas. It is often noted for its unique governance system.
Key Feature: Frequent Public Assemblies
- The Vajji gana was characterized by its democratic structure, where decision-making was carried out through public assemblies.
- These assemblies, known as the "Mahasabha," allowed all members of the gana to participate actively in discussions and decisions, ensuring a collective approach to governance.
- The practice of frequent public assemblies fostered a sense of community and accountability, making it distinct from other political entities ruled by a single authority.
Contrast with Other Options
- A single ruler with absolute power: This option does not apply to the Vajji gana, as it lacked a centralized authority and was organized as a collective.
- A strong military presence: While the Vajji gana had defense mechanisms, it was not primarily defined by military strength but rather by its governance style.
- High taxation rates: The economic policies of the Vajji gana were relatively flexible compared to the heavy taxation seen in monarchies, focusing more on communal well-being.
Conclusion
The key feature of the Vajji gana was its emphasis on frequent public assemblies, which facilitated participatory governance and distinguished it from more autocratic systems of the time. This unique approach played a crucial role in the social and political dynamics of ancient India.

Roman gold coins have been found in South India. The presence of Roman gold coins in South India indicates a historical connection between the Roman Empire and the Indian subcontinent. The discovery of these coins provides valuable insights into ancient trade routes and cultural exchanges.

Historical Context:
During the ancient period, India was a major center for trade and commerce. It had extensive trade links with various regions, including the Roman Empire. The Roman Empire, at its height, stretched from Europe to North Africa and the Middle East. It was a hub of economic activity and a major player in the global trade network.

Trade between the Roman Empire and India:
Trade between the Roman Empire and India was mainly facilitated through the maritime route. Roman merchants sailed across the Red Sea and the Arabian Sea to reach the western coast of India. They traded a variety of goods such as spices, silk, precious stones, and textiles with Indian merchants.

Importance of Gold Coins:
Gold coins were widely used as a medium of exchange during ancient times. They were valuable commodities and a symbol of wealth and power. The discovery of Roman gold coins in South India suggests that trade between the Roman Empire and India was not limited to goods alone but also involved the exchange of currency.

Possible Reasons for the Presence of Roman Gold Coins in South India:
1. Trade: The presence of Roman gold coins in South India indicates that there was a significant volume of trade between the Roman Empire and the Indian subcontinent. These coins might have been used by Roman merchants to conduct transactions with Indian traders.

2. Cultural Exchanges: The presence of Roman gold coins also points towards cultural exchanges between the two regions. It suggests that there might have been interactions between the Roman and Indian societies, leading to the circulation of Roman currency in South India.

3. Pilgrimage: Another possible reason for the presence of Roman gold coins in South India could be the influx of Roman pilgrims. South India is known for its rich religious heritage, and it attracted pilgrims from various parts of the world. Roman pilgrims visiting South India might have brought along their currency, thus contributing to the circulation of Roman gold coins in the region.

Conclusion:
The discovery of Roman gold coins in South India highlights the historical and economic ties between the Roman Empire and the Indian subcontinent. It provides evidence of ancient trade routes and cultural exchanges. Further research and archaeological excavations in the region may reveal more about the extent and nature of this ancient connection.

**Explanation:**

The wife of Rama was Sita. She is one of the central characters in the Hindu epic Ramayana. Here is a detailed explanation of why the correct answer is option 'C':

**1. Ramayana:**
Ramayana is an ancient Hindu epic that narrates the story of Lord Rama, his wife Sita, and his adventures. It is attributed to the sage Valmiki and is considered one of the two major Sanskrit epics of ancient Indian literature.

**2. Rama and Sita's Marriage:**
According to the Ramayana, Rama is the seventh avatar of Lord Vishnu, and Sita is the incarnation of Goddess Lakshmi. Rama and Sita's marriage is an important event in the epic. Rama's father, King Dasharatha, organized a Swayamvar (a ceremony where a princess chooses her husband) for Sita, and Rama won her hand by breaking the divine bow of Lord Shiva.

**3. Sita's Character:**
Sita is portrayed as an ideal wife and devoted to Rama. She accompanies Rama during his exile to the forest and stands by his side through various trials and tribulations. Sita's abduction by the demon king Ravana and Rama's subsequent efforts to rescue her form the major plot points of the Ramayana.

**4. Sita's Abduction and Rescue:**
Ravana, the antagonist of the Ramayana, kidnaps Sita and takes her to Lanka, his kingdom. Rama, aided by his loyal devotee Hanuman and an army of monkeys, embarks on a journey to rescue Sita. Eventually, Rama defeats Ravana in a fierce battle and rescues Sita.

**5. Agni Pariksha (Trial by Fire):**
After Sita's rescue, doubts are raised about her chastity during her captivity. To prove her purity, Sita undergoes the Agni Pariksha, a trial by fire. She emerges unscathed, thus vindicating her loyalty and purity.

**6. Sita's Return to Ayodhya:**
After the rescue and the successful completion of their exile, Rama, Sita, and Lakshmana return to Ayodhya, where Rama is crowned as the king. However, due to societal rumors questioning Sita's purity, Rama reluctantly sends her into exile again.

**7. Sita's Fate:**
Sita seeks refuge in the hermitage of sage Valmiki, where she gives birth to her twin sons, Luv and Kush. In due course, Rama learns the truth about Sita's purity and calls for her return. However, Sita, feeling betrayed, chooses to return to the earth and asks Mother Earth to take her back. She disappears into the earth, leaving Rama grief-stricken.

In conclusion, Sita is the wife of Rama according to the Hindu epic Ramayana.

Is one of the oldest stone structure and important monuments in india..it is originally commissioned by the emperor ashoka in 3rd century BCE.

Aryabhatta was both astronomer and mathematician.

Aryabhatta wrote a book called Aryabhatiyam which talks about the astronomy about the rotation of earth, eclipse of moon, stars and constellation, etc.

in mathematics, Aryabhatta invented the number 0 and have it's meaning 'no value'. Aryabhatta also gave birth to new numbers like 10,20,30,40 and other numbers bigger than single digit.

Therefore, Aryabhatta was a Astronomer and Mathematician.

Understanding the Use of Caves for Shelter
People have historically sought shelter in caves, and the reasons for this practice are rooted in practical survival needs.
Natural Protection
- Caves offered a natural refuge against environmental elements.
- They provided a barrier against rain, which prevented flooding and allowed for a dry living space.
- The thick stone walls of caves shielded inhabitants from harsh winds, maintaining a more stable temperature inside.
Temperature Regulation
- Caves maintain a relatively constant temperature, which is cooler in the summer and warmer in the winter.
- This natural insulation made caves a comfortable living space, reducing the need for additional shelter construction.
Safety from Predators
- Caves provided a secure location that offered protection from predators and other threats.
- The confined space made it easier for early humans to defend themselves against wild animals.
Accessibility and Resource Availability
- Caves were often located near water sources and food supplies, making them convenient for early human settlements.
- Proximity to resources meant that living in caves reduced the effort needed to gather food and water.
Conclusion
In summary, the statement is true. Caves were utilized by early humans not only for shelter but also for protection from various elements and threats. Their natural features made them an ideal choice for survival during prehistoric times.

Primary Purpose of Ashvamedha Sacrifice in Ancient Times
The primary purpose of the Ashvamedha sacrifice in ancient times was to test the loyalty of other kings.

Significance of the Ashvamedha Sacrifice
- The Ashvamedha sacrifice was a ritualistic practice conducted by ancient Indian kings to assert their supremacy and establish their authority over other kingdoms.
- It was believed that by performing the Ashvamedha sacrifice, the king could demonstrate his power and dominance, thereby ensuring the loyalty and submission of neighboring rulers.

Process of the Ashvamedha Sacrifice
- The Ashvamedha sacrifice involved the ceremonial release of a horse into the territory of neighboring kingdoms.
- The horse was allowed to roam freely for a specified period, during which time the king's army would follow it to ensure its safety.
- If the horse was captured by another kingdom, it was seen as a challenge to the king's authority, leading to potential conflicts and battles.

Outcome of the Ashvamedha Sacrifice
- The successful completion of the Ashvamedha sacrifice was seen as a symbol of the king's power and influence.
- It helped in solidifying the king's position as a supreme ruler and establishing his dominance over other kingdoms.
- The Ashvamedha sacrifice was not only a religious ritual but also a political strategy used to maintain control and authority in ancient times.

Different Puranas describe a number of stories where Brahma, Vishnu, and Shiva compete for supremacy. In some Puranas, such as Devi Bhagavata, the Goddess Devi joins the competition and ascends for the position of being Supreme. Further, most Puranas emphasize legends around one who is either Shiva, or Vishnu, or Devi.

Kisagotami learned about the universality of death and the nature of human suffering from her encounter with the Buddha. The Buddha’s request for mustard seeds from a household where no one had died was meant to illustrate that death is a common experience and that everyone faces loss and suffering. This lesson helped Kisagotami understand that her grief was shared by all, leading her to a deeper understanding of life's impermanence and the nature of human suffering.

See now the fact is that the early humans used to move from one place to another mainly for food and water so they eventually got tired of shifting and shifting and at 12,000 BC the ice sheets started melting so the temperature became warm and it led to growing of grain bearing grasses "after they became ripe they fell down and started a fresh growth of crops " I.E Reproduction so that gave the idea for humans to grow it

Introduction
The inscriptions of Ashoka, a prominent emperor of the Maurya Dynasty, provide significant insight into his reign and ideologies. The script primarily used for these inscriptions is known as Brahmi.
What is Brahmi Script?
- Brahmi is one of the oldest writing systems in India.
- It is the ancestor of many scripts used in South Asia today.
- The script was used for writing various languages, including Prakrit, which Ashoka utilized in his inscriptions.
Ashoka’s Inscriptions
- Ashoka's inscriptions, dated around 250 BCE, can be found on pillars, rocks, and edicts across the Indian subcontinent.
- The inscriptions convey messages about Dharma (moral law), non-violence, and social welfare.
- They aimed to educate the public about Ashoka’s policies and promote Buddhism.
Significance of Brahmi in Ashoka’s Inscriptions
- The use of Brahmi allowed Ashoka’s messages to reach a broad audience since it was widely understood at that time.
- The inscriptions provided a means to communicate the king's philosophy and governance style effectively.
- They played a crucial role in the spread of Buddhism and its principles across the region.
Conclusion
In summary, the script used for most of Ashoka’s inscriptions is Brahmi. Its historical significance and widespread use during Ashoka’s time helped disseminate his thoughts and policies, making it a valuable part of India's cultural and linguistic heritage.

Depending on the methods of counting, as many as three hundred versions of the Indian epic poem, the Ramayana, are known to exist. The oldest version is generally recognized to be the Sanskrit version attributed to the sage Valmiki.

Major Agricultural Change in Mahajanapadas: Use of Iron Ploughshares
During the time of the Mahajanapadas in ancient India, significant agricultural advancements transformed farming practices. One of the most notable changes was the introduction of iron ploughshares.
Introduction of Iron Ploughshares
- Enhanced Farming Efficiency: Iron ploughshares were stronger and more durable than their wooden counterparts. This allowed farmers to till the soil more effectively, making it easier to cultivate land.
- Deeper Tillage: The sharpness and strength of iron ploughshares enabled farmers to plough deeper into the soil. This improved soil aeration and nutrient mixing, leading to better crop yields.
- Expansion of Cultivable Land: With the ability to work harder soil types, farmers could cultivate previously unarable lands. This expansion contributed to increased agricultural output.
Impact on Agriculture
- Boost in Productivity: The use of iron tools led to a significant rise in agricultural productivity. This not only supported larger populations but also facilitated trade and economic growth.
- Societal Changes: As agriculture became more productive, it allowed for the growth of urban centers. The surplus food production supported artisans, traders, and the emerging political structures of the Mahajanapadas.
Conclusion
The adoption of iron ploughshares during the Mahajanapadas marked a crucial turning point in agricultural practices. This innovation not only enhanced farming efficiency but also laid the foundation for social and economic transformations in ancient India.

The Harshacharita is the biography of Indian emperor Harsha, written by Banabhatta, also known as Bana. He was a Sanskrit writer of the seventh century CE.

Samudragupta and Aryavarta
Samudragupta, a prominent ruler of the Gupta Empire, is often noted for his military conquests and administrative prowess. His treatment of the rulers of Aryavarta is particularly significant as detailed in his prashasti, or eulogistic inscription.
Defeated and Annexed Territories
- Military Campaigns: Samudragupta conducted extensive military campaigns in Aryavarta, defeating various rulers in the region.
- Annexation: After defeating them, he incorporated their territories into his growing empire. This approach not only expanded his dominion but also showcased his power and military strategy.
Impact on Governance
- Centralized Control: By annexing these territories, Samudragupta centralized his authority and established a more unified governance system throughout his empire.
- Cultural Integration: The annexation facilitated cultural exchange and integration, promoting the spread of Gupta administration, art, and culture.
Contrasting Options
- Independence: Unlike the option suggesting he allowed rulers to remain independent, Samudragupta aimed to consolidate his power rather than tolerate disunity.
- Alliances through Marriage: While marriage alliances were common in ancient India, Samudragupta’s primary strategy in Aryavarta focused on military conquest rather than diplomatic marriages.
- Tribute Payments: The notion of paying tributes also contrasts with his aggressive expansionist policies; he sought to establish dominance rather than depend on tributes.
In summary, Samudragupta’s approach towards the rulers of Aryavarta was characterized by military conquest and annexation, effectively expanding the Gupta Empire and enhancing his reputation as a formidable ruler.

Primary Function of Local Assemblies in Southern Kingdoms
The local assemblies, such as the sabha and ur, played a crucial role in the administration of the southern kingdoms in ancient India. Their primary function was to manage local administration and community needs. Here’s a detailed explanation:
Local Governance
- The sabha and ur were essential bodies for local governance.
- They facilitated decision-making processes that allowed communities to address their unique needs.
Community Needs and Welfare
- These assemblies were responsible for managing various aspects of community welfare.
- They organized local resources, ensuring that the needs of the people were met effectively.
Decision-Making and Representation
- Members of the sabha and ur were typically elected representatives from the local population.
- This representation ensured that the voices of the community were heard in local governance.
Development and Maintenance
- The assemblies oversaw the construction and maintenance of local infrastructure, such as roads, irrigation systems, and public buildings.
- They played a vital role in enhancing agricultural productivity and managing water resources.
Conflict Resolution
- The sabha and ur also acted as forums for resolving local disputes and conflicts among community members.
- Their involvement helped maintain social harmony and order within the community.
In summary, the local assemblies like the sabha and ur were fundamental to the effective management of local administration and the fulfillment of community needs in the southern kingdoms. Their functions extended beyond mere governance, embodying the spirit of collective decision-making and community welfare.

Understanding the Social Categories in Ancient India
In ancient Indian society, the social structure was divided into four main categories known as the Varnas. Each category had specific roles and responsibilities. The category referred to in the question is the Vaishyas.
Role of Vaishyas
- The Vaishyas were primarily associated with agriculture, trade, and livestock.
- This group played a crucial role in the economy of ancient India by engaging in farming, herding, and the trading of goods.
Characteristics of Vaishyas
- Farmers: They cultivated land, grew crops, and ensured food supply for the population.
- Herders: They managed livestock, which was vital for agricultural productivity and trade.
- Traders: They facilitated commerce by buying and selling goods, both locally and over long distances.
Comparison with Other Categories
- Brahmins: This category comprised priests and scholars responsible for religious rituals and teaching.
- Kshatriyas: They were warriors and rulers, tasked with protecting the land and maintaining order.
- Shudras: This group typically consisted of laborers and service providers, performing tasks for the other three Varnas.
Conclusion
The Vaishyas were integral to the economic framework of ancient Indian society, engaging in vital activities that supported community sustenance and development. Their roles as farmers, herders, and traders positioned them as key contributors to both the agrarian and commercial aspects of life. Thus, option 'C' is indeed the correct answer, highlighting the importance of Vaishyas in the social hierarchy.

The Great Bath in Mohenjodaro was a significant feature of the citadel area. It was a specially constructed tank lined with bricks, coated with plaster, and made watertight with a layer of natural tar. This tank, with steps leading down from two sides and surrounded by rooms, likely served an important ritual or ceremonial purpose.

The term "Neolithic" refers to the period beginning around 10,000 years ago, marked by the development of agriculture and the domestication of plants and animals. This era followed the Mesolithic period and saw significant changes in human society, including settled farming communities and advanced tool-making techniques. The transition to a Neolithic lifestyle was a major milestone in human history, fundamentally altering the way people lived and interacted with their environment.

Teaching Method of the Buddha
Buddha, the founder of Buddhism, had a unique approach to disseminating his teachings. His method was highly effective and accessible to all.
Simple Language
- Buddha used simple and relatable language, ensuring that his messages were easy to understand.
- He avoided complex terminology, making his teachings approachable for people from various backgrounds.
Engaging Discussions
- The Buddha often engaged in dialogues and discussions with his followers and the general public.
- He encouraged questions, allowing individuals to explore and understand the concepts deeply.
Storytelling and Parables
- Buddha frequently employed stories and parables to illustrate his teachings.
- These narratives helped convey profound truths in a relatable manner, making the lessons memorable.
Personal Experience
- His teachings were rooted in personal insights derived from his own experiences and enlightenment.
- By sharing his journey, he inspired others to seek their own paths to understanding and liberation.
Adaptability
- Buddha tailored his teachings to suit the audience, considering their backgrounds and levels of understanding.
- This adaptability made his teachings widely accepted and applicable to various life situations.
Community Engagement
- Buddha established a community of monks and lay followers who actively participated in discussions and practice.
- This sense of community facilitated the sharing of ideas and reinforced the teachings among individuals.
In summary, the Buddha's method of using simple language and engaging in discussions made his teachings accessible and relatable, fostering a deep understanding of his message among diverse audiences.

Panini's Contribution to Sanskrit Grammar
Panini, an ancient Indian scholar, made a profound impact on the study of Sanskrit through his innovative approach to grammar. His work laid the foundation for the linguistic structure of Sanskrit, which is still revered today.
Development of Grammar
- Ashtadhyayi: Panini's seminal text, the "Ashtadhyayi," consists of around 4,000 sutras (rules) that systematically describe the phonetics, morphology, and syntax of Sanskrit.
- Formulaic Approach: He utilized a formulaic method, allowing for the concise representation of complex grammatical rules. This approach not only streamlined the study of Sanskrit but also influenced the field of linguistics globally.
Significance of Panini's Work
- Standardization: By formulating a standardized grammar, Panini helped preserve the integrity of the Sanskrit language, ensuring its transmission through generations.
- Influence on Linguistics: His grammatical principles, particularly the concept of generative grammar, had a lasting impact on modern linguistic theories.
Legacy
- Sanskrit Studies: Panini's work remains a cornerstone for students and scholars of Sanskrit and has sparked further research into the language's structure and evolution.
- Beyond Linguistics: The rules established by Panini have applications beyond linguistics, influencing fields such as computer science, particularly in the development of algorithms.
In conclusion, Panini's contribution to the study of Sanskrit through the development of a comprehensive grammar using formulaic rules is unparalleled and remains a pivotal aspect of linguistic studies today.

Reason for Fortified Capital Cities
Fortified capital cities were a key feature of the mahajanapadas, the ancient Indian republics that emerged around the 6th century BCE. One of the primary reasons for constructing these fortified cities was to provide protection against attacks.
Protection Against Attacks
- Increased Conflicts: During this period, various kingdoms and tribes often engaged in warfare to expand their territories. The fortified cities served as a defensive measure against external threats and invasions.
- Strategic Defense: The walls and fortifications were designed to enhance the security of the capital, making it difficult for enemy forces to penetrate. This strategic defense was crucial for maintaining the stability and continuity of the mahajanapada.
- Safe Havens: Fortified cities acted as safe havens for the inhabitants, especially during times of conflict. People could seek refuge within the walls, ensuring their safety and survival.
- Centralized Power: By fortifying the capital, rulers could consolidate their power and authority. A stronghold helped deter would-be aggressors and showcased the strength of the ruling authority.
Additional Benefits
- Economic Stability: While protection against attacks was the primary reason, fortified cities also contributed to economic stability. A secure environment encouraged trade and interactions with neighboring regions.
- Cultural Development: The safety provided by these fortified cities allowed for cultural and social development, as people could focus on arts, education, and governance without the constant fear of invasion.
In summary, the construction of fortified capital cities by the mahajanapadas was fundamentally about ensuring protection against attacks, thereby fostering a secure environment for governance, trade, and cultural growth.

Megaliths: More than Burial Markers
Megaliths are large stone structures that have been used across various cultures and time periods. While they are often associated with burial sites, their functions extend far beyond this singular purpose.
Key Functions of Megaliths
- Burial Sites: Many megaliths indeed serve as grave markers or tombs, often associated with rituals surrounding death and the afterlife.
- Ceremonial Purposes: Some megaliths were likely used for religious or ceremonial gatherings, serving as places for rituals and community events.
- Astronomical Alignments: Certain megalithic structures, like Stonehenge, have astronomical significance, aligning with celestial events such as solstices and equinoxes, indicating their use in tracking time and seasons.
- Territorial Markers: Megaliths may have served to demarcate boundaries and territories, signifying ownership or control over land.
- Community Identity: These structures often reflect social organization and collective identity within a community, showcasing shared beliefs and cultural practices.
Conclusion
The statement that megaliths were only used for marking burial sites is therefore False. Their diverse applications highlight the complexity of human societies that created them, serving multiple roles in cultural, spiritual, and practical contexts.