All questions of Class 6 History for UPSC CSE Exam

Correct answer is D only .Today, As we use dominant number 10 for weights & measures i.e 50kg, 100, 200 . At the time of indus valley civilization they used dominant number 16 . Weights & measures were done in the multiple of 16 i.e 32, 64 etc.

The sun may appear to be largest star in sky but that's just because it's the closest. on a stellar scale, it's really quite average -about half of the known stars are larger, half are smaller.

Pandyas★.It is the cultural capital of Tamil Nadu and the administrative headquarters of Madurai District, the third largest city in Tamil Nadu and 44th most populated city in India.

Kushanas

Vajji Gana: An Overview
The Vajji gana, also known as the Vajji sangha, was a prominent political and social organization in ancient India, particularly during the time of the Mahajanapadas. It is often noted for its unique governance system.
Key Feature: Frequent Public Assemblies
- The Vajji gana was characterized by its democratic structure, where decision-making was carried out through public assemblies.
- These assemblies, known as the "Mahasabha," allowed all members of the gana to participate actively in discussions and decisions, ensuring a collective approach to governance.
- The practice of frequent public assemblies fostered a sense of community and accountability, making it distinct from other political entities ruled by a single authority.
Contrast with Other Options
- A single ruler with absolute power: This option does not apply to the Vajji gana, as it lacked a centralized authority and was organized as a collective.
- A strong military presence: While the Vajji gana had defense mechanisms, it was not primarily defined by military strength but rather by its governance style.
- High taxation rates: The economic policies of the Vajji gana were relatively flexible compared to the heavy taxation seen in monarchies, focusing more on communal well-being.
Conclusion
The key feature of the Vajji gana was its emphasis on frequent public assemblies, which facilitated participatory governance and distinguished it from more autocratic systems of the time. This unique approach played a crucial role in the social and political dynamics of ancient India.

Roman gold coins have been found in South India. The presence of Roman gold coins in South India indicates a historical connection between the Roman Empire and the Indian subcontinent. The discovery of these coins provides valuable insights into ancient trade routes and cultural exchanges.

Historical Context:
During the ancient period, India was a major center for trade and commerce. It had extensive trade links with various regions, including the Roman Empire. The Roman Empire, at its height, stretched from Europe to North Africa and the Middle East. It was a hub of economic activity and a major player in the global trade network.

Trade between the Roman Empire and India:
Trade between the Roman Empire and India was mainly facilitated through the maritime route. Roman merchants sailed across the Red Sea and the Arabian Sea to reach the western coast of India. They traded a variety of goods such as spices, silk, precious stones, and textiles with Indian merchants.

Importance of Gold Coins:
Gold coins were widely used as a medium of exchange during ancient times. They were valuable commodities and a symbol of wealth and power. The discovery of Roman gold coins in South India suggests that trade between the Roman Empire and India was not limited to goods alone but also involved the exchange of currency.

Possible Reasons for the Presence of Roman Gold Coins in South India:
1. Trade: The presence of Roman gold coins in South India indicates that there was a significant volume of trade between the Roman Empire and the Indian subcontinent. These coins might have been used by Roman merchants to conduct transactions with Indian traders.

2. Cultural Exchanges: The presence of Roman gold coins also points towards cultural exchanges between the two regions. It suggests that there might have been interactions between the Roman and Indian societies, leading to the circulation of Roman currency in South India.

3. Pilgrimage: Another possible reason for the presence of Roman gold coins in South India could be the influx of Roman pilgrims. South India is known for its rich religious heritage, and it attracted pilgrims from various parts of the world. Roman pilgrims visiting South India might have brought along their currency, thus contributing to the circulation of Roman gold coins in the region.

Conclusion:
The discovery of Roman gold coins in South India highlights the historical and economic ties between the Roman Empire and the Indian subcontinent. It provides evidence of ancient trade routes and cultural exchanges. Further research and archaeological excavations in the region may reveal more about the extent and nature of this ancient connection.

**Explanation:**

The wife of Rama was Sita. She is one of the central characters in the Hindu epic Ramayana. Here is a detailed explanation of why the correct answer is option 'C':

**1. Ramayana:**
Ramayana is an ancient Hindu epic that narrates the story of Lord Rama, his wife Sita, and his adventures. It is attributed to the sage Valmiki and is considered one of the two major Sanskrit epics of ancient Indian literature.

**2. Rama and Sita's Marriage:**
According to the Ramayana, Rama is the seventh avatar of Lord Vishnu, and Sita is the incarnation of Goddess Lakshmi. Rama and Sita's marriage is an important event in the epic. Rama's father, King Dasharatha, organized a Swayamvar (a ceremony where a princess chooses her husband) for Sita, and Rama won her hand by breaking the divine bow of Lord Shiva.

**3. Sita's Character:**
Sita is portrayed as an ideal wife and devoted to Rama. She accompanies Rama during his exile to the forest and stands by his side through various trials and tribulations. Sita's abduction by the demon king Ravana and Rama's subsequent efforts to rescue her form the major plot points of the Ramayana.

**4. Sita's Abduction and Rescue:**
Ravana, the antagonist of the Ramayana, kidnaps Sita and takes her to Lanka, his kingdom. Rama, aided by his loyal devotee Hanuman and an army of monkeys, embarks on a journey to rescue Sita. Eventually, Rama defeats Ravana in a fierce battle and rescues Sita.

**5. Agni Pariksha (Trial by Fire):**
After Sita's rescue, doubts are raised about her chastity during her captivity. To prove her purity, Sita undergoes the Agni Pariksha, a trial by fire. She emerges unscathed, thus vindicating her loyalty and purity.

**6. Sita's Return to Ayodhya:**
After the rescue and the successful completion of their exile, Rama, Sita, and Lakshmana return to Ayodhya, where Rama is crowned as the king. However, due to societal rumors questioning Sita's purity, Rama reluctantly sends her into exile again.

**7. Sita's Fate:**
Sita seeks refuge in the hermitage of sage Valmiki, where she gives birth to her twin sons, Luv and Kush. In due course, Rama learns the truth about Sita's purity and calls for her return. However, Sita, feeling betrayed, chooses to return to the earth and asks Mother Earth to take her back. She disappears into the earth, leaving Rama grief-stricken.

In conclusion, Sita is the wife of Rama according to the Hindu epic Ramayana.

Understanding Hunter-Gatherer Lifestyles
Hunter-gatherers were early human societies that subsisted by hunting animals and gathering wild plants. The statement that they stayed in one place for a long time due to abundant resources is actually false. Here’s why:
Mobility and Resource Availability
- Hunter-gatherers were highly mobile. They followed migratory patterns of animals and seasonal growth of plants.
- Resources in any given area were not consistently abundant. Over time, they would deplete, necessitating movement to find new sources of food.
Environmental Factors
- Environmental changes, such as climate shifts, affected the availability of plants and animals, prompting groups to relocate.
- Hunter-gatherers adapted to various ecosystems, from forests to grasslands, which required them to be flexible and move frequently.
Social Structures
- Small, mobile groups allowed for efficient resource management and minimized over-exploitation of local resources.
- This mobility fostered social networks that helped them share information about resource locations.
Conclusion
In conclusion, the notion that hunter-gatherers stayed in one place due to abundant resources overlooks the dynamic nature of their environment and strategies for survival. Their lifestyle was characterized by movement in response to changing resource availability, making the correct answer to the statement 'False'.

Is one of the oldest stone structure and important monuments in india..it is originally commissioned by the emperor ashoka in 3rd century BCE.

Aryabhatta was both astronomer and mathematician.

Aryabhatta wrote a book called Aryabhatiyam which talks about the astronomy about the rotation of earth, eclipse of moon, stars and constellation, etc.

in mathematics, Aryabhatta invented the number 0 and have it's meaning 'no value'. Aryabhatta also gave birth to new numbers like 10,20,30,40 and other numbers bigger than single digit.

Therefore, Aryabhatta was a Astronomer and Mathematician.

Primary Purpose of Ashvamedha Sacrifice in Ancient Times
The primary purpose of the Ashvamedha sacrifice in ancient times was to test the loyalty of other kings.

Significance of the Ashvamedha Sacrifice
- The Ashvamedha sacrifice was a ritualistic practice conducted by ancient Indian kings to assert their supremacy and establish their authority over other kingdoms.
- It was believed that by performing the Ashvamedha sacrifice, the king could demonstrate his power and dominance, thereby ensuring the loyalty and submission of neighboring rulers.

Process of the Ashvamedha Sacrifice
- The Ashvamedha sacrifice involved the ceremonial release of a horse into the territory of neighboring kingdoms.
- The horse was allowed to roam freely for a specified period, during which time the king's army would follow it to ensure its safety.
- If the horse was captured by another kingdom, it was seen as a challenge to the king's authority, leading to potential conflicts and battles.

Outcome of the Ashvamedha Sacrifice
- The successful completion of the Ashvamedha sacrifice was seen as a symbol of the king's power and influence.
- It helped in solidifying the king's position as a supreme ruler and establishing his dominance over other kingdoms.
- The Ashvamedha sacrifice was not only a religious ritual but also a political strategy used to maintain control and authority in ancient times.

Different Puranas describe a number of stories where Brahma, Vishnu, and Shiva compete for supremacy. In some Puranas, such as Devi Bhagavata, the Goddess Devi joins the competition and ascends for the position of being Supreme. Further, most Puranas emphasize legends around one who is either Shiva, or Vishnu, or Devi.

Kisagotami learned about the universality of death and the nature of human suffering from her encounter with the Buddha. The Buddha’s request for mustard seeds from a household where no one had died was meant to illustrate that death is a common experience and that everyone faces loss and suffering. This lesson helped Kisagotami understand that her grief was shared by all, leading her to a deeper understanding of life's impermanence and the nature of human suffering.

Establishment of Permanent Settlements:
- Early humans began farming to establish permanent settlements as a way to ensure a stable food supply.
- By growing their own crops, they could rely on a consistent source of food rather than depending on hunting and gathering.

Social Organization:
- Farming led to the development of social organization and division of labor within early human communities.
- People could specialize in farming, trading, or other activities, leading to the growth of more complex societies.

Surplus Food Production:
- Farming allowed early humans to produce surplus food beyond their immediate needs.
- This surplus food could be stored for future use or traded with other communities for goods they did not produce themselves.

Population Growth:
- With a stable food supply from farming, early human populations were able to grow and expand.
- This population growth contributed to the development of larger settlements and eventually, early civilizations.
In conclusion, the primary reason early humans began farming was to establish permanent settlements and ensure a stable food supply. Farming also led to social organization, surplus food production, and population growth, setting the stage for the development of more complex societies and civilizations.

Introduction
The inscriptions of Ashoka, a prominent emperor of the Maurya Dynasty, provide significant insight into his reign and ideologies. The script primarily used for these inscriptions is known as Brahmi.
What is Brahmi Script?
- Brahmi is one of the oldest writing systems in India.
- It is the ancestor of many scripts used in South Asia today.
- The script was used for writing various languages, including Prakrit, which Ashoka utilized in his inscriptions.
Ashoka’s Inscriptions
- Ashoka's inscriptions, dated around 250 BCE, can be found on pillars, rocks, and edicts across the Indian subcontinent.
- The inscriptions convey messages about Dharma (moral law), non-violence, and social welfare.
- They aimed to educate the public about Ashoka’s policies and promote Buddhism.
Significance of Brahmi in Ashoka’s Inscriptions
- The use of Brahmi allowed Ashoka’s messages to reach a broad audience since it was widely understood at that time.
- The inscriptions provided a means to communicate the king's philosophy and governance style effectively.
- They played a crucial role in the spread of Buddhism and its principles across the region.
Conclusion
In summary, the script used for most of Ashoka’s inscriptions is Brahmi. Its historical significance and widespread use during Ashoka’s time helped disseminate his thoughts and policies, making it a valuable part of India's cultural and linguistic heritage.

Understanding the Term 'Dhamma'
The term 'Dhamma' is often associated with various philosophical and religious contexts, primarily within Buddhism. Its roots can be traced back to ancient languages of the Indian subcontinent.
Language Origin
- 'Dhamma' is derived from the Prakrit language, which is an ancient vernacular language spoken in India.
- Prakrit served as a common language during the time of Buddha and was used in many of the early Buddhist texts.
Significance in Buddhism
- In Buddhism, 'Dhamma' refers to the teachings of the Buddha, encompassing the laws of nature, moral virtues, and the path to enlightenment.
- It plays a crucial role in understanding the Four Noble Truths and the Noble Eightfold Path, which are fundamental to Buddhist philosophy.
Relation to Other Languages
- While 'Dhamma' is often transliterated into other languages, such as Sanskrit (where it is called 'Dharma'), its original form and usage can be traced back to Prakrit.
- In modern contexts, the concept has been adopted into various languages, including English and Hindi, but the term 'Dhamma' itself is rooted in Prakrit.
Conclusion
The correct answer to the question regarding the language of the term 'Dhamma' is indeed option 'C', Prakrit, due to its historical and linguistic significance within the context of Buddhism and ancient Indian culture.

Depending on the methods of counting, as many as three hundred versions of the Indian epic poem, the Ramayana, are known to exist. The oldest version is generally recognized to be the Sanskrit version attributed to the sage Valmiki.

The Buddha primarily used simple language and engaged in discussions to teach his message. He chose to speak in Prakrit, the language of ordinary people, to ensure that his teachings were accessible to everyone. This approach allowed him to reach a broad audience and spread his ideas effectively, emphasizing direct communication and personal understanding over complex rituals or written texts. An interesting fact is that the use of Prakrit made his teachings more relatable and easier to follow for the general populace of that time.

One significant agricultural change was the use of iron ploughshares. These tools allowed farmers to turn heavy clayey soil more effectively than wooden ploughshares, leading to increased grain production.

The Harshacharita is the biography of Indian emperor Harsha, written by Banabhatta, also known as Bana. He was a Sanskrit writer of the seventh century CE.

Samudragupta defeated the rulers of Aryavarta and annexed their territories into his empire, which was part of his strategy to consolidate power.

Primary Function of Local Assemblies in Southern Kingdoms
The local assemblies, such as the sabha and ur, played a crucial role in the administration of the southern kingdoms in ancient India. Their primary function was to manage local administration and community needs. Here’s a detailed explanation:
Local Governance
- The sabha and ur were essential bodies for local governance.
- They facilitated decision-making processes that allowed communities to address their unique needs.
Community Needs and Welfare
- These assemblies were responsible for managing various aspects of community welfare.
- They organized local resources, ensuring that the needs of the people were met effectively.
Decision-Making and Representation
- Members of the sabha and ur were typically elected representatives from the local population.
- This representation ensured that the voices of the community were heard in local governance.
Development and Maintenance
- The assemblies oversaw the construction and maintenance of local infrastructure, such as roads, irrigation systems, and public buildings.
- They played a vital role in enhancing agricultural productivity and managing water resources.
Conflict Resolution
- The sabha and ur also acted as forums for resolving local disputes and conflicts among community members.
- Their involvement helped maintain social harmony and order within the community.
In summary, the local assemblies like the sabha and ur were fundamental to the effective management of local administration and the fulfillment of community needs in the southern kingdoms. Their functions extended beyond mere governance, embodying the spirit of collective decision-making and community welfare.

Vaishyas were expected to engage in farming, herding, and trading. This social class was crucial for economic activities, unlike Brahmins who performed rituals, Kshatriyas who fought battles, and Shudras who served the other classes.

Significance of the Great Bath in Mohenjodaro
The Great Bath is one of the most remarkable and well-preserved structures from the Indus Valley Civilization, located in Mohenjodaro. Its construction and features provide insights into the culture and social practices of the time.
Watertight Construction
- The Great Bath was a specially constructed tank, which was lined with bricks and made watertight with natural tar.
- This unique feature indicates advanced engineering skills and knowledge of waterproofing techniques, which were crucial for the tank's intended use.
Purpose and Usage
- While the exact purpose remains debated, it is widely believed that the Great Bath served a ritualistic or ceremonial function, possibly for public bathing or purification purposes.
- The size and design suggest it was meant for communal use, emphasizing social interaction and cultural practices among the inhabitants.
Architectural Significance
- The structure measures approximately 12 meters long, 7 meters wide, and 2.5 meters deep, showcasing the architectural sophistication of the Indus Valley Civilization.
- The presence of steps leading down into the tank and drainage systems reflects an understanding of urban planning and sanitation.
Cultural Context
- The emphasis on water and bathing rituals in the Great Bath may suggest a spiritual or religious significance, which was common in ancient civilizations.
- The existence of such a structure highlights the importance of cleanliness and possibly hints at early forms of social organization and communal activities.
In conclusion, the Great Bath's watertight construction and communal use signify its importance as a central feature in Mohenjodaro, reflecting the advanced engineering, social structure, and cultural practices of the Indus Valley Civilization.

The term "Neolithic" refers to the period beginning around 10,000 years ago, marked by the development of agriculture and the domestication of plants and animals. This era followed the Mesolithic period and saw significant changes in human society, including settled farming communities and advanced tool-making techniques. The transition to a Neolithic lifestyle was a major milestone in human history, fundamentally altering the way people lived and interacted with their environment.

B

Mahajanapadas built fortified capital cities primarily for protection against attacks from other kings. The massive walls made of wood, brick, or stone helped defend the cities and showcase the rulers' power and wealth.

Megaliths: More than Burial Markers
Megaliths are large stone structures that have been used across various cultures and time periods. While they are often associated with burial sites, their functions extend far beyond this singular purpose.
Key Functions of Megaliths
- Burial Sites: Many megaliths indeed serve as grave markers or tombs, often associated with rituals surrounding death and the afterlife.
- Ceremonial Purposes: Some megaliths were likely used for religious or ceremonial gatherings, serving as places for rituals and community events.
- Astronomical Alignments: Certain megalithic structures, like Stonehenge, have astronomical significance, aligning with celestial events such as solstices and equinoxes, indicating their use in tracking time and seasons.
- Territorial Markers: Megaliths may have served to demarcate boundaries and territories, signifying ownership or control over land.
- Community Identity: These structures often reflect social organization and collective identity within a community, showcasing shared beliefs and cultural practices.
Conclusion
The statement that megaliths were only used for marking burial sites is therefore False. Their diverse applications highlight the complexity of human societies that created them, serving multiple roles in cultural, spiritual, and practical contexts.