All questions of Forest Society and Colonialism for Class 9 Exam

Option d

Yes it will be correct because in colonial period profile were not allowed to go inside the forest...then how they complete their melees without forest ...so for their survival and growth they kill animals .. ..

The forest management based on scientific, technical and economic principles is what scientific forestry. ... Scientific forestry is the science of managing forests amd tree plantations. Natural forests with different types of trees were cut down and replaced with one type of tree planted in rows known as plantation.

Large areas of natural forests were cleared to make way for tea, coffee, and rubber plantations to meet europes growing need for these commodities

Option a

Policies followed by the British in India towards forests during the First and Second World Wars:
During the First and Second World Wars, the British implemented certain policies regarding forests in India. These policies aimed to meet the war needs of the British Empire. The policy followed by the British in India towards forests during this time was as follows:
1. The forest department cut trees freely to meet British war needs:
- The British Empire had a high demand for timber and other forest resources during the war.
- To fulfill this demand, the forest department in India allowed the cutting of trees on a large scale.
- The timber obtained from these forests was used for various purposes, including shipbuilding and construction.
It is important to note that the British prioritized their war needs over the conservation of forests during this period. This policy had significant implications for the environment and the local communities dependent on the forests for their livelihoods.
Therefore, the correct answer to the question is option A: The forest department cut trees freely to meet British war needs.

Forest laws and their impact on forest dwellers:
The new forest laws brought significant changes to the lives of forest dwellers. The specific change that occurred due to these laws was:
Prohibition of hunting animals:
- The forest laws prohibited people from hunting animals in the forest areas.
- This was a major shift as hunting was a traditional practice for many forest dwellers for their livelihood and sustenance.
- The prohibition aimed to protect the wildlife and preserve the ecological balance in the forests.
Impact of the hunting prohibition:
- Forest dwellers had to find alternative sources of food and income, as hunting was no longer an option.
- This led to a change in their lifestyle and economic activities.
- Many forest dwellers had to rely on agriculture or other non-forest related occupations for their livelihood.
- The prohibition also contributed to the conservation of wildlife in the forests, preventing overhunting and preserving the biodiversity.
Other changes brought by forest laws:
Though not the specific change mentioned in the question, it is worth noting that the new forest laws brought other significant changes as well. These include:
Restrictions on building houses:
- Forest laws often enforced restrictions on building houses or settlements within the forest areas.
- This aimed to protect the forest ecosystem and prevent encroachment on the forest land.
Gender restrictions:
- Some forest laws imposed restrictions on women's activities in the forest areas.
- This could include limitations on women working in the forests or participating in certain forest-related activities.
Conclusion:
The new forest laws had a profound impact on the lives of forest dwellers. The prohibition of hunting animals was one of the key changes brought by these laws, which required forest dwellers to adapt to alternative sources of livelihood. Additionally, restrictions on building houses and potential gender restrictions further altered the way forest dwellers interacted with and utilized the forest resources.

Dehradun in 1906

Option c is correct because villagers saved forests as sacred groves. colonial doesn't wanted to anger them since they had a lot of work from them. If they will come to revolt then it would not be easy for colonials to work properly at that place.

Reference :- NCERT pg no. 95 - 4.5 New developments in Forestry.

Explanation:

The correct answer is option 'C' - The Earth.

The Bastar people believe that each village was given land by the Earth. This belief reflects the indigenous worldview and their deep connection to the land. Let us delve into the details to understand this belief.

Indigenous Worldview:
- The Bastar people have an indigenous worldview that is rooted in their deep connection to nature and the land.
- They believe that the Earth is a living entity with its own consciousness and agency.
- According to their beliefs, the Earth provides sustenance, resources, and a home for all living beings.

Connection to the Land:
- The Bastar people have a strong sense of belonging to their ancestral land.
- They believe that their villages were given land by the Earth as a gift and that they have a responsibility to take care of it.
- This belief is deeply ingrained in their culture and influences their relationship with the land.

Spiritual Significance:
- For the Bastar people, the land is not just a physical space but also has spiritual significance.
- They believe that the Earth is a divine entity and that the land they inhabit is sacred.
- This belief is reflected in their rituals, ceremonies, and practices that are centered around their connection to the land.

Respect for Nature:
- The belief that each village was given land by the Earth instills a profound respect for nature in the Bastar people.
- They understand the importance of living in harmony with the natural world and preserving its resources.
- This belief guides their sustainable practices of agriculture, forest management, and resource utilization.

In conclusion, the Bastar people believe that each village was given land by the Earth. This belief is rooted in their indigenous worldview, their sense of connection to the land, and their understanding of the spiritual significance of nature. It shapes their relationship with the land and fosters a deep respect for the Earth and its resources.

By the early 19th century, oak forests in England were disappearing. This created a problem of timber supply from the Royal Navy. English ships could not be built without a regular supply of strong and durable timber. Imperial power could not be protected without ships. Therefore by the 1820's, search parties were sent to explore the forest resources of India.

Explanation:
The correct answer is A: Deforestation. Here is a detailed explanation:
Deforestation:
- Deforestation refers to the permanent removal of trees from forests and the conversion of the land for other purposes, such as agriculture, urbanization, or logging.
- It is the process by which forests are destroyed or degraded, leading to the loss of biodiversity, disruption of ecosystems, and negative impacts on climate change.
- Deforestation is often driven by human activities, including illegal logging, unsustainable agricultural practices, and the expansion of infrastructure.
- The disappearance of forests has significant consequences, including the loss of habitat for numerous plant and animal species, reduced carbon sequestration, and increased greenhouse gas emissions.
Afforestation:
- Afforestation is the process of establishing a forest, or stand of trees, in an area where there was no forest.
- Afforestation is the opposite of deforestation and aims to increase forest cover to combat climate change, restore ecosystems, and provide various ecological, economic, and social benefits.
Shelterbelts:
- Shelterbelts are rows of trees or shrubs planted to provide protection from wind and soil erosion.
- They are often used in agricultural areas to mitigate the negative impacts of wind, such as damage to crops and topsoil erosion.
- While shelterbelts can contribute to the conservation of trees and biodiversity, they do not necessarily prevent deforestation or the disappearance of forests.
All of these:
- This option is incorrect because shelterbelts do not refer to the disappearance of forests.
- The correct answer is A: Deforestation, as it specifically addresses the loss and disappearance of forests.
In conclusion, the disappearance of forests is referred to as deforestation. Deforestation is a significant global issue with impacts on biodiversity, climate change, and sustainable development. Efforts to combat deforestation and promote afforestation are crucial for the preservation of forests and the well-being of the planet.

The correct answer is option 'C' - Dehradun.

The Imperial Forest Institute was indeed set up in Dehradun. Let's delve into the details to understand why Dehradun was chosen as the location for this prestigious institute.

1. Historical Context:
During the British colonial period, the need for systematic management of forests in India was recognized. The British government realized that forests played a crucial role in the economic and strategic development of the country. To address this, they established the Imperial Forest Department in 1864, which aimed to conserve and manage forests in a sustainable manner. As part of this initiative, the Imperial Forest Institute was established in Dehradun.

2. Geographical Advantage:
Dehradun, the capital city of Uttarakhand in northern India, was chosen as the location for the Imperial Forest Institute due to its favorable geographical features. The city is nestled in the foothills of the Himalayas and is surrounded by dense forests. This made it an ideal location for studying and researching various aspects of forestry. The presence of diverse flora and fauna in the region provided ample opportunities for practical fieldwork and research.

3. Access to Forest Resources:
Dehradun's proximity to vast forest resources also played a significant role in the establishment of the Imperial Forest Institute. The region is known for its rich forest cover, including the famous Sal forests of the Shivalik Hills. This allowed the institute to have easy access to different forest types and study their ecology, management practices, and utilization methods.

4. Education and Research Hub:
Dehradun had already gained recognition as an educational and research hub during the colonial period. The city was home to several renowned institutions, including the Forest Research Institute (FRI), which was established in 1906. The presence of such institutions created a conducive environment for the growth of forestry-related education and research in Dehradun.

5. Government Support:
The British government's support and investment in forestry education and research in Dehradun further solidified its position as the ideal location for the Imperial Forest Institute. The government recognized the importance of trained forest professionals and provided resources to establish and develop the institute.

In conclusion, the Imperial Forest Institute was set up in Dehradun due to its historical context, favorable geographical features, access to forest resources, the presence of other educational institutions, and government support. These factors made Dehradun an ideal location for the institute to carry out research, education, and training in the field of forestry.

Background of Surontiko Samin
Surontiko Samin was a significant figure in the late 19th century in Indonesia, particularly in Randublatung village. His actions and beliefs marked a pivotal moment in the struggle for indigenous rights regarding land and resources.
Questioning State Ownership
- In 1890, Samin initiated a movement that fundamentally challenged the concept of state ownership of forests.
- He believed that the forests should belong to the people who lived there and relied on these resources for their livelihood.
Context of the Movement
- The Dutch colonial government had claimed ownership of vast tracts of land, including forests, which disrupted the traditional rights of local communities.
- Samin’s questioning of state authority was not just about land; it represented a broader struggle against colonial exploitation and injustice.
Impact of Samin's Movement
- Samin’s ideas inspired many in his community and beyond, leading to a grassroots movement advocating for the rights of local people.
- His actions laid the groundwork for future discussions about land rights and indigenous sovereignty.
Legacy
- Surontiko Samin is remembered as a pioneer of environmental and land rights activism in Indonesia.
- His legacy continues to influence contemporary movements advocating for the rights of indigenous peoples and sustainable forest management.
In summary, Surontiko Samin’s challenge to state ownership of forests in the 1890s was a crucial moment in the fight for indigenous rights, making the statement true.

The story of the forests and people of Bastar does not end with the rebellion of 1910 because both option (a) and (b) are true. Let's discuss each of these points in detail.

a) Practice of keeping people out of the forests and reserving them for industrial use continued even after Independence:
After the rebellion of 1910, the British government implemented policies to exclude local communities from accessing the forests in Bastar. The forests were considered as a valuable resource for commercial exploitation, and the government wanted to reserve them for industrial purposes. This practice of excluding people from the forests continued even after India gained independence. The Forest Department, which was established during the British rule, continued to wield significant control over the forests, and local communities were deprived of their traditional rights and access to forest resources.

b) The World Bank proposed that 4,600 hectares of national sal forest should be replaced by tropical pine for the paper industry. It was scrapped later:
In the 1980s, the World Bank proposed a project in Bastar that aimed to replace 4,600 hectares of national sal forest with tropical pine plantations for the paper industry. This proposal was met with strong opposition from environmental activists and local communities. The project would have resulted in the displacement of indigenous communities and the destruction of the natural ecosystem of Bastar. However, due to the resistance and protests against the project, it was eventually scrapped.

c) Both (a) and (b):
Considering the above points, option (c) is the correct answer. The story of the forests and people of Bastar does not end with the rebellion of 1910 because the practice of excluding people from the forests for industrial use continued even after Independence, and there have been instances like the World Bank proposal where attempts were made to exploit the forests for commercial gains. The struggle of the local communities and environmental activists to protect their rights and the forest ecosystem has been ongoing, making it clear that the story is not limited to a single event or period.

The Indian Forest Service was set up in 1864 by Dietrich Brandis, who was appointed as the first Inspector General of forests in India by the British.

According to the text all the above mentioned factors are responsible so the answer should be 'd'

Reserved forests were regarded as the best out of the three categories mentioned: Reserved forests, Protected forests, and Village forests.

Reserved Forests:
- Reserved forests are those forests that have been legally declared as reserved under the Indian Forest Act, 1927.
- These forests are meant for the protection and conservation of wildlife and biodiversity.
- The main objective of reserved forests is to maintain the natural ecosystem and prevent any unauthorized activities like hunting, grazing, or logging.
- Reserved forests are usually under the control and management of the government forest department.
- These forests are important for maintaining ecological balance, preserving rare and endangered species, and providing a habitat for wildlife.

Protected Forests:
- Protected forests are also areas that are legally protected under the Indian Forest Act, 1927.
- These forests are primarily meant for the conservation of forests and wildlife.
- The main difference between reserved forests and protected forests is that protected forests may have limited human activities like grazing or collection of non-timber forest products, but logging and hunting are strictly prohibited.
- Protected forests are managed by the government forest department, and the focus is on sustainable use of forest resources.

Village Forests:
- Village forests, also known as community forests, are forests that are owned and managed by local communities.
- These forests are typically found in or near villages and are used by the local communities for various purposes like grazing, collection of firewood, and non-timber forest products.
- Village forests are managed by the community members themselves, who follow traditional practices and rules for sustainable use of forest resources.
- These forests play an important role in the livelihoods of the local communities and are often considered as a common resource.

Conclusion:
While all three categories of forests have their own significance, reserved forests are regarded as the best because they are specifically designated for the protection and conservation of wildlife and biodiversity. These forests are strictly protected from any unauthorized activities and are managed by the government forest department. Reserved forests are crucial for maintaining ecological balance, preserving endangered species, and providing a natural habitat for wildlife.

Option a

Gunda Dhur is associated with the Bhumkal Rebellion of 1910. He's from Nenthanar, a village in Bastar district in Chandigarh.

Forestry is the scientific management of forests, including the conservation, utilization, and regeneration of forest resources. It plays a crucial role in maintaining the ecological balance, providing livelihood opportunities, and mitigating the impacts of climate change. Over the years, there have been several new developments in forestry, one of which is the conservation of forests.

Conservation of Forests:
The conservation of forests refers to the sustainable management and protection of forest ecosystems and their biodiversity. It involves the preservation of forests for future generations, ensuring their ecological integrity, and promoting responsible use of forest resources. Conservation measures are aimed at maintaining the overall health and productivity of forests while minimizing the negative impacts of human activities.

Importance of Forest Conservation:
Forest conservation is of utmost importance due to the following reasons:

1. Biodiversity Conservation: Forests are home to a wide range of plant and animal species, many of which are unique and endangered. By conserving forests, we protect these species from habitat loss and ensure their survival.

2. Carbon Sequestration: Forests act as carbon sinks and play a vital role in mitigating climate change. They absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, reducing its concentration and helping to combat global warming.

3. Water Conservation: Forests play a crucial role in maintaining the water cycle. They regulate the flow of water, prevent soil erosion, and recharge groundwater reserves. Conservation of forests helps in ensuring a sustainable supply of freshwater.

4. Livelihood Opportunities: Forests provide various livelihood opportunities for local communities, including timber extraction, non-timber forest products, and ecotourism. Conservation efforts can help in promoting sustainable livelihoods and improving the socio-economic well-being of communities.

5. Ecological Services: Forests provide numerous ecosystem services, such as air purification, pollination, and soil fertility. Conserving forests ensures the continued provision of these services, which are essential for human well-being.

Initiatives for Forest Conservation:
To promote forest conservation, several initiatives have been undertaken globally, such as:

1. Protected Areas: Establishing protected areas, national parks, and wildlife sanctuaries to conserve critical forest ecosystems and biodiversity.

2. Sustainable Forest Management: Adopting sustainable forest management practices that ensure the ecological, social, and economic aspects of forests are balanced.

3. Community Participation: Involving local communities in forest management and empowering them to protect and sustainably utilize forest resources.

4. Reforestation and Afforestation: Undertaking tree plantation drives and restoring degraded forests to enhance forest cover and ecosystem health.

5. Awareness and Education: Conducting awareness campaigns and educational programs to sensitize people about the importance of forests and their conservation.

Conclusion:
Conservation of forests is a crucial development in forestry as it ensures the long-term sustainability of forest resources and the preservation of ecological balance. It involves a holistic approach that considers the needs of both present and future generations. Through various initiatives and efforts, forest conservation plays a vital role in promoting environmental stewardship and sustainable development.

Rebellion in Bastar in 1910
The first rebellion in Bastar took place in 1910. Here is a detailed explanation of the events surrounding this rebellion:
Background:
- Bastar is a region located in the present-day Chhattisgarh state of India.
- It was ruled by a dynasty known as the Kakatiyas.
- The British colonialists had established their presence in the region and were exerting control over the local population.
Causes of the Rebellion:
- The British administration imposed heavy taxes on the people of Bastar, leading to economic hardships.
- The exploitation of local resources by the British, such as timber and minerals, further aggravated the situation.
- The people of Bastar were also subjected to forced labor and other forms of oppression.
The Rebellion:
- In 1910, the people of Bastar rose up against the British rule in a rebellion.
- The rebellion was led by the local tribal leaders and peasants, who were joined by various sections of society.
- The rebels attacked British officials, government buildings, and other symbols of colonial power.
- The rebellion lasted for several months, during which the British forces struggled to suppress the uprising.
Outcome:
- Despite the initial success of the rebellion, the British eventually managed to quell the uprising.
- The rebels faced heavy casualties and were unable to sustain their resistance against the well-equipped British forces.
- The rebellion did, however, serve as a catalyst for future movements against British rule in the region.
Overall, the first rebellion in Bastar took place in 1910 and was a significant event in the history of the region's struggle against colonial oppression.

Option A is correct