All questions of The Delhi Sultanate for UPSC CSE Exam

Alai darwaza is a correct answer.

Answer is d here

Ala-ud-din Khalji

Ala-ud-din Khalji was the name of the Delhi Sultan who belongs to credit for being the first sultan of Delhi to lay the foundation of a permanent standing army. He was the second ruler of the Khalji dynasty and ruled from 1296 to 1316.

Significance of Permanent Standing Army

Ala-ud-din Khalji realized the importance of a permanent standing army for the stability and security of his kingdom. He understood that a standing army could be quickly mobilized in case of any external or internal threats to the kingdom. With the help of his able general Malik Kafur, he reorganized and strengthened the army.

Composition of the Army

The standing army of Ala-ud-din Khalji was composed of infantry, cavalry, and elephants. The cavalry was the backbone of the army, and the soldiers were well-armed with swords, spears, and bows. The elephants were used for transportation and as a means of attack during battles.

Reforms in Administration

Apart from the establishment of a permanent standing army, Ala-ud-din Khalji also introduced several administrative reforms. He centralized the administration and divided the kingdom into provinces, each under the control of a governor. He also introduced a system of spies to keep a check on the activities of his nobles.

Importance of Ala-ud-din Khalji's Reign

The reign of Ala-ud-din Khalji was significant in the history of India. He was a strong and able ruler who brought stability and prosperity to the kingdom. His reforms in the army and administration laid the foundation for a strong and centralized kingdom. He was also a patron of art and literature, and several monuments were built during his reign, including the famous Qutub Minar in Delhi.

D

Author who translated Bhagavat Gita into Bengali

Author: Maladhar Vasu

Explanation: Maladhar Vasu was a 19th century Bengali author and translator who is best known for his translation of the Bhagavat Gita into Bengali. His translation, which was published in 1887, is considered one of the most accurate and faithful translations of the text in the Bengali language. Maladhar Vasu was also a prolific writer in his own right, having authored several books and essays on a variety of subjects, including religion, philosophy, and literature.

Other options:
a) Krithivas - Krithivas Ojha was a 15th century poet and scholar who is best known for his work on the Ramayana. He did not translate the Bhagavat Gita into Bengali.

b) Kavindra - There is no known author by the name of Kavindra who translated the Bhagavat Gita into Bengali.

d) Srikar Nandi - There is no known author by the name of Srikar Nandi who translated the Bhagavat Gita into Bengali.

¶¶Chahalgani refers to the group of forty important nobles set up by Iltutmish.They were very powerful and were well-known to the Sultan.But after the period of Iltutmish, the power of the Chalgans was put down by Balban.

¶¶ so the option a is correct.

Tughlaq architecture and Sloping walls

Tughlaq architecture is a significant architectural style that was developed during the Tughlaq dynasty in India. The Tughlaq dynasty was established by Ghiyas-ud-din Tughlaq in 1320, and it lasted until 1412. The Tughlaq dynasty was known for its grand architectural designs and innovative construction techniques.

One of the most striking features of Tughlaq architecture was sloping walls or batter. The sloping walls of Tughlaq buildings gave them a unique look and also served a functional purpose. The sloping walls helped to distribute the weight of the building more evenly and also made the structure more stable. The sloping walls were also designed to make the building more resistant to earthquakes.

Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq and Firuz Tughlaq

While sloping walls were a significant feature of Tughlaq architecture, they were absent in the buildings of Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq and Firuz Tughlaq. Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq was the second ruler of the Tughlaq dynasty, and he ruled from 1325 to 1351. He was known for his eccentricities and his unsuccessful attempts to shift the capital of the empire from Delhi to Daulatabad.

Firuz Tughlaq was the last ruler of the Tughlaq dynasty, and he ruled from 1351 to 1388. Firuz Tughlaq was known for his administrative reforms and his patronage of the arts, but his architectural designs did not include sloping walls.

Conclusion

In conclusion, sloping walls were a significant feature of Tughlaq architecture, and they were absent in the buildings of Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq and Firuz Tughlaq. The sloping walls of Tughlaq buildings gave them a unique look and also served a functional purpose, making the structure more stable and earthquake-resistant.

Introduction:
The Sultanate period in India began with the establishment of the Delhi Sultanate in 1206 CE by Qutub-ud-din Aibak. However, it was Firuz Tughlaq who initiated the policy of associating Indian Muslims with administration.

Firuz Tughlaq:
- Firuz Tughlaq ruled the Delhi Sultanate from 1351 to 1388 CE.
- He was the third ruler of the Tughlaq dynasty.
- Firuz Tughlaq was known for his administrative reforms and policies.
- He initiated the policy of associating Indian Muslims with administration.
- He appointed Hindus to high positions in the administration and military.
- Firuz Tughlaq also started the practice of granting lands to the scholars and Sufis.

Policy of associating Indian Muslims with administration:
- Before Firuz Tughlaq, the administration was dominated by the Turks and Afghans who had come to India as conquerors.
- Firuz Tughlaq realized that the local Muslims who had converted to Islam were being ignored in the administration.
- He started appointing Indian Muslims to high positions in the administration.
- This policy helped in creating a sense of belonging among the Indian Muslims and also helped in integrating them into the mainstream society.

Impact of the policy:
- The policy of associating Indian Muslims with administration helped in creating a sense of unity among the diverse communities of India.
- It also helped in creating a new class of Indian Muslims who were loyal to the Sultan and the Delhi Sultanate.
- The policy also helped in reducing the influence of the Turkish and Afghan nobles who were often at loggerheads with each other.

Conclusion:
Firuz Tughlaq's policy of associating Indian Muslims with administration was a significant step towards creating a sense of unity among the diverse communities of India. The policy helped in integrating the Indian Muslims into the mainstream society and reducing the influence of the Turkish and Afghan nobles.

Minhaj-ud-din

Minhaj-ud-din, also known as Minhaj-i-Siraj, was the author of the Tabaqat-i-Nasiri. The Tabaqat-i-Nasiri is a valuable historical work that provides insights into the history of the Delhi Sultanate during the 13th century.

About Minhaj-ud-din

Minhaj-ud-din was a Persian historian and chronicler who lived during the medieval period in India. He served as a court historian under Sultan Nasiruddin Mahmud of the Slave Dynasty in Delhi.

Tabaqat-i-Nasiri

The Tabaqat-i-Nasiri is Minhaj-ud-din's most famous work, which he completed in 1260. It is a comprehensive historical chronicle that covers the reigns of various rulers of the Delhi Sultanate up to that time. The text provides detailed accounts of political events, military campaigns, and administrative developments during the period.

Significance

Minhaj-ud-din's Tabaqat-i-Nasiri is considered an important source for understanding the political and social history of medieval India. It offers valuable insights into the power struggles, court intrigues, and cultural developments of the time. The work is highly regarded for its detailed and systematic approach to recording historical events.

Overall, Minhaj-ud-din's Tabaqat-i-Nasiri stands as a testament to his scholarship and dedication to preserving the history of the Delhi Sultanate for future generations to study and appreciate.

Answer is d here

Nagara Style Architecture:

The tall curved spiral roof and the mandapam (ante-room) were features of the Nagara style of architecture. It is a style of architecture that is typical of North India, particularly in the regions of Rajasthan, Gujarat, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, and Bihar.

Features of Nagara Style Architecture:

1. Shikhara: The shikhara or the tower is the most prominent feature of Nagara style architecture. It is a tall and curvaceous structure that is often adorned with intricate carvings and sculptures.

2. Mandapa: The mandapa is an ante-room that is often placed in front of a temple. It is a pillared hall that is used for various religious and cultural activities.

3. Garbhagriha: The garbhagriha or the sanctum sanctorum is the innermost chamber of the temple where the main deity is placed.

4. Amalaka: The amalaka is a disk-shaped structure that is placed on top of the shikhara. It is often decorated with carvings and sculptures.

5. Kalasha: The kalasha is a pot-shaped structure that is placed on top of the amalaka. It is considered to be a symbol of prosperity and abundance.

6. Pradakshina Patha: The pradakshina patha is a circumambulatory path that is present around the garbhagriha. It is used for circumambulating the main deity during the worship.

Conclusion:

Thus, the Nagara style of architecture is a unique and beautiful form of architecture that is known for its tall, curvaceous towers and intricate carvings and sculptures. It is a style that is deeply rooted in Indian culture and tradition and continues to inspire architects and designers even today.

(A)

Mitakshara was a famous Hindu school of law. It is associated with Vijnaneshwara, a renowned scholar of law and the author of Mitakshara. Let's understand this in detail.

Introduction to Mitakshara
Mitakshara is a commentary on the Yajnavalkya Smriti, which is one of the important texts of Hindu law. Mitakshara was written by Vijnaneshwara in the 12th century AD. It is considered as one of the most authoritative commentaries on Hindu law.

Vijnaneshwara
Vijnaneshwara was a Hindu scholar who lived in the 12th century AD. He was born in South India and served as a minister in the court of the Chalukya king Vikramaditya VI. Vijnaneshwara was a great scholar of law and wrote Mitakshara, which became one of the most important commentaries on Hindu law.

Mitakshara School of Law
The Mitakshara School of Law is one of the six schools of Hindu law in India. It is prevalent in North India, especially in the states of Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, and Rajasthan. Mitakshara School of Law is based on the principle of joint family property. According to this school, ancestral property is inherited by all the sons equally. The property is not divided but is held jointly by all the members of the family. The share of each member is not fixed and can vary depending on various factors such as age, gender, and conduct.

Conclusion
Thus, Mitakshara was a famous Hindu school of law associated with Vijnaneshwara. Mitakshara is a commentary on the Yajnavalkya Smriti and is considered as one of the most authoritative commentaries on Hindu law. The Mitakshara School of Law is based on the principle of joint family property and is prevalent in North India.

A

Introduction:
Islamic architecture in India is known for its grandeur and intricate designs. It is a blend of Persian, Turkish, and indigenous Indian architectural styles. Masonry, the art of building structures using individual units laid and bound together, is a prominent feature of Islamic architecture in India.

Explanation:
The correct answer to the question is option 'B' - Dressed stone. Dressed stone refers to stones that have been shaped and finished to fit together smoothly. This technique was extensively used in the construction of Islamic architectural marvels in India.

Reasons for the correct answer:
1. Strength and durability: Dressed stone provides strength and durability to the structures. The stones are carefully shaped and polished, ensuring a tight fit and reducing the chances of structural damage over time.

2. Smooth finish: Dressed stones have a smooth finish, which enhances the aesthetic appeal of the architecture. The intricate carvings and designs on the stones stand out and create a visually pleasing effect.

3. Architectural precision: The use of dressed stones allows for precise construction. The stones can be cut into various shapes and sizes to fit specific architectural requirements. This precision is crucial for the intricate patterns and designs seen in Islamic architecture.

4. Consistency: Dressed stones offer consistency in terms of size and shape. This uniformity is important for maintaining symmetry and balance in the overall design of the structures.

5. Adaptability: Dressed stones can be easily adapted to different architectural styles and can be used in various structural elements such as domes, arches, and minarets. This versatility allows architects to create unique and diverse designs.

6. Historical significance: The extensive use of dressed stone in Islamic architecture in India reflects the influence of Persian and Turkish architectural styles. It showcases the mastery of craftsmen and the cultural exchange that took place during that era.

Conclusion:
Islamic architecture in India is characterized by the use of dressed stone in its construction. This technique provides strength, durability, precision, and aesthetic appeal to the structures. The extensive use of dressed stone in Islamic architecture is a testament to the architectural brilliance and cultural amalgamation of the time.

B

Author of Fatawa-i-Jahandari
Fatawa-i-Jahandari was written by Ziauddin Barani, who was a medieval Muslim historian and political thinker from the Delhi Sultanate.

Ziauddin Barani
Ziauddin Barani was a prominent figure during the rule of the Tughlaq dynasty in India. He served as a court historian and held various administrative positions in the Sultanate. Barani was known for his critical analysis of the political events of his time and his works provide valuable insights into the socio-political conditions of medieval India.

Significance of Fatawa-i-Jahandari
Fatawa-i-Jahandari is a collection of his political writings and opinions on governance. It provides a detailed account of the administrative policies and practices of the Delhi Sultanate. Barani's work is considered important for understanding the political history of medieval India and the challenges faced by the rulers of that period.

Conclusion
In conclusion, Fatawa-i-Jahandari was authored by Ziauddin Barani, a prominent historian and political thinker of the Delhi Sultanate. His work remains significant for scholars studying the history and politics of medieval India.

Opt a

The correct chronological order in which these sultans of Delhi ruled is:

(i) Ibrahim Ruknuddin
(ii) Shihabuddin Umar
(iii) Ala-ud-din Khalji
(iv) Mubarak Shah
(v) Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq

Now, let's understand why option 'B' is the correct answer.

Explanation:

- Ibrahim Ruknuddin: He was the Sultan of Delhi from 1236 to 1240. He was the successor of Razia Sultana and ruled for a short period before being overthrown by Shamsuddin Iltutmish, who established the Slave Dynasty.

- Shihabuddin Umar: He was the Sultan of Delhi from 1240 to 1242. He was the son of Iltutmish and ruled for a brief period before being assassinated.

- Ala-ud-din Khalji: He was the Sultan of Delhi from 1296 to 1316. He was the most powerful ruler of the Khalji dynasty and is known for his military campaigns, administrative reforms, and economic policies. He expanded the Delhi Sultanate to its greatest extent.

- Mubarak Shah: He was the Sultan of Delhi from 1316 to 1320. He was the last ruler of the Khalji dynasty and faced numerous revolts and conflicts during his reign. He was eventually overthrown by Ghazi Malik, who established the Tughlaq dynasty.

- Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq: He was the Sultan of Delhi from 1320 to 1325. He founded the Tughlaq dynasty and is known for his ambitious projects, such as the construction of Tughlaqabad Fort. However, his reign was marked by economic instability and revolts, leading to his assassination in 1325.

Therefore, the correct chronological order is I, II, III, IV, V, which corresponds to option 'B'.

Majlis-i-Am or Majlis-i-Kahlawat were important councils during the Sultanate period in India.

Meaning of Majlis-i-Am/Majlis-i-Kahlawat:
Majlis-i-Am means the council of the common people, while Majlis-i-Kahlawat refers to the council of nobles.

Purpose of Majlis-i-Am/Majlis-i-Kahlawat:
The purpose of these councils was to ensure good governance and effective administration of the state.

Functions of Majlis-i-Am/Majlis-i-Kahlawat:
1. Advice to the Sultan: Both Majlis-i-Am and Majlis-i-Kahlawat were the advisory bodies to the Sultan. They advised the Sultan on important matters of the state.

2. Administration: Majlis-i-Am was responsible for the administration of the state. They were in charge of the accounts and receipts.

3. Law and Order: Majlis-i-Kahlawat was responsible for maintaining law and order in the state. They were the custodian of peace and order.

4. Judicial Functions: The councils had the power to settle disputes and make decisions on legal matters.

Conclusion:
In a nutshell, Majlis-i-Am and Majlis-i-Kahlawat were important councils during the Sultanate period. They played a crucial role in the governance of the state, advised the Sultan on important matters, and ensured law and order in the state.

Nature of Muslim State in India during Sultanate Period

During the Sultanate period in India (1206-1526), a number of Muslim dynasties ruled India, including the Delhi Sultanate, the Khilji Dynasty, the Tughlaq Dynasty, and the Lodi Dynasty. The nature of the Muslim state in India during this period can be described in the following ways:

Militaristic and Aristocratic

- The Muslim rulers of India during the Sultanate period were primarily military men, who had come to India as conquerors. They were often referred to as sultans, which means "chiefs" or "commanders" in Arabic.
- The Muslim state in India was militaristic in nature, with the sultan and his army at the center of power. The sultan was the ultimate authority in the state, and his word was law.
- The Muslim state was also aristocratic, with the sultan and his courtiers living in luxury and surrounded by wealth and privilege. The sultan's court was a place of great pomp and ceremony, with elaborate rituals and ceremonies.

Notion of Privileges and Power

- The Muslim state in India was not based on the idea of equality, but on the notion of privileges and power. The sultan and his courtiers enjoyed many privileges and exemptions from the law that were not available to ordinary people.
- The Muslim state was also characterized by a hierarchical social order, in which people were ranked according to their class, occupation, and religion. At the top of the social hierarchy were the Muslims, who enjoyed the greatest privileges and power, while at the bottom were the low-caste Hindus and other marginalized groups.

Tacit Sharing of Power

- Despite the hierarchical nature of the Muslim state in India, there was some degree of tacit sharing of power between the rural Hindu aristocracy and the city-based administrators. The sultan relied on the support of the local elites to maintain his authority, and often appointed Hindu officials to important positions in the state.
- However, the relationship between the Muslim rulers and the Hindu elites was often uneasy, and there were frequent conflicts and power struggles between the two groups.

Overall, the nature of the Muslim state in India during the Sultanate period was complex and multifaceted, characterized by a mixture of militarism, aristocracy, hierarchy, and power struggles.

Introduction:
With the arrival of the Turks in India, there was a significant influence on architecture, leading to the introduction of new elements in construction.

Arch:
- The use of arches became prevalent in Indian architecture with the influence of Turkish architectural styles.
- Arches not only added structural strength but also provided aesthetic appeal to the buildings.

Minaret:
- Minarets, tall slender towers typically found adjacent to mosques, were introduced on a large scale with the coming of the Turks.
- These minarets served as visual markers for mosques and were used for the call to prayer.

Dome:
- Domes, hemispherical structures that often crown buildings, also became prominent in Indian architecture due to Turkish influence.
- Domes were used to cover large interior spaces and were a symbol of grandeur and power.

Impact of Turkish Influence:
- The introduction of arches, minarets, and domes transformed the architectural landscape of India.
- These elements not only added to the beauty of buildings but also showcased the technological advancements in construction techniques.
- The fusion of Turkish and Indian architectural styles created a unique blend that continues to influence architecture in the region.
In conclusion, the arrival of the Turks in India brought about a significant change in architecture, with the widespread use of arches, minarets, and domes. These elements not only added to the structural integrity of buildings but also contributed to the visual appeal and grandeur of Indian architecture.

The correct answer is option 'C' - I, II, III.

Explanation:
I. The Hindu and Muslim upper classes did not have much social intercourse between them in the Sultanate period.
- In the Sultanate period, which lasted from the 13th to the 16th century, there was a significant divide between the Hindu and Muslim upper classes.
- The ruling Muslim elite considered themselves superior to the Hindu upper classes, and as a result, there was limited social interaction between the two groups.
- The Muslim elites held positions of power and authority in the Sultanate, while the Hindu upper classes were often marginalized and excluded from political power.
- This lack of social intercourse between the two groups was a reflection of the social and political divide that existed during this period.

II. The Hindu upper castes applied to the Muslims the restrictions they applied to the Shudras.
- The Hindu caste system divided society into hierarchical groups, with the Brahmins at the top and the Shudras at the bottom.
- The upper castes, including the Brahmins and Kshatriyas, enjoyed higher social status and privileges compared to the lower castes.
- During the Sultanate period, some of the upper castes applied the same restrictions they applied to the Shudras to the Muslims.
- This was done in an attempt to maintain their social superiority and to differentiate themselves from the ruling Muslim elite.
- However, it is important to note that not all Hindu upper castes applied these restrictions to Muslims, and there were variations in social interactions between different regions and communities.

III. Caste restrictions had not closed social intercourse between the Muslims and the upper caste Hindus and the Shudras.
- Despite the social divide and restrictions imposed by the Hindu upper castes, social intercourse between Muslims and upper caste Hindus and Shudras was not completely closed during the Sultanate period.
- There were instances of intermarriage and social interaction between the two communities, particularly in regions where the divide was not as rigid.
- Trade and commerce also facilitated some level of social interaction between Muslims and upper caste Hindus and Shudras.
- It is important to recognize that social interactions were not uniform across the Sultanate period and varied based on regional and local dynamics.

In conclusion, during the Sultanate period, there was limited social intercourse between the Hindu and Muslim upper classes. The Hindu upper castes did apply some restrictions to Muslims, similar to those applied to the Shudras, but this was not universal. Despite these restrictions, social intercourse between Muslims and upper caste Hindus and Shudras was not completely closed, with instances of intermarriage and trade facilitating some level of interaction.

Wrong

Provincial Governors of the Delhi Sultanate:

The Delhi Sultanate was a Muslim kingdom in South Asia that existed from 1206 to 1526. It was ruled by a series of sultans who had a strong centralized system of administration. The provincial governors of the Delhi Sultanate were called Walis or Muqtis.

Explanation:

1. Meaning of Walis or Muqtis:
The term "Walis" or "Muqtis" refers to the provincial governors of the Delhi Sultanate. They were appointed by the Sultan to administer and collect revenue from the provinces.

2. Role of Walis or Muqtis:
The Walis or Muqtis were responsible for maintaining law and order in their respective provinces. They were also responsible for collecting taxes and revenue on behalf of the Sultan. They had a significant amount of power and were accountable to the Sultan.

3. Appointment of Walis or Muqtis:
The appointment of Walis or Muqtis was usually done by the Sultan himself. They were appointed based on their loyalty and efficiency. The Sultan would also consider their previous record of service before making the appointment.

4. Power of Walis or Muqtis:
The Walis or Muqtis had a significant amount of power in their respective provinces. They had the authority to make decisions on behalf of the Sultan and had the power to collect taxes and revenue from the people. They were also responsible for maintaining law and order in their provinces.

Conclusion:

In conclusion, the provincial governors of the Delhi Sultanate were called Walis or Muqtis. They were responsible for maintaining law and order in their respective provinces, collecting taxes and revenue, and making decisions on behalf of the Sultan. They had a significant amount of power and were accountable to the Sultan.

The correct answer is option 'C' - Maladhar Basu.

Explanation:
The Bhagavata, also known as the Srimad Bhagavatam, is one of the eighteen Puranas in the Hindu tradition. It is a sacred text that narrates the story of Lord Krishna, his divine pastimes, and various other aspects of Hindu philosophy and spirituality.

The Bhagavata was originally written in Sanskrit by the sage Vyasa. Over time, it has been translated into various regional languages to make it accessible to people from different linguistic backgrounds. One such translation is in Bengali.

The Bengali translation of the Bhagavata was done by Maladhar Basu. Maladhar Basu was a prominent medieval Bengali poet and scholar who lived in the 15th century. He is best known for his epic poem "Sri Krishna Vijaya," which is a retelling of the life and exploits of Lord Krishna. Maladhar Basu was deeply influenced by the Bhagavata and its teachings, which inspired him to translate the text into Bengali.

Maladhar Basu's Bengali translation of the Bhagavata is considered to be a significant contribution to Bengali literature and religious discourse. It helped popularize the Bhagavata and its teachings among the Bengali-speaking population, making it more accessible and relatable to them.

The Bengali translation of the Bhagavata by Maladhar Basu preserves the essence and teachings of the original text while presenting it in a language and style that is familiar to the Bengali-speaking audience. This translation played a crucial role in spreading the message of the Bhagavata in Bengal and contributed to the development of devotional literature in the region.

In conclusion, the Bhagavata was translated into Bengali by Maladhar Basu, a renowned medieval Bengali poet and scholar. His translation made the sacred text accessible to the Bengali-speaking population and played a significant role in popularizing the Bhagavata in Bengal.

Tughlaq architecture was a distinctive style of architecture that flourished during the Tughlaq dynasty in India. This architecture was characterized by a unique blend of Islamic, Indian, and Persian architectural styles. One of the significant features of Tughlaq architecture was the deliberate attempt to combine the principles of the arch and the lintel and beam in their buildings.

Firuz Tughlaq was one of the most prominent rulers of the Tughlaq dynasty, and he was known for his architectural prowess. The unique combination of the arch and the lintel and beam can be found in a marked manner in the buildings of Firuz Tughlaq.

Below are some of the examples of Tughlaq architecture that showcase this unique feature:

1. Tughlaqabad Fort: The Tughlaqabad Fort was built by Ghiyas-ud-din Tughlaq, but it was completed by Firuz Tughlaq. The fort is an excellent example of Tughlaq architecture, and it showcases the unique combination of the arch and the lintel and beam.

2. Adilabad Fort: The Adilabad Fort was built by Muhammad Tughlaq, and it is another example of Tughlaq architecture. The fort features the unique combination of the arch and the lintel and beam.

3. Hauz Khas: Hauz Khas is a complex of buildings that was built during the reign of Firuz Tughlaq. The complex showcases the unique blend of Islamic, Indian, and Persian architectural styles, and it features the unique combination of the arch and the lintel and beam.

In conclusion, the deliberate attempt to combine the principles of the arch and the lintel and beam in their buildings was a significant feature of Tughlaq architecture. This unique feature can be found in a marked manner in the buildings of Firuz Tughlaq. The Tughlaqabad Fort, Adilabad Fort, and Hauz Khas are some of the examples of Tughlaq architecture that showcase this unique feature.

Answer:

Gujarat was a seat of Hindu craftsmanship.

Explanation:

Hindu craftsmen were known for their skills in creating exquisite works of art. The province of Gujarat was one of the most important centers of Hindu craftsmanship in India. The craftsmen of Gujarat were known for their intricate metalwork, textile production, and wood carving. They created beautiful pieces of art that were highly valued and sought after.

The craftsmen of Gujarat were skilled in many different techniques. They were experts in metalwork, and they created beautiful pieces using gold, silver, and copper. They were also skilled in textile production, and they created intricate designs and patterns on fabrics such as silk and cotton. The craftsmen of Gujarat were also known for their wood carving, and they created beautiful pieces of furniture, doors, and windows.

The art of Hindu craftsmanship in Gujarat was influenced by many different factors. The craftsmen were influenced by the religion and culture of the region, as well as by the natural environment. They used local materials such as wood, cotton, and silk to create their works of art. They were also influenced by the trade routes that passed through the region, and they incorporated elements from other cultures into their work.

In conclusion, Gujarat was a seat of Hindu craftsmanship. The craftsmen of Gujarat were known for their skills in metalwork, textile production, and wood carving. They created beautiful pieces of art that were highly valued and sought after. The art of Hindu craftsmanship in Gujarat was influenced by many different factors, including religion, culture, and the natural environment.

The correct answer is option 'D' - all of the above.

The Iqta system was a significant administrative and economic system that existed during the medieval period in the Indian subcontinent. It was a form of land revenue assignment in which the state granted revenue rights over a piece of land to a person, known as the muqti or iqta holder. This system played a crucial role in the administration and revenue collection of the state.

Let's break down each statement and understand why it is correct:

1. It was a grant of taxation over lands.
The Iqta system involved the grant of revenue collection rights over a piece of land to an individual. This meant that the iqta holder had the authority to collect taxes and revenue from the land, which was then used to support the administrative and military expenses of the state. So, statement 'a' is correct.

2. The officer holding the charge of a large iqta is known as Muqti.
The term "muqti" refers to the officer or individual who held the charge of an iqta. The muqti was responsible for managing the land, collecting revenue, and ensuring the smooth functioning of the administration in the assigned area. So, statement 'b' is correct.

3. The iqta was a piece of landed property received by a person from the state and signified revenue assignments.
The term "iqta" refers to the piece of land that was assigned to an individual by the state. This land was considered as a revenue assignment, which means that the iqta holder had the right to collect revenue from the land. The iqta system played a crucial role in the revenue administration of the state. So, statement 'c' is correct.

Therefore, all of the statements - a), b), and c) - are correct, making option 'D' the correct answer. The Iqta system was an important aspect of medieval governance and revenue collection in the Indian subcontinent.

Title: Author of the book "Tuti Name"

Background: The book "Tuti Name" was written in the time of Muhammad Tughlaq and became popular. It was later translated from Persian into Turkish.

Answer: The author of the book "Tuti Name" was Zia Nakshabi.

Explanation:

• The book "Tuti Name" is a collection of moral stories and animal fables featuring a parrot as the narrator.

• It was written in Persian during the reign of Muhammad Tughlaq, a ruler of the Delhi Sultanate, in the 14th century.

• The book's popularity led to its translation into other languages, including Turkish.

• The author of "Tuti Name" was Zia Nakshabi, a Persian poet and writer who lived in the 14th century.

• Nakshabi was also known for his other works, including "Khosrow and Shirin" and "Gul u Nawruz."

• His writing style was characterized by the use of simple and clear language, making his works accessible to a wide audience.

• "Tuti Name" continues to be read and enjoyed by people around the world, centuries after it was first written.

In conclusion, the author of the book "Tuti Name" was Zia Nakshabi, a Persian poet and writer who lived in the 14th century. His work has endured for centuries and continues to be appreciated by readers today.

Historical Context
The construction of a mosque on the dargah of Nizamuddin Auliya is a significant event in the history of Delhi. Nizamuddin Auliya was a revered Sufi saint of the Chishti order, known for his spiritual teachings and community service. His dargah attracts numerous devotees, and the site has historical importance.
Alauddin Khalji's Contribution
- Patronage of Sufism: Alauddin Khalji, the ruler from 1296 to 1316, was known for his patronage of Sufi saints and their teachings. He recognized the influence of Sufi orders in promoting social harmony and sought to gain the support of the common people.
- Construction of the Mosque: In honor of Nizamuddin Auliya, Alauddin Khalji built the famous "Jama Masjid" adjacent to the dargah. This mosque served not only as a place of worship but also as a symbol of the Sultan's respect for the saint and his teachings.
- Cultural Integration: The mosque reflects the blending of Islamic architecture with local traditions and Sufi ideals, showcasing the Sultan's intent to unite his reign with the spiritual essence of the city.
Significance of the Mosque
- Spiritual Importance: The mosque has become an integral part of the dargah complex, facilitating prayers and gatherings for followers of Nizamuddin Auliya.
- Architectural Heritage: The structure represents a significant phase in Indo-Islamic architecture, marking a period of growth in religious and cultural exchanges.
In conclusion, Alauddin Khalji's construction of a mosque on the dargah of Nizamuddin Auliya underscores his commitment to Sufism and the cultural tapestry of Delhi, making option 'A' the correct answer.

Tughlaq Buildings and the Use of Greystone

Introduction
The Tughlaq dynasty was a medieval Indian dynasty that ruled over the Delhi Sultanate from 1320 to 1414. The Tughlaq rulers commissioned several architectural marvels, including palaces, fortresses, mosques, and tombs. One distinctive feature of Tughlaq buildings is the predominant use of greystone as a construction material.

Explanation
The correct answer to the given question is option 'A' - Greystone. The Tughlaq rulers, especially Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq and Muhammad bin Tughlaq, favored the use of greystone as it was locally available, durable, and aesthetically pleasing. They used it extensively in the construction of their buildings for various reasons.

Availability
Greystone, also known as Delhi quartzite, was abundantly available in the region. It was found in the Aravalli range of hills, which provided a ready supply of the material for construction purposes. The proximity of the quarries to the construction sites made greystone a convenient and cost-effective choice.

Durability
Greystone is a type of sandstone that is known for its durability and weather resistance. It can withstand the test of time and is resistant to erosion from wind, rain, and other natural elements. This made it an ideal choice for constructing long-lasting buildings that could withstand the harsh climatic conditions of the region.

Aesthetics
Greystone has a unique texture and color that adds to the architectural beauty of the buildings. It has a warm, earthy tone with hints of red and brown, which gives a distinct character to the structures. The Tughlaq buildings, such as the Tughlaqabad Fort and Adilabad Fort, showcase the aesthetic appeal of greystone with their imposing structures and intricate carvings.

Examples of Tughlaq Buildings
1. Tughlaqabad Fort: Built by Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq, this massive fort was constructed using greystone. The fort's walls, bastions, and gates were made of greystone, which contributed to its strength and grandeur.
2. Adilabad Fort: Another notable example of Tughlaq architecture, the Adilabad Fort, also known as Muhammadabad Fort, was constructed using greystone. The fort's massive walls and bastions are made of greystone, showcasing the durability and aesthetic appeal of the material.

Conclusion
In conclusion, the Tughlaq rulers of the Delhi Sultanate extensively used greystone in the construction of their buildings. The availability, durability, and aesthetic appeal of greystone made it a preferred choice for the Tughlaq architects. Examples of Tughlaq buildings such as Tughlaqabad Fort and Adilabad Fort showcase the grandeur and beauty of greystone architecture.