All questions of Nationalist Movement (1905-1947) for UPSC CSE Exam

Explanation:

Split in Congress:

- The Congress split in 1907 at Surat session due to ideological differences between moderates and extremists.
- The moderates were led by Gopal Krishna Gokhale and the extremists were led by Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Lala Lajpat Rai, and Bipin Chandra Pal.

Different Approaches:

- The moderates supported the resolutions on Swaraj (self-rule), Swadeshi (boycott of foreign goods), and Boycott of foreign goods as proposed by extremists but differed in the approach to implement these ideas.
- Moderates believed in constitutional methods and believed in gradual reform while extremists believed in more radical methods and direct action.

Presidential Candidate:

- In the Surat session, extremists wanted Lala Lajpat Rai or Bal Gangadhar Tilak as the presidential candidate of Congress.
- Moderates supported Dr. Rashbihari Ghosh, a moderate leader from Bengal, as the presidential candidate.

Correct option:

- Option B is correct as statement 2 is true and statement 1 is not completely correct. While moderates supported the resolutions proposed by extremists, they differed in their approach to implement these ideas.

D

It was decided to limit the Swadeshi and Boycott movement to the Bengal region only.

Lord Lytton to strengthen the financial power took many steps like

• encourage the provinces in collecting the revenue.
• Abolished many import duty and supported free trade policy for the British.
• He also introduced the Statutory Civil Service exclusively for Indians, which was later abolished.

The manifesto was an extremist project, so all options other than A can be rejected because they were all moderates. It was a manifesto of the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association (HSRA).

Salient features of this act were as follows:

• Congress would participate in the Round Table Conference.
• Congress would discontinue the Civil Disobedience Movement.
• The Government would withdraw all ordinances issued to curb the Congress.
• The Government would withdraw all prosecutions relating to offences other than a violent one.
• The Government would release all persons undergoing sentences of imprisonment for their activities in the civil disobedience movement.
• Manufacture of salt by Indians will be allowed.

Objectives of the Home Rule League movement were to

• Establish self-government.
• Build up agitation for home rule by promoting political education and discussion.
• Build the confidence of the Indians against the suppression of the British government and create an alternative movement to break the existing state of stagnation and inertia.
• Revive the political activity on their own while maintaining the principles of congress.
• Demand For Greater Political Representation from the British government.

Overview of the Civil Disobedience Movement
The Civil Disobedience Movement, launched in 1930, was a significant phase in the Indian struggle for independence from British rule. Several statements have been made regarding this movement, and analyzing them helps clarify historical facts.
Statement 1: Official Approval by Congress
- The movement was initiated by Mahatma Gandhi without formal approval from the Indian National Congress (INC).
- The Congress was divided on the method and timing of launching such a mass movement.
Statement 2: 26th January as Independence Day
- The decision to observe 26th January as Independence Day was indeed made during the Civil Disobedience Movement.
- The INC declared this day in 1930 to symbolize the demand for complete independence.
Statement 3: Round Table Conferences
- The Round Table Conferences were convened in 1930, 1931, and 1932, but they were not exclusively a result of the Civil Disobedience Movement.
- The British Government's need to negotiate with Indian leaders was a broader context that included various factors.
Statement 4: Withdrawal of the Movement
- The movement was temporarily withdrawn in 1934 due to escalating violence, particularly after the incident at the Salt March and subsequent clashes.
- Gandhi believed in non-violence, and the violence undermined the movement’s objectives.
Conclusion
Based on the analysis:
- Statements 1 and 4 are correct: The movement was not formally approved, and it was withdrawn due to violence.
- Statement 2 is correct: The significance of 26th January was established during this period.
- Statement 3 is incorrect: The Round Table Conferences were not solely a result of this movement.
Thus, the correct answer is option C (2 and 4 only), as these statements accurately reflect the historical context of the Civil Disobedience Movement.

Introduction to Dadabhai Naoroji's Declaration
In the history of the Indian National Congress, the declaration made by Dadabhai Naoroji at the Calcutta session in 1906 marked a significant turning point.
Calcutta Session (1906)
- Historical Context: This session was held from December 26, 1906, to January 1, 1907. It was a crucial period in the Indian freedom struggle.
- Naoroji's Speech: Dadabhai Naoroji, one of the founding members and a prominent leader, emphasized the need for self-government or Swaraj. His declaration set a clear objective for the Congress.
Importance of the Declaration
- Vision for India: By advocating for Swaraj, Naoroji articulated the aspirations of Indians for self-rule, which resonated deeply with the populace.
- Shift in Focus: This was a shift from merely demanding reforms within the British administration to seeking complete self-governance, laying the groundwork for future movements.
Subsequent Sessions and Impact
- Building Momentum: The Calcutta session's emphasis on Swaraj influenced subsequent sessions, including the Lucknow Session in 1916 and the Lahore Session in 1929, where the demand for self-rule intensified.
- Legacy: Naoroji's vision continued to inspire leaders and activists in the struggle for independence, making it a pivotal moment in the history of Indian nationalism.
In conclusion, Dadabhai Naoroji's declaration at the Calcutta session of the Indian National Congress in 1906 was a defining moment in the push for Swaraj, shaping the future trajectory of the Indian independence movement.

Context of the Salt Disobedience Movement
The Salt March, led by Mahatma Gandhi in 1930, was a pivotal act of civil disobedience against British salt laws. Following Gandhi's arrest, the Indian National Congress and the Central Working Committee (CWC) took further actions to continue the resistance against British rule.
Actions Sanctioned by the CWC
The CWC, in the wake of Gandhi's imprisonment, endorsed several significant measures:

• Non-Payment of Revenue in Ryotwari Areas: The CWC urged peasants in ryotwari regions to refuse payment of land revenue, directly challenging British taxation policies.
• No-Chowkidar-Tax Campaign in Zamindari Areas: This campaign targeted the zamindars (landlords) by promoting the idea of not paying the chowkidar (watchman) tax, thus undermining the zamindari system.
• Violation of Forest Laws in the Central Provinces: The CWC encouraged local populations to defy restrictive forest laws that limited access to forest resources, a common issue in rural India at the time.

Importance of These Actions
These actions were crucial for sustaining the momentum of the independence movement. They not only demonstrated widespread resistance but also highlighted the diverse socio-economic issues faced by different groups in India.
Conclusion
Since all three statements reflect the CWC's strategic decisions to mobilize various segments of society against colonial rule, the correct answer is option 'D'—all the statements are accurate. This comprehensive approach was vital in galvanizing public support and fostering a unified resistance against British imperialism.

In Mahatma Gandhi's struggle in South Africa, several organizations and newspapers played significant roles. Let's analyze each option to determine their association with Gandhi's struggle:

1. Indian Natal Organization:
The Indian Natal Organization was founded in 1894 and was actively involved in advocating for the rights of the Indian community in Natal, South Africa. It supported Gandhi's efforts and played a crucial role in organizing protests and campaigns against discriminatory laws. Therefore, the Indian Natal Organization is associated with Gandhi's struggle in South Africa.

2. Indian Mirror:
The Indian Mirror was a newspaper published in Calcutta, India, during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. While it covered various topics related to Indian politics and society, there is no direct evidence to suggest that it was specifically associated with Gandhi's struggle in South Africa. Therefore, the Indian Mirror is not directly associated with Gandhi's struggle in South Africa.

3. Indian Opinion:
Indian Opinion was a newspaper established by Gandhi in 1903 in South Africa. It served as a platform to voice the concerns and aspirations of the Indian community and played a crucial role in mobilizing support for various campaigns and movements led by Gandhi. Indian Opinion is closely associated with Gandhi's struggle in South Africa.

4. Passive Resistance Organization:
The Passive Resistance Organization was formed by Gandhi in 1906 in response to the discriminatory Asiatic Registration Act imposed by the South African government. This organization aimed to resist the unjust law through nonviolent means, including civil disobedience and non-cooperation. The Passive Resistance Organization played a central role in Gandhi's struggle in South Africa.

Based on the above analysis, the correct answer is option 'A': 1, 3, and 4 only. The Indian Natal Organization, Indian Opinion, and the Passive Resistance Organization were all associated with Mahatma Gandhi's struggle in South Africa. The Indian Mirror, on the other hand, was not directly associated with Gandhi's South African struggle.

The correct answer is option 'A': 1 only.

Explanation:

During the Swadeshi movement and the freedom struggle in India, the use of Khadi played a significant role. However, the statements provided in the question are not entirely accurate. Let's examine each statement individually to understand the nuances.

1. During the Swadeshi movement, the change of fabric to Khadi appealed largely to the upper castes and classes rather than the poor.

- This statement is partially correct. While it is true that the Swadeshi movement saw a significant promotion of Khadi, it did not solely appeal to the upper castes and classes. In fact, Khadi became a symbol of resistance against British rule and was embraced by people across different social and economic backgrounds. It was not limited to the upper castes or classes but had a broader appeal.

2. The use of Khadi appealed to the masses, and even after the Swadeshi movement, Khadi was used by both the upper and lower classes of people.

- This statement is incorrect. While it is true that Khadi appealed to the masses during the Swadeshi movement, its popularity declined after independence. After the Swadeshi movement, there was a shift towards modern industrial textiles, which became more accessible and affordable for the masses. The use of Khadi gradually decreased, and it became more associated with a niche market, including certain sections of the upper classes.

In conclusion, while the first statement partially captures the broader appeal of Khadi during the Swadeshi movement, the second statement is not accurate as Khadi's popularity declined after the movement. Therefore, the correct answer is option 'A': 1 only.

Poona Pact was an agreement signed between Mahatma Gandhi and Dr. B.R. Ambedkar in 1932. It was a significant event in the Indian freedom struggle and had implications for the political representation of the depressed classes (now known as Scheduled Castes).

Explanation:
1. Mahatma Gandhi ended his fast in the jail as a protest against separate electorates for the depressed classes:
- Mahatma Gandhi had gone on a hunger strike in September 1932 to protest against the British Government's decision to grant separate electorates to the depressed classes. This decision was made as a result of the Communal Award announced by the British Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald.
- Gandhi believed that separate electorates would further divide the Indian society along caste lines and weaken the unity of the nation. He saw it as a threat to the concept of a unified India.
- The fast was a way for Gandhi to put pressure on the British Government and to appeal to the conscience of the people. He wanted to create awareness about the issue and mobilize public opinion against separate electorates.
- After intense negotiations between Gandhi and Dr. Ambedkar, the Poona Pact was reached on September 24, 1932. As a result, Gandhi agreed to end his fast.

2. Reservation of seats for the depressed classes out of the general electorate in the provincial Legislatures:
- The Poona Pact led to the abandonment of separate electorates for the depressed classes. Instead, it provided for reserved seats for them within the general electorate in the provincial legislatures.
- The depressed classes were given a fixed number of seats in proportion to their population, which would be elected by the general electorate. This arrangement ensured their political representation and participation in the democratic process.
- This decision was significant as it recognized the importance of the depressed classes in the political sphere and aimed to uplift their social and economic conditions through political empowerment.
- The reservation of seats for the depressed classes was a major step towards social justice and equality. It aimed to address the historical discrimination and marginalization faced by these communities.
- The Poona Pact had a long-lasting impact on the political landscape of India. It paved the way for the inclusion of the depressed classes in the political decision-making process and contributed to the strengthening of the democratic fabric of the country.

Therefore, both statements 1 and 2 are correct. The Poona Pact resulted in the end of Gandhi's fast and the reservation of seats for the depressed classes within the general electorate in the provincial legislatures.

The correct answer is option 'D' - 1, 2, and 3 only.

1. Aurobindo Ghosh:
Aurobindo Ghosh, also known as Sri Aurobindo, was one of the prominent leaders associated with a militant political approach towards Indian Independence. He was a philosopher, poet, and yogi who played a significant role in the early revolutionary movement against British rule in India. Aurobindo Ghosh advocated for the use of militant methods to achieve independence and actively participated in organizing and supporting revolutionary activities. He believed in the concept of armed resistance and self-sacrifice for the cause of freedom.

2. Raj Narain Bose:
Raj Narain Bose was another freedom fighter who adopted a militant political approach towards Indian Independence. He was one of the founding members of the Indian National Association and actively participated in the Swadeshi movement. Bose advocated for the use of militant methods such as boycotts, strikes, and protests to challenge British rule in India. He played a crucial role in organizing revolutionary activities and was known for his fiery speeches and writings against British imperialism.

3. Vishnu Shastri Chiplunkar:
Vishnu Shastri Chiplunkar was a prominent figure in the early nationalist movement in India and can be associated with a militant political work approach towards Indian Independence. He was one of the founders of the Prarthana Samaj, a socio-religious organization that aimed to promote social and religious reforms in India. Chiplunkar actively advocated for the use of militant methods to achieve independence and played a significant role in organizing revolutionary activities in Maharashtra.

4. Surendranath Banerjee:
Surendranath Banerjee, also known as the "Father of Indian Nationalism," was a prominent leader in the Indian National Congress. However, his approach towards Indian Independence was not militant. Banerjee believed in the use of constitutional methods and peaceful protests to challenge British rule. He emphasized the importance of public opinion, education, and political representation for Indians in the struggle for independence.

In conclusion, among the given options, Aurobindo Ghosh, Raj Narain Bose, and Vishnu Shastri Chiplunkar can be associated with a militant political work approach towards Indian Independence.

Among the several forms of struggle thrown up by the movement were

The correct answer is option 'A' - 1 only.

The Alipore Bomb Case is a notable event in modern Indian history for various reasons, but only one of the given statements is correct.

1. It was the first state trial of such a high magnitude in India:
The Alipore Bomb Case was indeed the first state trial of such a high magnitude in India. It took place in 1908 in Alipore, Kolkata, during the British colonial period. The trial was conducted in response to the Alipore bomb conspiracy, where revolutionaries planned to assassinate a British judge, Kingsford, by throwing bombs at his carriage. The case gained significant attention and was widely covered by the media, making it a landmark event in Indian history.

2. It was the first attempt of any extremist at overthrowing the state:
This statement is incorrect. The Alipore Bomb Case was not the first attempt by extremists to overthrow the state. Prior to this case, there were several instances of extremist activities aimed at overthrowing the British colonial rule in India. The Indian National Congress, founded in 1885, had already been involved in various forms of protest and resistance against British rule. The extremist faction within the Congress, known as the "Swadeshi" or "Young Bengal" group, had been actively advocating for more radical methods of protest. They were involved in acts of violence and bomb-making, as well as promoting the idea of armed revolution. However, their attempts did not succeed in overthrowing the state.

In conclusion, the Alipore Bomb Case is a significant event in modern Indian history because it was the first state trial of such a high magnitude in India. However, it was not the first attempt by extremists to overthrow the state.

By 1908, the open phase (as different from the underground revolutionary phase) was almost over. This was due to many reasons

Understanding Gandhi's Arrival in India
When Mahatma Gandhi returned to India in 1915, several significant developments had already taken place. Each of the given statements highlights a crucial aspect of the Indian freedom struggle prior to his arrival.
1. Nonviolent Satyagraha in South Africa
- Gandhi had already developed the concept of nonviolent resistance, termed "Satyagraha," during his time in South Africa.
- This method of peaceful protest became a cornerstone of his philosophy and would later be instrumental in India's struggle for independence.
2. Indian National Congress Established
- The Indian National Congress (INC) was founded in 1885.
- By the time Gandhi returned, it had become a prominent platform for political activism and a voice against British colonial rule.
3. First Swadeshi Movement
- The first Swadeshi movement, initiated in response to the partition of Bengal in 1905, aimed at promoting Indian goods and boycotting British products.
- This movement marked a significant shift in the Indian nationalist movement, emphasizing self-reliance and economic independence.
Conclusion: Why Option D is Correct
- All three statements are accurate and highlight important milestones in the Indian independence movement.
- Gandhi's arrival in India coincided with a period of growing political consciousness, mobilization, and the establishment of strategies that would eventually lead to mass mobilization against British rule.
Thus, the correct answer is option 'D', as each point reflects key developments that shaped Gandhi's approach and the broader freedom struggle.

The correct answer is option 'D' - Neither 1 nor 2.

1. Jinnah and Ambedkar attended all the three Round table conferences.
This statement is incorrect. While Jinnah did attend all the three Round Table Conferences, Ambedkar did not attend the first Round Table Conference in 1930. He attended the second and third Round Table Conferences in 1931 and 1932 respectively. Ambedkar played a significant role in the framing of the Indian Constitution and was one of the principal architects of the Constitution of India.

2. Jawaharlal Nehru was the first satyagrahi identified by Gandhi for the individual satyagraha.
This statement is also incorrect. The individual satyagraha was a part of the Civil Disobedience Movement launched by Mahatma Gandhi in 1940. It aimed to protest against the British government's decision to involve India in World War II without consulting Indian leaders. Jawaharlal Nehru was not the first satyagrahi identified by Gandhi for the individual satyagraha. The first satyagrahi selected by Gandhi for the individual satyagraha was Vinoba Bhave, a social reformer and disciple of Gandhi. Nehru himself participated in the individual satyagraha later, but he was not the first satyagrahi.

In conclusion, both statements given in the question are incorrect. Jinnah and Ambedkar did not attend all the three Round Table Conferences, and Nehru was not the first satyagrahi identified by Gandhi for the individual satyagraha.

Some important aspects of these resolutions were:

• Basic civil rights of freedom of speech, Freedom of Press, Freedom of Assembly, Freedom of Association, Equality before Law.
• Elections based on Universal Adult Franchise.
• Free and compulsory primary education.
• Substantial reduction in rent and taxes.
• Better conditions for workers, including a living wage, limited hours of work.
• Protection of women and peasants Government ownership or control of key industries, mines, and transport, Protection of Minorities.

The correct answer is option 'C' - 1 and 3 only.

1. Swadesh Sevak Home:
- Swadesh Sevak Home was a revolutionary organization based in India during the colonial period.
- It was founded by Vinayak Damodar Savarkar, also known as Veer Savarkar, in 1905 in Nasik.
- The primary aim of Swadesh Sevak Home was to train and prepare young revolutionaries for the freedom struggle against British colonial rule.
- The organization focused on promoting nationalistic ideas and encouraging selfless service towards the nation.
- It played a significant role in the promotion of revolutionary ideas and activities in India.

3. United India House:
- United India House was another revolutionary organization based in India during the colonial period.
- It was established in London in 1905 by Shyamji Krishna Varma, an Indian revolutionary and scholar.
- The organization aimed to provide a platform for Indian students and activists living in London to come together, discuss, and work towards the freedom struggle.
- United India House became a center for nationalist activities and played a crucial role in disseminating revolutionary ideas among Indian students studying in London.
- It also supported and provided assistance to Indian revolutionaries who were seeking refuge in London.

2. Jashn-e-Hind:
- Jashn-e-Hind is not a revolutionary organization based in India during the colonial period.
- It is an event or celebration organized to showcase the rich cultural heritage of India.
- Jashn-e-Hind events often include various cultural performances such as music, dance, and theater.
- These events are aimed at promoting unity, diversity, and the spirit of India.

Therefore, the correct answer is option 'C' - 1 and 3 only, as Swadesh Sevak Home and United India House were revolutionary organizations based in India during the colonial period. Jashn-e-Hind, on the other hand, is not a revolutionary organization but an event celebrating Indian culture.

Food processing involves various techniques and substances to enhance the flavor, texture, and preservation of food products. The substance employed for food processing is benzoic acid.

Explanation:

Benzoic acid is a commonly used food preservative that helps prevent the growth of bacteria, yeast, and molds in food products. It is a white crystalline powder that is soluble in water and has a distinct odor and taste.

Below are the reasons why benzoic acid is employed for food processing:

1. Preservation: Benzoic acid is a potent antimicrobial agent that inhibits the growth of microorganisms, including bacteria and fungi. It can prevent spoilage and extend the shelf life of various food products.

2. Safety: Benzoic acid is considered safe for consumption by regulatory authorities such as the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) when used within the approved limits. It has been extensively tested for its safety and efficacy in food preservation.

3. Wide Applications: Benzoic acid is versatile and can be used in a wide range of food products, including carbonated drinks, fruit juices, pickles, sauces, jams, and condiments. It is effective in acidic and low pH environments, making it suitable for many food formulations.

4. Flavor Preservation: In addition to its antimicrobial properties, benzoic acid also helps preserve the natural flavors of food products. It can prevent the degradation of flavors caused by microbial activity, oxidation, or other chemical reactions.

5. Cost-Effectiveness: Benzoic acid is relatively inexpensive compared to other food preservatives, making it a cost-effective choice for food processing. It is readily available in the market and can be easily incorporated into food formulations.

It is important to note that the use of benzoic acid in food processing should comply with regulatory guidelines and maximum permitted levels to ensure consumer safety. Additionally, it is essential to consider other factors such as pH, temperature, and compatibility with other ingredients when using benzoic acid in food products.

The correct answer is option A: 1, 2, and 3.

Explanation:
The Karachi session of the Indian National Congress, held in 1931, was an important event in the Indian freedom struggle. It had significant outcomes and endorsed the following:

1. Endorsement of the Delhi Pact: The Delhi Pact was a historic agreement signed between Mahatma Gandhi, representing the Indian National Congress, and Lord Irwin, the Viceroy of India, in March 1931. It aimed at resolving certain key issues and marked a significant step towards the attainment of Swaraj (self-rule). The Karachi session of the Congress endorsed the Delhi Pact, thereby reaffirming its commitment to the agreement.

2. Reiteration of the goal of purna swaraj: Purna Swaraj, meaning complete independence, was the ultimate goal of the Indian National Congress. The Karachi session reiterated this goal, emphasizing the Congress's determination to achieve full self-rule for India.

3. Adoption of resolutions on Fundamental Rights and National Economic Programme: The Karachi session saw the adoption of two important resolutions. The first resolution focused on Fundamental Rights, highlighting the Congress's commitment to safeguarding the basic rights and liberties of the Indian people. The second resolution dealt with the National Economic Programme, addressing issues related to economic development, agrarian reforms, industrialization, and equitable distribution of wealth.

These resolutions were significant as they reflected the Congress's comprehensive vision for an independent India, encompassing both political and socio-economic aspects.

In conclusion, the Karachi session of the Congress in 1931 was important because it endorsed the Delhi Pact, reiterated the goal of purna swaraj, and adopted resolutions on Fundamental Rights and the National Economic Programme. These outcomes demonstrated the Congress's unity, determination, and commitment towards achieving independence for India.

Explanation:

Reason for not banning the English edition of Hind Swaraj:
- The British believed that the English edition would not affect most Indian populations that were native Hindi.
- Since the majority of Indians at that time were not fluent in English, the British authorities thought that the English edition would have limited reach and impact among the Indian population.
- Additionally, the British may have underestimated the potential influence of the English edition, assuming that it would not pose a significant threat to their rule in India.
- This miscalculation allowed the English edition of Hind Swaraj to circulate freely, despite the ban on the Gujarati edition.
By not banning the English edition, the British unintentionally gave Mahatma Gandhi a platform to reach a wider audience and spread his ideas on Indian self-rule. This decision ultimately contributed to the growth of the Indian independence movement and Gandhi's role as a key figure in the fight against British colonial rule in India.

Nonviolent protests and civil disobedience campaigns led by Gandhi played a crucial role in mobilizing the masses and creating awareness about the national movement.

2. Gandhi's comrades, such as Nehru, Patel, and Bose, also played significant roles in promoting the national movement through their leadership and organizational skills.

3. Gandhi's philosophy of nonviolence and peaceful resistance inspired many individuals to join the national movement and participate actively in the struggle for independence.

4. Gandhi and his comrades worked together to build a strong and united front against British colonial rule, despite occasional differences in their approaches and ideologies.

5. Gandhi's role as a charismatic leader and his ability to connect with people from different backgrounds and regions helped in creating a sense of unity and nationalism among the masses.

6. Gandhi and his comrades faced numerous challenges and hardships, including arrests, imprisonments, and violent crackdowns by the British authorities, but they remained steadfast in their commitment to the national movement.

7. The efforts of Gandhi and his comrades in promoting the national movement laid the foundation for India's eventual independence in 1947.

Overall, the statements highlight the significant contributions of Mahatma Gandhi and his comrades in mobilizing the masses, promoting nonviolent resistance, and building a strong and united front against British colonial rule during the national movement in India.

The correct answer is option D, which states that the Home Rule Movement of 1916 did not emphasize the complete erosion of British sovereignty over India and separate electorates for all communities of India. Let's understand each option in detail:

1. Revival of Swadeshi:
The Home Rule Movement of 1916, initiated by Annie Besant and Bal Gangadhar Tilak, aimed to demand self-government for India within the British Empire. The movement focused on political reforms and self-governance rather than advocating for economic policies like the revival of Swadeshi. Swadeshi was a movement during the Indian independence struggle that promoted the use of Indian-made goods and boycotting British goods. While the Home Rule Movement did support the idea of self-governance, it did not prioritize the revival of Swadeshi.

2. Participation of Indians in self-governing institutions for India:
The Home Rule Movement aimed to mobilize public opinion and demand self-governing institutions for India. It sought to involve Indians in the decision-making processes and governance of the country. The movement emphasized the need for Indians to actively participate in political affairs and establish institutions that would enable self-rule. Therefore, this option is correct, as the Home Rule Movement did emphasize the participation of Indians in self-governing institutions.

3. Complete erosion of British sovereignty over India:
Although the Home Rule Movement sought self-government for India, it did not advocate for the complete erosion of British sovereignty over India. The movement aimed to secure limited self-rule within the framework of the British Empire. It aimed for a system where Indians would have control over their internal affairs, but the British would still retain some level of control and authority over matters such as defense and foreign policy. Therefore, this option is incorrect.

4. Separate electorates for all communities of India:
The Home Rule Movement did not emphasize separate electorates for all communities of India. Separate electorates were a system of representation where different religious or communal groups would have their own separate electorates, leading to a division along religious lines. The Home Rule Movement focused on demanding self-governance and equal political rights for all Indians, irrespective of their religious or communal backgrounds. Therefore, this option is also incorrect.

In conclusion, the correct answer is option D, as the Home Rule Movement of 1916 did not emphasize the complete erosion of British sovereignty over India and separate electorates for all communities of India.