All questions of Nationalist Movement (1905-1947) for UPSC CSE Exam

Explanation:

Split in Congress:

- The Congress split in 1907 at Surat session due to ideological differences between moderates and extremists.
- The moderates were led by Gopal Krishna Gokhale and the extremists were led by Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Lala Lajpat Rai, and Bipin Chandra Pal.

Different Approaches:

- The moderates supported the resolutions on Swaraj (self-rule), Swadeshi (boycott of foreign goods), and Boycott of foreign goods as proposed by extremists but differed in the approach to implement these ideas.
- Moderates believed in constitutional methods and believed in gradual reform while extremists believed in more radical methods and direct action.

Presidential Candidate:

- In the Surat session, extremists wanted Lala Lajpat Rai or Bal Gangadhar Tilak as the presidential candidate of Congress.
- Moderates supported Dr. Rashbihari Ghosh, a moderate leader from Bengal, as the presidential candidate.

Correct option:

- Option B is correct as statement 2 is true and statement 1 is not completely correct. While moderates supported the resolutions proposed by extremists, they differed in their approach to implement these ideas.

The correct answer is option 'D' - Neither 1 nor 2.

1. Jinnah and Ambedkar attended all the three Round table conferences.
This statement is incorrect. While Jinnah did attend all the three Round Table Conferences, Ambedkar did not attend the first Round Table Conference in 1930. He attended the second and third Round Table Conferences in 1931 and 1932 respectively. Ambedkar played a significant role in the framing of the Indian Constitution and was one of the principal architects of the Constitution of India.

2. Jawaharlal Nehru was the first satyagrahi identified by Gandhi for the individual satyagraha.
This statement is also incorrect. The individual satyagraha was a part of the Civil Disobedience Movement launched by Mahatma Gandhi in 1940. It aimed to protest against the British government's decision to involve India in World War II without consulting Indian leaders. Jawaharlal Nehru was not the first satyagrahi identified by Gandhi for the individual satyagraha. The first satyagrahi selected by Gandhi for the individual satyagraha was Vinoba Bhave, a social reformer and disciple of Gandhi. Nehru himself participated in the individual satyagraha later, but he was not the first satyagrahi.

In conclusion, both statements given in the question are incorrect. Jinnah and Ambedkar did not attend all the three Round Table Conferences, and Nehru was not the first satyagrahi identified by Gandhi for the individual satyagraha.

Explanation:


The correct answer is option 'B' - 2 only.


Here is the explanation for each statement:

1. On Tilak’s advice, Mahatma Gandhi spent a year travelling around British India getting to know the land and its people:


This statement is incorrect. Mahatma Gandhi did spend a considerable amount of time traveling around India to understand the country and its people, but it was not on the advice of Tilak. After returning from South Africa in 1915, Gandhi was already widely known for his role in the Indian community's struggle for civil rights in South Africa. He had gained a reputation as a leader and was invited to join the Indian National Congress (INC) by Gopal Krishna Gokhale. Gandhi's travels within India were motivated by his desire to understand the social and economic conditions of the people and to mobilize them for the independence movement.

2. His first major public appearance was at the opening of the Banaras Hindu University in February 1916:


This statement is correct. Mahatma Gandhi's first major public appearance after returning from South Africa was indeed at the opening of the Banaras Hindu University (BHU) in February 1916. The BHU was founded by Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya, who invited Gandhi to deliver a speech at the university's inaugural ceremony. Gandhi delivered a powerful speech, advocating for the importance of education and character building in the Indian society. This event marked the beginning of Gandhi's active involvement in the Indian independence movement and his emergence as a prominent leader.

In conclusion, statement 1 is incorrect as Gandhi did not travel around British India on Tilak's advice. However, statement 2 is correct as Gandhi's first major public appearance was indeed at the opening of the Banaras Hindu University in February 1916.

In Mahatma Gandhi's struggle in South Africa, several organizations and newspapers played significant roles. Let's analyze each option to determine their association with Gandhi's struggle:

1. Indian Natal Organization:
The Indian Natal Organization was founded in 1894 and was actively involved in advocating for the rights of the Indian community in Natal, South Africa. It supported Gandhi's efforts and played a crucial role in organizing protests and campaigns against discriminatory laws. Therefore, the Indian Natal Organization is associated with Gandhi's struggle in South Africa.

2. Indian Mirror:
The Indian Mirror was a newspaper published in Calcutta, India, during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. While it covered various topics related to Indian politics and society, there is no direct evidence to suggest that it was specifically associated with Gandhi's struggle in South Africa. Therefore, the Indian Mirror is not directly associated with Gandhi's struggle in South Africa.

3. Indian Opinion:
Indian Opinion was a newspaper established by Gandhi in 1903 in South Africa. It served as a platform to voice the concerns and aspirations of the Indian community and played a crucial role in mobilizing support for various campaigns and movements led by Gandhi. Indian Opinion is closely associated with Gandhi's struggle in South Africa.

4. Passive Resistance Organization:
The Passive Resistance Organization was formed by Gandhi in 1906 in response to the discriminatory Asiatic Registration Act imposed by the South African government. This organization aimed to resist the unjust law through nonviolent means, including civil disobedience and non-cooperation. The Passive Resistance Organization played a central role in Gandhi's struggle in South Africa.

Based on the above analysis, the correct answer is option 'A': 1, 3, and 4 only. The Indian Natal Organization, Indian Opinion, and the Passive Resistance Organization were all associated with Mahatma Gandhi's struggle in South Africa. The Indian Mirror, on the other hand, was not directly associated with Gandhi's South African struggle.

The correct answer is option 'C' - 1, 2, and 3. Let's discuss each option in detail to understand the reasoning behind this answer.

1. The fifth report submitted to the British Parliament in 1813 AD:
- This report is significant because it played a crucial role in shaping the future of British rule in India. The report was submitted by a committee appointed by the British Parliament to examine the state of affairs in British India.
- The report recommended several reforms, including the abolition of the East India Company's trade monopoly and the opening of Indian markets to British goods. It also called for the promotion of education and the improvement of Indian agriculture and industry.
- The report had far-reaching consequences and marked a shift in British policy towards India. It led to the passage of the Charter Act of 1813, which implemented many of the recommendations made in the report.

2. Jotedars were quite powerful:
- Jotedars were a class of landlords or landowners in Bengal during the colonial period. They played a significant role in the agrarian system of Bengal.
- Jotedars enjoyed considerable power and influence in their local areas. They controlled vast tracts of land and had control over the agricultural activities in their estates.
- Jotedars used their power to extract rents from the peasants and often exploited them. They were also involved in various feudal practices and had a significant say in local governance.
- However, with the implementation of land reforms in independent India, the power and influence of Jotedars were significantly reduced.

3. Santhals were a great danger to Paharis:
- Santhals were an indigenous tribe living in the Chota Nagpur region of India, primarily in present-day Jharkhand, West Bengal, and Odisha.
- During the colonial period, Santhals rebelled against the British and the local Pahari landlords who were known for their oppressive rule.
- The Santhal rebellion of 1855-1856 was a major uprising by the Santhal tribe against British and Pahari landlords. The Santhals fought for their land rights and against exploitative practices.
- The rebellion was eventually suppressed by the British, but it highlighted the grievances and struggles of the indigenous tribes against the colonial authorities and the local landlords.

In conclusion, options 1, 2, and 3 are correct. The fifth report submitted to the British Parliament in 1813 AD, the power of Jotedars, and the Santhal rebellion all played significant roles in the history of British India and had a lasting impact on the socio-political landscape of the region.

Chakravarti Rajagopalachari
Chakravarti Rajagopalachari, also known as Rajaji, led a Salt March from Trichinopoly to Vedaranyam on the Tanjore coast in Tamil Nadu in support of the Civil Disobedience Movement.

Salt March:
- The Salt March was a nonviolent protest against the British salt monopoly in India during the Indian independence movement.
- It was initiated by Mahatma Gandhi as part of the Civil Disobedience Movement.

Chakravarti Rajagopalachari:
- Chakravarti Rajagopalachari was a prominent Indian politician, independence activist, and the last Governor-General of independent India.
- He was a close associate of Mahatma Gandhi and played a significant role in the Indian independence movement.
- Rajagopalachari was known for his principles of nonviolence and civil disobedience.

Trichinopoly to Vedaranyam March:
- In 1930, Rajagopalachari led a Salt March from Trichinopoly to Vedaranyam on the Tanjore coast in Tamil Nadu.
- The march was a symbolic protest against the British salt laws and aimed to mobilize people in support of the Civil Disobedience Movement.
- Rajagopalachari's march inspired many Indians to join the movement and participate in acts of civil disobedience against British colonial rule.

Significance:
- Chakravarti Rajagopalachari's leadership in the Salt March demonstrated the widespread support for the Civil Disobedience Movement and the Indian independence struggle.
- The march contributed to the momentum of the independence movement and highlighted the power of nonviolent resistance in achieving political change.

Dalit leaders during the Freedom movement believed in the principles of justice, equality, and freedom for all. They aimed to challenge the oppressive caste system and fight for the rights and upliftment of Dalits, who were considered the lowest social group in Indian society.

Dalit leaders like Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, Jyotirao Phule, and Periyar E.V. Ramasamy believed that political independence from British rule alone would not solve the deep-rooted social issues faced by Dalits. They advocated for social and economic reforms to address the discrimination and oppression faced by Dalits.

These leaders called for the annihilation of caste and the establishment of a society based on equality, where all individuals, regardless of their caste, would have access to education, employment, and social dignity. They criticized the upper-caste dominance in society and sought to challenge the Brahminical hegemony.

Dalit leaders actively participated in the Freedom movement and mobilized Dalit communities to fight for their rights. They organized Dalit conferences, founded political parties, and demanded reserved seats in legislatures to ensure political representation for Dalits.

They also emphasized the need for land reforms, as Dalits were mostly landless agricultural laborers and faced exploitation by upper-caste landlords. Dalit leaders believed that land redistribution and economic empowerment were essential for the upliftment of Dalits and the eradication of caste-based discrimination.

Overall, Dalit leaders during the Freedom movement were driven by a vision of a just and equal society, where no individual would be discriminated against based on their caste. They played a crucial role in shaping the social and political landscape of India and continue to inspire the Dalit movement for social justice and equality.

The correct answer is option 'C' - 1 and 3 only.

1. Swadesh Sevak Home:
- Swadesh Sevak Home was a revolutionary organization based in India during the colonial period.
- It was founded by Vinayak Damodar Savarkar, also known as Veer Savarkar, in 1905 in Nasik.
- The primary aim of Swadesh Sevak Home was to train and prepare young revolutionaries for the freedom struggle against British colonial rule.
- The organization focused on promoting nationalistic ideas and encouraging selfless service towards the nation.
- It played a significant role in the promotion of revolutionary ideas and activities in India.

3. United India House:
- United India House was another revolutionary organization based in India during the colonial period.
- It was established in London in 1905 by Shyamji Krishna Varma, an Indian revolutionary and scholar.
- The organization aimed to provide a platform for Indian students and activists living in London to come together, discuss, and work towards the freedom struggle.
- United India House became a center for nationalist activities and played a crucial role in disseminating revolutionary ideas among Indian students studying in London.
- It also supported and provided assistance to Indian revolutionaries who were seeking refuge in London.

2. Jashn-e-Hind:
- Jashn-e-Hind is not a revolutionary organization based in India during the colonial period.
- It is an event or celebration organized to showcase the rich cultural heritage of India.
- Jashn-e-Hind events often include various cultural performances such as music, dance, and theater.
- These events are aimed at promoting unity, diversity, and the spirit of India.

Therefore, the correct answer is option 'C' - 1 and 3 only, as Swadesh Sevak Home and United India House were revolutionary organizations based in India during the colonial period. Jashn-e-Hind, on the other hand, is not a revolutionary organization but an event celebrating Indian culture.

D

Ahmedabad Mill Strike 1918: The Plague Bonus Issue

The Ahmedabad Mill Strike of 1918, led by Mahatma Gandhi, was primarily based on the issue of the plague bonus of the previous year to the workers. This strike played a pivotal role in the Indian freedom struggle and marked an important milestone in the history of labor movements in India.

Background:

1. Ahmedabad textile mills: Ahmedabad was a prominent center of the textile industry during the British colonial period. The textile mills employed a large number of workers, mostly from the lower-income strata of society.

2. Plague outbreak in 1917: In 1917, Ahmedabad faced a severe outbreak of the bubonic plague. The mills were temporarily shut down, and many workers were forced to leave the city due to fear and panic.

3. Management's promise of a bonus: In order to encourage the workers to return after the plague outbreak, the mill owners promised a plague bonus to be paid in 1918.

The Issue:

1. Non-payment of the promised bonus: Despite the clear agreement between the mill owners and workers, the management failed to fulfill their promise of paying the plague bonus in 1918.

2. Workers' discontent: The non-payment of the bonus created a sense of injustice and dissatisfaction among the workers. They felt exploited and betrayed by the mill owners.

3. Mahatma Gandhi's involvement: Mahatma Gandhi, who had been advocating for the rights of workers and peasants, took up the cause of the mill workers. He saw this as an opportunity to unite and mobilize the workers in their struggle for fair treatment and better working conditions.

The Strike and its Impact:

1. Strike called by Gandhi: In March 1918, Mahatma Gandhi called for a strike by the mill workers to protest against the non-payment of the plague bonus. The strike received overwhelming support from the workers, leading to a complete shutdown of the mills.

2. Unity among workers: The strike brought together workers from different mills and communities, fostering a sense of unity and solidarity among them. This unity played a crucial role in the success of the strike.

3. Negotiations and resolution: The strike lasted for several weeks, during which negotiations took place between the mill owners and workers. Eventually, an agreement was reached, and the workers were paid a portion of the promised bonus.

4. Symbol of resistance: The Ahmedabad Mill Strike of 1918 became a symbol of resistance against exploitation and injustice. It inspired similar labor movements and strikes in other parts of India, contributing to the growth of the labor movement in the country.

In conclusion, the Ahmedabad Mill Strike of 1918 led by Mahatma Gandhi was primarily based on the issue of the plague bonus of the previous year. The non-payment of this bonus by the mill owners sparked discontent among the workers, leading to a strike that played a significant role in the Indian freedom struggle and the labor movement in India.

**The Red Shirts movement was launched by Khan Abdul Gaffar Khan**

The Red Shirts movement was a political movement launched by Khan Abdul Gaffar Khan, also known as Badshah Khan, in the early 1930s. Khan Abdul Gaffar Khan was a prominent leader in the Indian independence movement and a close associate of Mahatma Gandhi. He was a follower of Gandhi's principles of non-violence and believed in the power of peaceful resistance to bring about political change.

**Background of the Red Shirts Movement**

The Red Shirts movement was primarily aimed at mobilizing the Pashtun population in the North-West Frontier Province (now Khyber Pakhtunkhwa) of British India, which is now a part of Pakistan. The Pashtuns, who are predominantly Muslim, were facing various challenges under the British colonial rule, including economic exploitation and political marginalization.

**Objectives of the Red Shirts Movement**

The Red Shirts movement had several objectives:

1. Political Mobilization: The movement aimed to mobilize the Pashtun population and raise political awareness among them. Khan Abdul Gaffar Khan believed that by organizing the people, they could collectively challenge the oppressive policies of the British government.

2. Non-violence and Civil Disobedience: The Red Shirts movement followed the principles of non-violence and civil disobedience, similar to the larger Indian independence movement led by Mahatma Gandhi. Khan Abdul Gaffar Khan believed that through peaceful resistance, they could achieve their goals and bring about social and political change.

3. Education and Social Reform: Along with political mobilization, the Red Shirts movement also focused on education and social reform. Khan Abdul Gaffar Khan established schools and educational institutions to provide education to the Pashtun population and promote social welfare.

**Impact and Legacy of the Red Shirts Movement**

The Red Shirts movement had a significant impact on the Pashtun society and the larger Indian independence movement. It inspired and mobilized thousands of Pashtuns to actively participate in the struggle for independence. The movement also played a crucial role in promoting non-violence and communal harmony in a region marked by ethnic and religious tensions.

Khan Abdul Gaffar Khan's Red Shirts movement remains an important chapter in the history of the Indian independence movement and serves as a reminder of the power of peaceful resistance in the face of oppression. His efforts in mobilizing the Pashtun population and promoting education and social reform continue to inspire generations in the region.

Gandhi’s arrest came on May 4, 1930, when he had announced that he would lead a raid on Dharasana Salt Works on the west coast. Massive protests followed Gandhi’s arrest in Bombay, Delhi, Calcutta, and Sholapur, where the response was the most fierce. After Gandhi’s arrest, the CWC sanctioned:

• non-payment of revenue in ryotwari areas;
• a no-chowkidari-tax campaign in zamindari areas; and
• violation of forest laws in the Central Provinces.

Some important aspects of these resolutions were:

• Basic civil rights of freedom of speech, Freedom of Press, Freedom of Assembly, Freedom of Association, Equality before Law.
• Elections based on Universal Adult Franchise.
• Free and compulsory primary education.
• Substantial reduction in rent and taxes.
• Better conditions for workers, including a living wage, limited hours of work.
• Protection of women and peasants Government ownership or control of key industries, mines, and transport, Protection of Minorities.

The correct answer is option A: 1, 2, and 3.

Explanation:
The Karachi session of the Indian National Congress, held in 1931, was an important event in the Indian freedom struggle. It had significant outcomes and endorsed the following:

1. Endorsement of the Delhi Pact: The Delhi Pact was a historic agreement signed between Mahatma Gandhi, representing the Indian National Congress, and Lord Irwin, the Viceroy of India, in March 1931. It aimed at resolving certain key issues and marked a significant step towards the attainment of Swaraj (self-rule). The Karachi session of the Congress endorsed the Delhi Pact, thereby reaffirming its commitment to the agreement.

2. Reiteration of the goal of purna swaraj: Purna Swaraj, meaning complete independence, was the ultimate goal of the Indian National Congress. The Karachi session reiterated this goal, emphasizing the Congress's determination to achieve full self-rule for India.

3. Adoption of resolutions on Fundamental Rights and National Economic Programme: The Karachi session saw the adoption of two important resolutions. The first resolution focused on Fundamental Rights, highlighting the Congress's commitment to safeguarding the basic rights and liberties of the Indian people. The second resolution dealt with the National Economic Programme, addressing issues related to economic development, agrarian reforms, industrialization, and equitable distribution of wealth.

These resolutions were significant as they reflected the Congress's comprehensive vision for an independent India, encompassing both political and socio-economic aspects.

In conclusion, the Karachi session of the Congress in 1931 was important because it endorsed the Delhi Pact, reiterated the goal of purna swaraj, and adopted resolutions on Fundamental Rights and the National Economic Programme. These outcomes demonstrated the Congress's unity, determination, and commitment towards achieving independence for India.

The partition of Bengal in 1905, which was seen as a move by the British to divide and weaken the Indian nationalist movement.

2. Promoted the use of Indian-made goods and boycotted British-made goods as a way to promote Indian self-sufficiency and economic independence.

3. Was closely linked to the Indian independence movement and was seen as a way to assert Indian identity and resist British colonialism.

4. Was led by prominent leaders such as Mahatma Gandhi, Lala Lajpat Rai, and Bal Gangadhar Tilak.

5. Led to the establishment of several Indian-owned businesses and industries, including the Indian National Congress's Swadeshi Steam Navigation Company.

6. Inspired similar movements in other parts of the world, including China and Indonesia.

7. Had a significant impact on Indian society and culture, with many traditional Indian practices and crafts being revived and promoted as part of the movement.

Salient features of this act were as follows:

• Congress would participate in the Round Table Conference.
• Congress would discontinue the Civil Disobedience Movement.
• The Government would withdraw all ordinances issued to curb the Congress.
• The Government would withdraw all prosecutions relating to offences other than a violent one.
• The Government would release all persons undergoing sentences of imprisonment for their activities in the civil disobedience movement.
• Manufacture of salt by Indians will be allowed.

Explanation:

Mahatma Gandhi's concept of Swaraj encompasses not only political freedom but also the liberation of individuals from various forms of oppression and dehumanization. It emphasizes self-respect and the development of one's capacities for self-realization. Furthermore, Gandhi believed that understanding the true nature of the self and its relationship to communities and society is crucial in achieving Swaraj.

1. Swaraj as Freedom and Liberation:
Gandhi viewed Swaraj as more than just political independence. For him, Swaraj also meant liberation from various forms of dehumanization and oppression. It involved redeeming oneself by asserting self-respect and realizing one's full potential. Gandhi believed that individuals should strive to break free from the institutions and systems that dehumanize and oppress them.

2. Self and its Relation to Communities and Society:
In Gandhi's philosophy, understanding the true nature of the self and its relationship to communities and society is essential for attaining Swaraj. He emphasized that individuals are not isolated beings but are interconnected with their communities and society. According to Gandhi, the self cannot achieve true liberation unless it recognizes its responsibility towards others and actively participates in the well-being of the community and society.

Explanation of Correct Answer:
Both statements are correct. Gandhi's concept of Swaraj encompasses the idea of freedom as well as the liberation of individuals from dehumanization. He believed that self-respect and the development of one's capacities for self-realization are crucial aspects of Swaraj. Additionally, Gandhi stressed the importance of understanding the true nature of the self and its relationship to communities and society in achieving Swaraj. Both aspects are interconnected and integral to Gandhi's vision of Swaraj.

Therefore, the correct answer is option 'C' - Both statement 1 and statement 2 are correct.

All of the leaders mentioned - Surya Sen, Jogesh Chandra Chatterjea, Bhagwati Charan Vohra, and Chandrashekhar Azad - were significant figures in the Indian national movement. However, the common factor between them is that they were all part of the non-violent struggle during the initial days of the movement.

Non-violent struggle during the initial days:
During the initial phase of the Indian national movement, leaders and activists focused on non-violent methods to protest against British rule. This approach was inspired by the philosophy of non-violence, popularized by Mahatma Gandhi. The leaders mentioned above were part of this non-violent struggle, which aimed to achieve independence through peaceful means.

- Surya Sen:
Surya Sen, also known as Masterda, was a prominent revolutionary from Bengal. He was a key figure in the Chittagong Armoury Raid of 1930. Although the raid involved armed resistance against the British, it was an exception to the non-violent approach followed by most leaders during that time. Surya Sen and his group were involved in armed action against the British, but this was not representative of his overall involvement in the national movement.

- Jogesh Chandra Chatterjea:
Jogesh Chandra Chatterjea was a freedom fighter from Bengal. He actively participated in the non-cooperation movement led by Mahatma Gandhi and played a significant role in organizing protests and spreading awareness about the movement.

- Bhagwati Charan Vohra:
Bhagwati Charan Vohra was a revolutionary and a member of the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association (HSRA). He was involved in various activities against British rule, including the Kakori train robbery in 1925. While Vohra was associated with revolutionary activities, it is important to note that he was part of the non-violent struggle during the initial days of the national movement.

- Chandrashekhar Azad:
Chandrashekhar Azad, also known as Azad, was a prominent revolutionary who played a crucial role in the freedom struggle. He was a member of the HSRA and participated in various acts of defiance against the British, including the Kakori train robbery. However, his commitment to the cause of Indian independence remained unwavering, and he actively supported and promoted non-violent methods during the initial days of the movement.

In conclusion, the common factor between Surya Sen, Jogesh Chandra Chatterjea, Bhagwati Charan Vohra, and Chandrashekhar Azad is that they were all part of the non-violent struggle during the initial days of the national movement. While some of them may have been associated with revolutionary activities later on, their contributions to the non-violent struggle cannot be overlooked.

Explanation:

Rowlatt Act:
The Anarchical and Revolutionary Crime Act of 1919, popularly known as the Rowlatt Act, was a legislative measure passed by the British government in India.

Objective:
The main objective of the Rowlatt Act was to combat revolutionary and terrorist activities in the country by empowering the government to arrest and detain suspects without trial.

Provisions:
- The Act allowed for the arrest and detention of individuals without trial for an indefinite period.
- It curtailed civil liberties and freedom of speech, as well as restricted the press.
- The Act was widely criticized for being repressive and undemocratic.

Impact:
The Rowlatt Act sparked widespread protests and strikes across India, leading to the Jallianwala Bagh massacre in Amritsar in April 1919, where British troops opened fire on a peaceful gathering of protesters, resulting in hundreds of deaths.

Legacy:
The Rowlatt Act played a significant role in the Indian independence movement, galvanizing public opinion against British rule and strengthening the demand for self-government. It was eventually repealed in 1922.

The person who announced a particular event or news can vary depending on the context.

**Explanation:**

The Dandi March, also known as the Salt March or Salt Satyagraha, was a significant event in the Indian independence movement led by Mahatma Gandhi. It was launched against the British Raj in India, specifically targeting the state monopoly on the manufacture and sale of salt, as well as the exorbitantly high salt tax imposed by the British government.

**1. State monopoly on manufacture and sale of salt:**
- The British Raj in India had established a state monopoly on the manufacture and sale of salt, which meant that only the government had the authority to produce and distribute salt.
- This monopoly allowed the British government to control the production and pricing of salt, limiting access to this essential commodity for the Indian population.
- The state monopoly on salt was seen as a symbol of British economic exploitation and domination over India, as it deprived Indians of their right to produce and trade salt freely.

**2. Exorbitantly high salt tax:**
- In addition to the state monopoly, the British government imposed an exorbitantly high salt tax on the Indian population.
- The salt tax was a significant burden on the poor and marginalized sections of society, who were heavily dependent on salt for their dietary needs.
- The high tax on salt made it unaffordable for many Indians, exacerbating their poverty and suffering.
- The imposition of such a high tax on an essential commodity like salt was seen as an unjust and oppressive measure by the British government.

**Both 1 and 2 are correct:**
- The Dandi March was launched to challenge and protest against both the state monopoly on the manufacture and sale of salt and the exorbitantly high salt tax imposed by the British government.
- Mahatma Gandhi and his followers marched for over 240 miles from Sabarmati Ashram to the coastal village of Dandi in Gujarat, where they would produce salt in defiance of the British monopoly and tax laws.
- The act of making salt on the shores of Dandi was a symbolic gesture of non-violent civil disobedience, aiming to mobilize the Indian population and draw attention to the unjust practices of the British government.
- The Dandi March played a crucial role in galvanizing the Indian independence movement and raising awareness about the need for self-reliance and freedom from British economic exploitation.

Therefore, both statements 1 and 2 are correct, and the correct answer is option C.

Nonviolent protests and civil disobedience campaigns led by Gandhi played a crucial role in mobilizing the masses and creating awareness about the national movement.

2. Gandhi's comrades, such as Nehru, Patel, and Bose, also played significant roles in promoting the national movement through their leadership and organizational skills.

3. Gandhi's philosophy of nonviolence and peaceful resistance inspired many individuals to join the national movement and participate actively in the struggle for independence.

4. Gandhi and his comrades worked together to build a strong and united front against British colonial rule, despite occasional differences in their approaches and ideologies.

5. Gandhi's role as a charismatic leader and his ability to connect with people from different backgrounds and regions helped in creating a sense of unity and nationalism among the masses.

6. Gandhi and his comrades faced numerous challenges and hardships, including arrests, imprisonments, and violent crackdowns by the British authorities, but they remained steadfast in their commitment to the national movement.

7. The efforts of Gandhi and his comrades in promoting the national movement laid the foundation for India's eventual independence in 1947.

Overall, the statements highlight the significant contributions of Mahatma Gandhi and his comrades in mobilizing the masses, promoting nonviolent resistance, and building a strong and united front against British colonial rule during the national movement in India.

Chronological Association of Places with Mahatma Gandhi
Mahatma Gandhi's life was marked by significant events that took place in various locations. The places mentioned—Johannesburg, Sabarmati, and Yerwada—played crucial roles during his struggle for India's independence. Here’s a detailed breakdown of the chronology:
1. Johannesburg
- Gandhi arrived in Johannesburg in 1893, where he first experienced racial discrimination.
- It was in South Africa that he developed his philosophy of Satyagraha (non-violent resistance).
- His activism for the rights of Indians living in South Africa laid the groundwork for his later efforts in India.
2. Sabarmati
- Gandhi returned to India in 1915 and established the Sabarmati Ashram in 1917.
- The ashram became a center for his activities related to the Indian independence movement.
- Many significant events, including the Salt March in 1930, were organized from Sabarmati.
3. Yerwada
- Yerwada Jail, located in Pune, became synonymous with Gandhi's imprisonment.
- He was incarcerated there during various protests against British rule, notably during the Quit India Movement in 1942.
- Gandhi's time in Yerwada highlighted his commitment to non-violent resistance even while imprisoned.
Conclusion
Thus, the correct chronological order of association is Johannesburg (3), Sabarmati (2), and Yerwada (1), leading to the answer being option 'C'.

Introduction:
The split in the Indian National Congress at Surat in 1907 was a significant event in the history of the Indian independence movement. It marked the division between the moderates and the extremists within the Congress, leading to a divergence in their approaches and ideologies.

Reasons for the split:
The main reason for the split in the Indian National Congress at Surat in 1907 was the lack of faith of the extremists in the moderates' capacity to negotiate with the British government. This lack of faith was due to several factors, which are explained below:

1. Extremists' dissatisfaction: The extremists within the Congress, led by leaders like Bal Gangadhar Tilak and Lala Lajpat Rai, were dissatisfied with the moderate approach of the Congress leadership. They believed that the moderate leaders, such as Gopal Krishna Gokhale, were too willing to cooperate with the British government and were not assertive enough in their demands for self-rule.

2. Radical demands: The extremists advocated for more radical and assertive demands, such as complete independence from British rule and the use of militant methods to achieve their goals. They believed that only by adopting a more confrontational approach could India gain its freedom.

3. Partition of Bengal: The partition of Bengal by Lord Curzon in 1905 had sparked widespread protests and agitation in India. The extremists blamed the moderates for their failure to effectively oppose the partition and saw it as a symbol of the moderates' lack of effectiveness in challenging British policies.

4. Leadership struggle: The leadership struggle within the Congress also contributed to the split. Aurobindo Ghosh, a prominent extremist leader, was unable to secure the presidency of the Congress due to opposition from the moderates. This further intensified the divide between the two factions.

Consequences of the split:
The split in the Indian National Congress had several consequences for the Indian independence movement:

1. Growth of extremism: The split led to the growth and strengthening of the extremist faction within the Congress. The extremists gained more influence and prominence, leading to a shift towards more radical and militant methods of protest.

2. Impact on Congress activities: The split had a disruptive effect on the functioning of the Congress. The two factions held separate sessions and pursued different strategies, weakening the overall unity and effectiveness of the organization.

3. Emergence of the Muslim League: The split indirectly led to the formation of the All India Muslim League in 1906. The Muslim League was founded as a response to the perceived dominance of Hindu interests within the Congress, and it sought to protect the political rights and interests of the Muslim community.

4. Long-term ideological division: The split at Surat marked a long-term ideological division within the Indian independence movement. The divide between the moderates and the extremists persisted for several years, with each faction pursuing its own strategies and approaches towards achieving independence.

In conclusion, the main reason for the split in the Indian National Congress at Surat in 1907 was the lack of faith of the extremists in the moderates' capacity to negotiate with the British government. This lack of faith was a result of the extremists' dissatisfaction with the moderate approach, radical demands, the partition

Madam Bhikaiji Cama was a prominent figure in the Indian independence movement and made significant contributions to the cause. Let's analyze each statement to determine the correct answer:

1. She co-founded the Paris Indian Society:
This statement is true. Madam Bhikaiji Cama was one of the co-founders of the Paris Indian Society, which was established in 1905. The society aimed to foster unity among Indian expatriates in Paris and promote the cause of Indian independence.

2. She once served as the president of the British Committee of the Indian National Congress:
This statement is false. Madam Bhikaiji Cama never served as the president of the British Committee of the Indian National Congress. However, she actively participated in the Indian National Congress sessions and worked closely with prominent leaders like Dadabhai Naoroji and Bal Gangadhar Tilak.

3. She unfurled the national flag at the International Socialist Conference in 1907:
This statement is true. Madam Bhikaiji Cama gained international recognition when she unfurled the Indian flag at the International Socialist Conference held in Stuttgart, Germany in 1907. This act was a significant symbol of India's struggle for independence and garnered attention from around the world.

4. She has served as the secretary-general of the Indian Home Rule Society:
This statement is false. Madam Bhikaiji Cama was not the secretary-general of the Indian Home Rule Society. However, she actively supported the movement for Indian home rule and worked closely with leaders like Annie Besant.

Based on the analysis above, the correct answer is option A: 1 and 3 only. Madam Bhikaiji Cama co-founded the Paris Indian Society and unfurled the national flag at the International Socialist Conference in 1907. She did not serve as the president of the British Committee of the Indian National Congress or as the secretary-general of the Indian Home Rule Society.

Among the several forms of struggle thrown up by the movement were

Poona Pact was an agreement signed between Mahatma Gandhi and Dr. B.R. Ambedkar in 1932. It was a significant event in the Indian freedom struggle and had implications for the political representation of the depressed classes (now known as Scheduled Castes).

Explanation:
1. Mahatma Gandhi ended his fast in the jail as a protest against separate electorates for the depressed classes:
- Mahatma Gandhi had gone on a hunger strike in September 1932 to protest against the British Government's decision to grant separate electorates to the depressed classes. This decision was made as a result of the Communal Award announced by the British Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald.
- Gandhi believed that separate electorates would further divide the Indian society along caste lines and weaken the unity of the nation. He saw it as a threat to the concept of a unified India.
- The fast was a way for Gandhi to put pressure on the British Government and to appeal to the conscience of the people. He wanted to create awareness about the issue and mobilize public opinion against separate electorates.
- After intense negotiations between Gandhi and Dr. Ambedkar, the Poona Pact was reached on September 24, 1932. As a result, Gandhi agreed to end his fast.

2. Reservation of seats for the depressed classes out of the general electorate in the provincial Legislatures:
- The Poona Pact led to the abandonment of separate electorates for the depressed classes. Instead, it provided for reserved seats for them within the general electorate in the provincial legislatures.
- The depressed classes were given a fixed number of seats in proportion to their population, which would be elected by the general electorate. This arrangement ensured their political representation and participation in the democratic process.
- This decision was significant as it recognized the importance of the depressed classes in the political sphere and aimed to uplift their social and economic conditions through political empowerment.
- The reservation of seats for the depressed classes was a major step towards social justice and equality. It aimed to address the historical discrimination and marginalization faced by these communities.
- The Poona Pact had a long-lasting impact on the political landscape of India. It paved the way for the inclusion of the depressed classes in the political decision-making process and contributed to the strengthening of the democratic fabric of the country.

Therefore, both statements 1 and 2 are correct. The Poona Pact resulted in the end of Gandhi's fast and the reservation of seats for the depressed classes within the general electorate in the provincial legislatures.

The correct answer is option 'D' - 1, 2, and 3 only.

1. Aurobindo Ghosh:
Aurobindo Ghosh, also known as Sri Aurobindo, was one of the prominent leaders associated with a militant political approach towards Indian Independence. He was a philosopher, poet, and yogi who played a significant role in the early revolutionary movement against British rule in India. Aurobindo Ghosh advocated for the use of militant methods to achieve independence and actively participated in organizing and supporting revolutionary activities. He believed in the concept of armed resistance and self-sacrifice for the cause of freedom.

2. Raj Narain Bose:
Raj Narain Bose was another freedom fighter who adopted a militant political approach towards Indian Independence. He was one of the founding members of the Indian National Association and actively participated in the Swadeshi movement. Bose advocated for the use of militant methods such as boycotts, strikes, and protests to challenge British rule in India. He played a crucial role in organizing revolutionary activities and was known for his fiery speeches and writings against British imperialism.

3. Vishnu Shastri Chiplunkar:
Vishnu Shastri Chiplunkar was a prominent figure in the early nationalist movement in India and can be associated with a militant political work approach towards Indian Independence. He was one of the founders of the Prarthana Samaj, a socio-religious organization that aimed to promote social and religious reforms in India. Chiplunkar actively advocated for the use of militant methods to achieve independence and played a significant role in organizing revolutionary activities in Maharashtra.

4. Surendranath Banerjee:
Surendranath Banerjee, also known as the "Father of Indian Nationalism," was a prominent leader in the Indian National Congress. However, his approach towards Indian Independence was not militant. Banerjee believed in the use of constitutional methods and peaceful protests to challenge British rule. He emphasized the importance of public opinion, education, and political representation for Indians in the struggle for independence.

In conclusion, among the given options, Aurobindo Ghosh, Raj Narain Bose, and Vishnu Shastri Chiplunkar can be associated with a militant political work approach towards Indian Independence.

A. A reform of the British administration:
The Home Rule League of Tilak aimed at a reform of the British administration in India. The Home Rule movement was initiated by Bal Gangadhar Tilak in 1916 with the objective of self-government or Home Rule for India within the British Empire. The main focus of the movement was to bring about administrative reforms that would grant more autonomy to Indians and reduce British control.

1. Background:
During the early 20th century, India was under British colonial rule. The Indian National Congress, founded in 1885, was the main political organization that sought to advocate for Indian rights and independence. However, there were differing ideologies within the Congress, with some leaders favoring a more moderate approach, seeking reforms within the existing British system, while others advocated for more radical methods to achieve independence.

2. Tilak and the Home Rule League:
Bal Gangadhar Tilak, a prominent Indian nationalist leader and freedom fighter, was a proponent of more assertive methods in the struggle for independence. He believed that Indians should demand self-government and actively participate in the political process. In 1916, he formed the Home Rule League with the aim of achieving self-government or Home Rule for India.

3. Objectives:
The primary objective of the Home Rule League was to bring about reforms in the British administration in India. Tilak and his followers believed that by participating in the political process and gaining political power, Indians could work towards dismantling the British political structure from within. They aimed to challenge British control and influence by demanding greater autonomy and representation for Indians in the governance of the country.

4. Methods:
The Home Rule League organized public meetings, rallies, and campaigns to raise awareness about the need for self-government. They sought to mobilize support from Indians across different regions and communities. Tilak himself traveled extensively, delivering speeches and rallying support for the movement. The Home Rule League also published newspapers and pamphlets to disseminate their ideas and garner public support.

5. Impact:
Although the Home Rule League did not achieve its ultimate goal of self-government, it played a significant role in raising awareness about the need for Indian self-rule. The movement helped galvanize public sentiment and laid the groundwork for future struggles for independence. The demand for Home Rule became a major rallying point for Indian nationalists and contributed to the growing momentum towards independence.

In conclusion, the Home Rule League of Tilak aimed at bringing about a reform of the British administration in India. By demanding self-government and advocating for greater autonomy, the movement sought to challenge British control and influence. While the Home Rule League did not achieve its ultimate objectives, it played a crucial role in raising awareness and paving the way for future struggles for independence.