All questions of Preamble of the Constitution for UPSC CSE Exam

Subordinated Unity
Following the Indian Rebellion of 1857, the British adopted the policy of "Subordinated Unity." This policy aimed at maintaining control over India by subordinating the diverse communities and regions within the country under British authority.

Key Points:
- The British believed that by keeping the Indian population divided along religious, linguistic, and regional lines, they could prevent future uprisings against their rule.
- They implemented policies that favored certain communities over others, creating divisions and tensions among the Indian population.
- The British also promoted the idea of a hierarchical social structure, where certain groups were given privileges and authority over others.
- This policy of "Subordinated Unity" helped the British maintain their dominance in India for several decades after the rebellion of 1857.
Overall, the adoption of the policy of "Subordinated Unity" by the British following the Indian Rebellion of 1857 reflected their strategy of maintaining control through divisions and hierarchies within Indian society.

Subordinated Unity
The policy of Subordinated Unity marked the shift from aggressive annexation to protecting original Indian states after the Indian Rebellion of 1857. This policy was a response to the widespread rebellion against British rule in India, known as the Indian Mutiny or the Sepoy Rebellion.

Background:
- The Indian Rebellion of 1857 was a significant uprising against British colonial rule in India, led by Indian soldiers in the British East India Company's army.
- The rebellion spread across northern and central India and posed a serious threat to British control in the region.

Imperial Conquest vs Subordinated Unity:
- Prior to the rebellion, the British followed a policy of Imperial Conquest, where they aggressively annexed Indian territories and kingdoms.
- However, after the rebellion, the British government adopted the policy of Subordinated Unity, which aimed to protect the original Indian states and rulers who had remained loyal during the uprising.
- Under this policy, the British recognized the authority of Indian princes and rulers who had supported them, allowing them to retain their territories and titles.

Impact:
- The policy of Subordinated Unity helped to stabilize the situation in India after the rebellion and prevent further uprisings against British rule.
- It also allowed the British to maintain control over India by co-opting the support of Indian rulers and incorporating them into the colonial administration.
In conclusion, the policy of Subordinated Unity represented a shift in British colonial policy in India towards a more conciliatory approach aimed at maintaining stability and control in the aftermath of the Indian Rebellion of 1857.

Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, as India's first Deputy Prime Minister and Home Minister, played a crucial role in the integration of princely states into the Dominion of India. His efforts, in collaboration with V.P. Menon, aimed to convince the rulers to join India through diplomatic negotiations and strategic appeals.

Instrument of Accession
The official agreement that bound the princely states to India was called the Instrument of Accession. This document was used by the princely states to accede to either India or Pakistan following the partition of British India in 1947.
Key Points:
- Legal Document: The Instrument of Accession was a legal document signed by the rulers of the princely states, agreeing to merge their territories with either India or Pakistan.
- Integration with India: By signing the Instrument of Accession, the princely states agreed to transfer control over defense, foreign affairs, and communications to the Government of India.
- Conditional: The Instrument of Accession was often conditional, with the princely states retaining autonomy over certain matters like internal administration, law, and order.
- Accepted by India: The Government of India accepted the Instrument of Accession, thereby formalizing the integration of the princely state into the Union of India.
- Historical Significance: The signing of the Instrument of Accession played a crucial role in the consolidation of India as a unified nation following independence from British colonial rule.
Overall, the Instrument of Accession was a significant legal instrument that facilitated the integration of the princely states into the newly independent nation of India, helping to establish a cohesive and united country.

Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel successfully integrated 562 princely states into the Union of India. Before the 1947 Partition of India, there were around 584 princely states known as "native states," which were not fully under British India's jurisdiction. His diplomatic efforts played a crucial role in this integration process, ensuring a unified and sovereign nation.

First Stage (1757-1813)
The British pursued the "Ring Fence" strategy in India during the First Stage (1757-1813) of their rule. This strategy aimed to establish a secure and controlled boundary around their territorial acquisitions in India, primarily to safeguard their economic interests and maintain political stability.

Explanation:
- The British East India Company, after gaining political power through victories in battles such as the Battle of Plassey in 1757, started implementing the "Ring Fence" strategy.
- This strategy involved creating a protective ring or barrier around their territories to prevent external threats from other European powers, local rulers, or potential uprisings.
- The British established control over key regions strategically important for trade and revenue collection, such as Bengal, Bombay, and Madras.
- They also entered into treaties with various Indian princely states to ensure their loyalty and support against any potential threats to the British presence.
- The "Ring Fence" strategy allowed the British to consolidate their power, expand their influence, and gradually establish their dominance over larger parts of the Indian subcontinent.
Overall, the implementation of the "Ring Fence" strategy in India during the First Stage of British rule played a crucial role in shaping their colonial policies, securing their territorial gains, and laying the foundation for further expansion in the subsequent stages of colonial rule.

Background of the Kashmir Conflict
The integration of Jammu and Kashmir into India is rooted in a historical context marked by political and social unrest.
Tribal Uprising
- In October 1947, a tribal invasion from Pakistan, comprising mostly Pashtun tribesmen, aimed to seize control of Kashmir.
- This was not an organized military operation but rather a spontaneous uprising fueled by local grievances against the Maharaja's rule.
Maharaja Hari Singh's Dilemma
- Maharaja Hari Singh, the ruler of Jammu and Kashmir, found himself in a precarious position.
- The invasion caught his forces off guard, leading to a rapid deterioration of security within the state.
- Facing the threat of losing his territory, he sought assistance from India for military support.
Integration with India
- On October 26, 1947, under duress from the ongoing tribal assault, Maharaja Hari Singh signed the Instrument of Accession to India.
- This legal document allowed India to send military aid to Kashmir in exchange for the state's integration into the Indian Union.
Conclusion
- The tribal uprising was a pivotal event that directly led to Maharaja Hari Singh seeking assistance from India, ultimately resulting in Kashmir's integration into the country.
- This event has had lasting implications on Indo-Pak relations and the ongoing conflict over the region.

The term "paramountcy" refers to the legal principle in a federalist state where the regulations of one government take precedence over those of another. This principle establishes a hierarchy of laws to reconcile conflicting or competing regulations.

Overview of British Dominance in India
The British colonial rule in India can be divided into three distinct phases, each characterized by different strategies and administrative approaches. The first stage, from 1757 to 1813, is particularly significant for its focus on regional control and influence.

First Stage (1757-1813)
During this phase, the British East India Company established its dominance primarily through military conquest and strategic alliances. Key aspects include:
- Consolidation of Power: After the Battle of Plassey in 1757, the Company acquired significant control over Bengal, which became the nucleus of British power in India.
- Regional Influence: The British focused on strengthening their influence in specific areas like Bengal and Madras while allowing princely states in other regions (like Mysore and Awadh) to maintain a degree of autonomy.
- Diplomatic Strategies: The British utilized a policy of “divide and rule,” fostering rivalries among local rulers to prevent unified opposition.
- Non-Interference in Some Regions: Regions that were not strategically important were often left to local rulers, allowing the British to concentrate their resources on areas where they sought greater control.

Impact on Subsequent Phases
This initial phase laid the groundwork for further expansion and control, leading to the subsequent stages where British governance became more direct and widespread, especially post-1858 when the British Crown took over administration after the Sepoy Mutiny.

Conclusion
In summary, the first stage of British dominance in India is marked by a tactical approach to regional influence, allowing the British to solidify their power while minimizing direct interference in less critical areas, setting the stage for the later phases of colonial rule.

Lord Dalhousie, who served as the governor-general of India from 1848 to 1856, played a significant role in shaping the continuity of Hindu Indian states through the doctrine of lapse. He introduced this policy to annex states without legitimate successors.

Paramountcy in a Federalist State
In a federalist state, the concept of "paramountcy" refers to the legal principle that grants priority to the regulations of one government over those of another. This means that in cases of conflict between laws enacted by different levels of government (federal and regional), the laws of the higher authority take precedence.

Explanation
- Legal Priority: Paramountcy ensures that there is a clear hierarchy of laws within a federalist state. The constitution typically outlines which level of government has the authority to legislate on specific matters.
- Federal Supremacy: The principle of paramountcy upholds the supremacy of federal laws over regional laws. This is essential to maintain consistency and coherence in the legal system of a federalist state.
- Conflict Resolution: When there is a conflict between federal and regional laws, paramountcy provides a mechanism for resolving such conflicts by giving precedence to the laws of the higher authority.
- Balance of Powers: While federalism allows for the division of powers between different levels of government, paramountcy ensures that there is a mechanism in place to prevent jurisdictional disputes and maintain the integrity of the legal system.
In conclusion, the concept of paramountcy plays a crucial role in ensuring the smooth functioning of a federalist state by establishing a clear hierarchy of laws and resolving conflicts between different levels of government.

Primary Challenge After Accession
After the accession of Indian States to the Dominion of India, the Government of India faced numerous challenges. Among these, the primary challenge was shaping the Indian States into viable administrative units.
Context of Accession
- The accession of over 500 princely states in 1947 was a significant political development.
- Each state had its own governance structure, laws, and administrative practices, which varied widely.
Need for Viable Administrative Units
- The integration of these states was crucial for the establishment of a unified nation.
- The diverse political and cultural landscapes of these states made it challenging to create a cohesive administrative framework.
Key Challenges in Integration
- Diverse Governance Structures: Each princely state operated under different systems of governance and legal frameworks.
- Regional Identities: Strong regional identities and loyalties often conflicted with national integration efforts.
- Resistance to Change: Some rulers and local populations resisted the changes proposed by the central government, fearing loss of autonomy.
Strategies for Integration
- The Government of India employed various strategies, including negotiations, persuasion, and, in some cases, forceful integration.
- The integration process involved creating a new administrative framework that encompassed various states, ensuring governance was both effective and representative.
Conclusion
- Ultimately, the challenge of shaping the Indian States into viable administrative units was fundamental to building a stable and unified India.
- Successful integration laid the groundwork for the democratic and administrative norms that would define the country’s governance in the years to come.

Overview of the Indian Independence Act of 1947
The Indian Independence Act of 1947 marked a crucial turning point in the history of India. It provided a framework for the transfer of power from British rule to two independent dominions: India and Pakistan. The princely states, which were semi-autonomous territories governed by local rulers, were given specific options regarding their future.
Options for Princely States
The three primary options presented to princely states were:
- Join India: Princely states could choose to accede to the newly formed Union of India, thereby becoming part of the Indian dominion. This option allowed them to enjoy the benefits of being within a larger, unified nation while also adhering to Indian laws and governance.
- Join Pakistan: Similar to the first option, states could opt to accede to Pakistan, particularly if they had a significant Muslim population or strategic interests aligned with Pakistan. This was a critical choice, especially for states located near the newly established border.
- Declare Independence: Princely states had the option to remain independent and not join either dominion. This allowed them to maintain sovereignty and manage their own affairs, although this choice carried risks in terms of international recognition and stability.
Significance of the Choices
These options were significant as they set the stage for the political landscape of post-independence India and Pakistan. Many states chose to join one of the two dominions, while a few attempted to assert their independence, leading to complex negotiations and conflicts. Ultimately, the decisions made by these states played a critical role in shaping the borders and political dynamics of South Asia.

Introduction
The princely state that faced a plebiscite to determine its future integration with India was Junagarh. This historic event is significant in understanding the dynamics of state integration post-independence.
Background of Junagarh
- Junagarh was a princely state in Gujarat, ruled by a Muslim Nawab, Muhammad Mahabat Khanji III.
- After India gained independence in 1947, princely states were given the option to join either India or Pakistan.
Plebiscite Decision
- The Nawab of Junagarh initially chose to accede to Pakistan, despite the majority Hindu population.
- This decision was met with resistance from the local population, leading to widespread unrest and protests.
Role of India
- The Indian government intervened, arguing that the accession to Pakistan was not representative of the will of the people.
- To resolve the issue, a plebiscite was proposed, allowing the citizens of Junagarh to express their preference regarding accession.
Outcome
- The plebiscite, held in February 1948, resulted in overwhelming support for joining India.
- Consequently, Junagarh was integrated into India, and the Nawab fled, relinquishing control.
Significance
- The Junagarh plebiscite is a crucial example of how popular sentiment influenced the integration of princely states into the Indian Union.
- It highlighted the complexities of communal identities and political affiliations in the post-colonial context.
In summary, Junagarh's plebiscite was pivotal in shaping the political landscape of newly independent India, illustrating the intricate relationship between governance and public opinion during that time.

The Nawab of Bhopal faced opposition when Lord Mountbatten attempted to prevent the territory from joining India. However, the citizens of Bhopal saw through this and chose to sign the Instrument of Accession to align with India.

The Hyderabad Princely State and Its Integration into India
The Hyderabad princely state, one of the largest in India during British rule, faced significant challenges in its attempts to resist integration into the newly independent nation of India in 1947.
Background
- After India gained independence in August 1947, princely states were given the choice to join either India or Pakistan or remain independent.
- The Nizam of Hyderabad, Mir Osman Ali Pasha, sought to maintain autonomy, believing he could preserve the state's independence.
Resistance and Challenges
- The Nizam's administration resisted the Indian government's attempts for integration, leading to political unrest and civil disorder within Hyderabad.
- A significant faction within Hyderabad, the Razakars, supported the Nizam's resistance, advocating for independence and opposing Indian integration.
Indian Government's Response
- As tensions escalated and violence increased, the Indian government intervened, emphasizing the need for stability and unity within the country.
- The Indian Army launched "Operation Polo" in September 1948 to integrate Hyderabad forcefully.
Outcome
- The military operation was swift, leading to the surrender of the Nizam's forces.
- On September 17, 1948, Hyderabad was officially integrated into India, marking the end of its princely status.
Conclusion
- The resistance by the Hyderabad princely state ultimately failed, resulting in its annexation into India, thus affirming the choice of integration over independence or joining Pakistan. The event significantly shaped the political landscape of post-independence India.

In Section 7(l)(b) of the Indian Independence Act, 1947, it was specified that the suzerainty of the British Crown over the Indian States would lapse. This meant that the British Crown's authority and control over the princely states would come to an end. This provision marked a significant turning point in India's struggle for independence and had far-reaching consequences for the future of the princely states.

The doctrine of lapse was introduced in India by Lord Dalhousie, who served as the governor-general from 1848 to 1856. This doctrine played a significant role in shaping the continuity of Hindu Indian states by asserting the central power's authority to control territories without natural or chosen successors.

Lord Dalhousie introduced the doctrine of lapse to annex Indian states that lacked legitimate successors. This allowed the British to control territories without natural or chosen heirs and expand their imperial influence in India.