All questions of Politics in India since Independence for Humanities/Arts Exam

Apartheid is the practice of racial discrimination which means discrimination on the basis of body colour.

I am not satisfied with the option (B) because it was not the mistake of india and atleast india merge both the ideologies...by my side it should be option (c).

India never forcefully approached any country to join NAM. On the one hand, Pakistan joined US-led military alliances, India kept developing and maintaining good relations with others.

Atal Bihari Vajpayee served three terms as the Prime Minister of India, first for a term of 13 days in 1996, then for a period of 13 months from 1998 to 1999, followed by a full term from 1999 to 2004.

-"Garibi hatao " was the theme n Slogan of indra Gandhi
1971 election campaign n was later used by her son rajeev Gandhi n then by her grandson rahul gandhi during the general elections.
- It's literally meaning is remove poverty.
- It was designed by Gandhi to get an national support both from rural n urban side.
- It was a part of 5th" five year plans ".

Chennai was previously called Madras. Madras was the shortened name of the fishing village Madraspatnam, where the British East India Company built a fort and factory (trading post) in 1639–40. Tamil Nadu officially changed the name of the city to Chennai in 1996.

D) yes the north -eastern states are known as "seven sisters " of india , it comprises of :-
a) Mizoram
b) Meghalaya
c) Nagaland
d) Manipur
e) assam
f) arunachal pradesh
g) Tipura

- This states are known as "seven Sisters" basically because of geographical location of all seven States in same region.

Explanation: It has always been a tendency of the powerful nations not to let any other nation be in their competence. Hence, soon after China tested her nuclear weapons, they have come up with NPT.

There has always been differences among the political parties of India about their external relations. But, this has never affected the foreign affairs of India. India always stood neutral as far as any international conflicts are concerned.

In a letter to the Prime Minister, Palaniswamy had stated that Tamil Nadu was against the imposition of Hindi as a compulsory third language in schools. He also opposed the promotion of Sanskrit.

The correct answer is option 'C', which states that the state of emergency was declared on 25th June, 1975. Let's explore the details behind this answer.

The State of Emergency in India:
The state of emergency refers to a period in which a government grants itself extraordinary powers to maintain law and order, often suspending certain civil liberties. In the case of India, the state of emergency was declared in 1975 due to a political crisis.

The Background:
- Indira Gandhi, the then Prime Minister of India, declared a state of emergency on 25th June, 1975.
- The political climate leading up to the emergency was tumultuous, marked by widespread protests, strikes, and civil unrest.
- The government faced numerous challenges, including economic instability, rising inflation, and a sharp decline in public confidence.

Reasons for Declaring the State of Emergency:
- One of the primary reasons behind the declaration of the state of emergency was the controversial court ruling against Indira Gandhi. The Allahabad High Court found her guilty of electoral malpractices during the 1971 elections and declared her election to the Lok Sabha (lower house of parliament) as void.
- This ruling posed a significant threat to her political career and led to calls for her resignation. Fearing the loss of power, she made the decision to declare a state of emergency.
- Indira Gandhi justified the emergency as necessary to maintain law and order and prevent the destabilization of the nation.

Impact of the State of Emergency:
- The declaration of the state of emergency resulted in the suspension of civil liberties, such as freedom of speech, freedom of the press, and the right to protest.
- The government arrested and detained numerous political leaders, activists, and journalists who were critical of the regime.
- Censorship was imposed on the media, and newspapers were heavily regulated.
- The state of emergency saw a consolidation of power within the government, with Indira Gandhi and her close associates exercising significant control over decision-making.
- The emergency lasted for a period of 21 months, during which the government implemented various controversial policies and faced widespread criticism both domestically and internationally.

Conclusion:
In conclusion, the state of emergency in India was declared on 25th June, 1975, by Prime Minister Indira Gandhi. It was a response to a political crisis triggered by a court ruling against her, which posed a threat to her political career. The emergency resulted in the suspension of civil liberties and the consolidation of power within the government. It lasted for 21 months and was marked by widespread criticism and controversy.

India indeed had given the answer to Pakistan’s mischievous acts on the border. But, the attack was never initiated by Indian side, nor did Indian army entered Swat Valley.

The interim government took a firm stance against the possible division of India into smaller principalities of different sizes. The Muslim League opposed the Indian National Congress and took the view that the States should be free to adopt any course they liked.

Instead of being rigid in politics, Congress understood that compromise and inclusiveness are the hallmarks of a coalition. This strategy put the opposition in a difficulty.

Though Congress had members from various ideologies and backgrounds. It managed to create a balance between them and as a result, all the freedom struggles launched by congress were responded by the people belonging to every strata of the society.

The Sino-Indian conflict created irreconcilable differences within the Communist Party of India which was in opposition. It was split into Communist Party of India (Marxist) which was Pro-China and CPI which was Pro-Russia.

The final decision to impose an emergency was proposed by Indira Gandhi, agreed upon by the president of India, and thereafter ratified by the cabinet and the parliament (from July to August 1975), based on the rationale that there were imminent internal and external threats to the Indian state. Censorship on media was a part of emergency. It was not done on the basis of any allegation.

Assertion: Morarji Desai did not complete full term of Prime Ministership and was succeeded by Chaudhary Charan Singh.
Reason: Due to lack of a common programme and a constant direction, inability to change Congress policies and splits within the party; led to mid-term elections in 1980.

Explanation:
The assertion states that Morarji Desai did not complete his full term as Prime Minister and was succeeded by Chaudhary Charan Singh. The reason given for this is the lack of a common program and a constant direction, the inability to change Congress policies, and splits within the party, which led to mid-term elections in 1980.

The reason provided explains why Morarji Desai did not complete his full term as Prime Minister. Let's examine the reason in detail:

Lack of a common program and a constant direction: This refers to the absence of a clear and unified agenda or plan of action within the ruling party. The government under Morarji Desai faced challenges in bringing about consensus among various factions within the party, resulting in a lack of direction and coherence in policy-making.

Inability to change Congress policies: Morarji Desai, as a non-Congress Prime Minister, faced difficulties in implementing his own policies and reforms due to the resistance from within the Congress party. The Congress party, being the dominant political force at that time, had a strong influence on policy decisions, and Desai's attempts to introduce new policies were met with opposition.

Splits within the party: The political landscape during Morarji Desai's tenure was marked by factionalism and internal divisions within the ruling Janata Party. These splits further weakened the government's ability to function effectively and maintain stability.

Mid-term elections in 1980: The culmination of these challenges was the mid-term elections held in 1980. The inability of the government to address the issues mentioned above led to a loss of public confidence and the need for a fresh mandate.

Therefore, both the assertion and the reason are true, but the reason is not the correct explanation of the assertion. While the reason explains the factors that contributed to Morarji Desai not completing his full term, it does not directly explain why he was succeeded by Chaudhary Charan Singh. The succession to Singh was a result of political maneuvering and alliances within the Janata Party, rather than solely due to the reasons mentioned in the reason statement.

India's first Prime Minister, Jawaharlal Nehru, also held the Foreign Minister post throughout his 17-year premiership of the country; he remains the country's longest-serving Foreign Minister.

“Garibi Hatao” slogan was given by congress but it could never been achieved in real sense. Because after that, the economy has gone through rapid downfalls and the condition of the poor never improved.

Despite the size of the voters, the election commission was able to organize a nationwide election. It firmly believed in democracy and staked all the resources and labour to conduct the elections in a fair manner.

Introduction:
Rajiv Gandhi, the 6th Prime Minister of India, was assassinated on May 21, 1991. His assassination was a tragic event that shook the nation and left a lasting impact on Indian politics.

Explanation:
The correct answer to the question is option 'C' - 1991. Here's a detailed explanation:

1. Background:
Rajiv Gandhi, the son of former Prime Minister Indira Gandhi, entered politics after her assassination in 1984. He served as the Prime Minister of India from 1984 to 1989.

2. Assassination:
On May 21, 1991, Rajiv Gandhi was assassinated while attending an election rally in Sriperumbudur, Tamil Nadu. The attack was carried out by a suicide bomber from the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE), a separatist militant organization from Sri Lanka.

3. Events leading to the Assassination:
The LTTE had been fighting for an independent Tamil state in Sri Lanka since the early 1980s. Rajiv Gandhi, during his tenure as Prime Minister, had sent the Indian Peacekeeping Force (IPKF) to Sri Lanka to intervene in the conflict. However, the IPKF faced opposition from both the LTTE and other factions in Sri Lanka, leading to a complex and challenging situation.

4. Motive behind the Assassination:
The LTTE perceived Rajiv Gandhi's intervention in Sri Lanka as a threat to their cause. They believed that his assassination would not only eliminate a powerful opponent but also draw international attention to their struggle for an independent Tamil state.

5. Immediate Aftermath:
The assassination of Rajiv Gandhi sent shockwaves across India and the world. The nation mourned his loss, and there was a massive outpouring of grief and anger. The LTTE was widely condemned for the act, and there were calls for justice and action against the organization.

6. Investigation and Trials:
Following the assassination, extensive investigations were carried out to identify and apprehend the perpetrators. Several individuals, including LTTE members, were arrested and put on trial. In 1998, the trial concluded, and four individuals, including the suicide bomber, were convicted and sentenced to death.

Conclusion:
In conclusion, Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi was assassinated in the year 1991. His assassination was a significant event in Indian history, marking a tragic loss for the nation and leaving a lasting impact on its political landscape.

The General Elections of 2004 resulted in a coalition government.

In the General Elections of 2004 in India, no single party was able to secure a majority in the Lok Sabha (the lower house of the Indian Parliament). As a result, a coalition government was formed with the support of multiple political parties. The coalition government was led by the Indian National Congress and its allies.

Reasons for the coalition government:

1. Lack of majority: None of the political parties, including the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) and the Indian National Congress, were able to secure the required number of seats (272 out of 543) to form a government independently. This led to the necessity of forming a coalition government.

2. Regional diversity: India is a diverse country with multiple states, each having its own regional political parties. These regional parties play a crucial role in the formation of a coalition government. In 2004, several regional parties joined hands with the Congress to form a coalition government.

3. Anti-incumbency factor: The ruling party at that time, the BJP-led National Democratic Alliance (NDA), faced anti-incumbency sentiment due to various factors such as economic issues, internal conflicts, and dissatisfaction among certain sections of society. This contributed to the fragmentation of votes and the formation of a coalition government.

4. United Progressive Alliance (UPA): The coalition government formed after the 2004 elections was known as the United Progressive Alliance. It consisted of various political parties, including the Indian National Congress, Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam, Nationalist Congress Party, and others.

Impact of the coalition government:

1. Stability and governance: The coalition government faced challenges in terms of decision-making and policy implementation due to the involvement of multiple parties with different ideologies. However, it managed to provide a stable government and effectively govern the country for the next five years.

2. Policy reforms: The coalition government focused on implementing various policy reforms in sectors such as education, healthcare, infrastructure, and rural development. It introduced initiatives like the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MNREGA) and Right to Information Act (RTI), which had a significant impact on the lives of the people.

3. Foreign policy: The coalition government pursued a balanced foreign policy approach, maintaining relations with both the United States and other major powers, as well as strengthening ties with neighboring countries. It played a crucial role in shaping India's position on global issues.

In conclusion, the General Elections of 2004 in India resulted in a coalition government due to the lack of a single party securing a majority. The coalition government led by the Indian National Congress successfully governed the country for the next five years, implementing various policy reforms and maintaining stability.

The United Front (UF) government—a coalition of 13 parties—came to power in 1996 as a minority government with the support of the Congress Party.

This period saw the emergence of many parties that sought better opportunities for OBCs in education and employment.

In 1989 one or two parties did not get most of the votes or seats. No single party secured a clear majority of seats in any Lok Sabha election 1989.

Indeed the dominance of Congress can be compared with that of the African National Congress. But Congress in India had the legacy of their struggle for freedom of India. Congress was seen as inheritor of the national movement.

The elections had to be postponed. Since the majority of the population was able to vote in January 1952, it is referred as 1952 elections.

The Bharatiya Jana Sangh was formed in 1951 by Shyama Prasad Mukherjee. It emphasized that the country can be modern by following Indian culture only. Its ideology was based on right wing politics.

During this plan, annual plans were made and equal priority was given to agriculture, its allied sectors and the industry sector. Agriculture was never left out of the plan at all.