All questions of Organic Chemistry for ACT Exam

Three are covalently bonded but NaCl is purely ionic compound

Nitration and sulfonation of benzene are two examples of electrophilic aromatic substitution. The nitronium ion (NO2+) and sulfur trioxide (SO3) are the electrophiles and individually react with benzene to give nitrobenzene and benzenesulfonic acid respectively.

Impure sample of Naphthalene can be purified by Sublimation.

**Explanation:**

The correct answer is option D, the fractionating column. Let's break down the explanation:

**1. Heat Exchange:**
The apparatus mentioned in the question is designed to facilitate heat exchange between ascending vapors and descending condensed liquid. Heat exchange is an essential process that occurs in various applications, such as distillation, where it helps in separating mixtures based on differences in boiling points.

**2. Surfaces for Heat Exchange:**
The apparatus should provide multiple surfaces or stages where heat exchange can occur. This means that the ascending vapors and descending condensed liquid should come into close contact with each other, allowing thermal energy transfer.

**3. Round Bottom Flask, Pipette, and Burette:**
The options A (round bottom flask), B (pipette), and C (burette) do not meet the criteria for providing multiple surfaces for heat exchange. Let's briefly explain why:

- **Round Bottom Flask (Option A):** A round bottom flask is a commonly used laboratory glassware that is primarily used for holding liquids and conducting chemical reactions. It does not provide multiple surfaces for heat exchange as required in the question.

- **Pipette (Option B):** A pipette is a laboratory tool used for accurately measuring and transferring small volumes of liquids. It is not designed for heat exchange between ascending vapors and descending condensed liquid.

- **Burette (Option C):** A burette is a long, graduated glass tube with a stopcock at the bottom. It is commonly used in titrations for precise volume measurements but does not provide the required surfaces for heat exchange.

**4. Fractionating Column (Option D):**
The fractionating column is a specially designed apparatus used in distillation processes to achieve separation of liquid mixtures based on differences in boiling points. It consists of multiple stages or trays, providing numerous surfaces for heat exchange.

- **Heat Exchange in the Fractionating Column:** As the vapor rises through the fractionating column, it comes into contact with the descending condensed liquid. Heat is exchanged between the ascending vapors and the descending liquid, allowing the separation of components with different boiling points.

- **Multiple Surfaces for Heat Exchange:** The fractionating column contains several trays or stages, each acting as a surface for heat exchange. The vapors and condensed liquid interact on these trays, promoting efficient heat transfer between the two phases.

Therefore, the fractionating column is the apparatus that best fits the description provided in the question, offering multiple surfaces for heat exchange between ascending vapors and descending condensed liquid.

Resonance energy is directly proportional to stability

I draw Actual structure For U=> CH2 = CH-C=_ N u can see between C & N there are three bonds (1 sigma & 2 π bonds) NOTE FOR U ==> (1) if carbon is singly bonded only then sp^3 hybridisation (2) if there is one π bond only then sp^2 hybridisation (3) if there is 2 π bonds then there is sp hybridisation ________ So now u use this given information and conclude answer by ur own self 😄😄😄😃

In structure no 1 no charge is present.in third one positive charge is on "OH" which sjows negative I effect and also "O" atom is more electronegative than C so 3rd is more stable than 2

Strongest Acid: Cl3CCOOH

Explanation:

1. Introduction

In order to determine the strongest acid among the given options, we need to analyze their molecular structures and the strength of the bonds within them.

2. Molecular Structures

Let's examine the molecular structures of the given acids:

a) Cl3CCOOH (Trichloroacetic acid)
b) ClCH2COOH (Chloroacetic acid)
c) Cl2CHCOOH (Dichloroacetic acid)
d) CH3COOH (Acetic acid)

3. Analysis of Acidity

The strength of an acid is determined by its ability to donate a proton (H+). Acids with more stable conjugate bases are stronger, as they are more likely to donate a proton.

a) Trichloroacetic acid (Cl3CCOOH) has three chlorine atoms bonded to the central carbon atom. The electronegativity of chlorine is higher than that of carbon, causing the Cl-C bond to be polarized. This polarization weakens the carbon-hydrogen bond, making it easier for the acid to donate a proton. Therefore, Cl3CCOOH is the strongest acid among the given options.

b) Chloroacetic acid (ClCH2COOH) has one chlorine atom bonded to the central carbon atom. The presence of chlorine weakens the carbon-hydrogen bond, but not as much as in trichloroacetic acid.

c) Dichloroacetic acid (Cl2CHCOOH) has two chlorine atoms bonded to the central carbon atom. The presence of two chlorine atoms further weakens the carbon-hydrogen bond compared to chloroacetic acid.

d) Acetic acid (CH3COOH) does not have any chlorine atoms bonded to the central carbon atom. Therefore, the carbon-hydrogen bond is stronger compared to the other three acids.

4. Conclusion

Among the given options, trichloroacetic acid (Cl3CCOOH) is the strongest acid. This is due to the presence of three chlorine atoms, which weaken the carbon-hydrogen bond and make it easier for the acid to donate a proton.

Propene, also known as propylene or methyl ethylene, is an unsaturated organic compound having the chemical formula . It has one double bond, and is the second simplest member of the alkene class of hydrocarbons.

Alkyl halides do not show functional isomerism. Alcohols and ethers, aldehydes and ketones, cyanides and isocyanides are functional isomers.

Whenever alternate double bonds are present that means the molecule is in Resonance! Resonance gives stability to a molecule

Option D is correct answer

Bond is formed if atoms are getting more stable after bond formation and being stable means less energy state so they release energy while bond formation so it is exothermic process

B is correct because a resonant structure must be conjugated.

A Friedel-Crafts alkylation reaction is an electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction in which a carbocation attacks an aromatic ring with the net result that one of the aromatic protons is replaced by an alkyl group. vinyl and aryl halides cannot be used to form carbocations.

The Rf value is defined as the ratio of the distance moved by the solute and the distance moved by the the solvent along the paper, where both distances are measured from the common Origin or Application Baseline, that is the point where the sample is initially spotted on the paper.

In its resonating structures, C2 and C4 always show π-electron density

A) For ethane, there exists three conformational isomers or conformers, which are degenerate because they are congruent. They have the same energy and are same, in all respects.
D) Gauche is the most stable form with less repulsion.

Due to delocalisation of charge at 3 consecutive places and hence more no.of resonating structures.So 'd' is correct option.

Option D is non planar due to steric hindrance at the ortho position.All the other three are co planar.