All questions of Properties of Organic Compounds for EmSAT Achieve Exam

Explanation:

The odd one out among the given options is Sodium chloride. Here's why:

Napthalene:
- Napthalene is a white, crystalline solid that is commonly found in mothballs.
- It is composed of carbon and hydrogen atoms arranged in a specific structure.
- It is insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents like benzene and toluene.
- Napthalene is used in various applications such as in the production of dyes, plastics, and synthetic resins.

Ammonium chloride:
- Ammonium chloride is a white, crystalline salt that consists of ammonium ions (NH4+) and chloride ions (Cl-).
- It is highly soluble in water and forms an acidic solution.
- Ammonium chloride is commonly used in fertilizers, as a flux in soldering, and in the preparation of dry cells.

Camphor:
- Camphor is a white, waxy solid derived from the wood of the camphor tree.
- It has a strong, distinctive odor and sublimes at room temperature (changes directly from a solid to a gas).
- Camphor is soluble in organic solvents but only sparingly soluble in water.
- It is used in various applications such as in the production of medicines, as an insect repellent, and in religious ceremonies.

Sodium chloride:
- Sodium chloride, commonly known as table salt, is a white, crystalline solid.
- It is composed of sodium ions (Na+) and chloride ions (Cl-).
- Sodium chloride is highly soluble in water and forms a neutral solution.
- It is widely used as a seasoning in food, in the production of chemicals, and in various industrial processes.

Conclusion:
The odd one out among the given options is Sodium chloride because it is the only compound that is primarily used as a seasoning in food and does not have the properties of a hydrocarbon or an ionic salt.

Nitration and sulfonation of benzene are two examples of electrophilic aromatic substitution. The nitronium ion (NO2+) and sulfur trioxide (SO3) are the electrophiles and individually react with benzene to give nitrobenzene and benzenesulfonic acid respectively.

Impure sample of Naphthalene can be purified by Sublimation.

In C1 carbon had thripal bond so it is sp hybridised in C2 carbon had one double bond so it is sp2 hybridization

**Explanation:**

The correct answer is option D, the fractionating column. Let's break down the explanation:

**1. Heat Exchange:**
The apparatus mentioned in the question is designed to facilitate heat exchange between ascending vapors and descending condensed liquid. Heat exchange is an essential process that occurs in various applications, such as distillation, where it helps in separating mixtures based on differences in boiling points.

**2. Surfaces for Heat Exchange:**
The apparatus should provide multiple surfaces or stages where heat exchange can occur. This means that the ascending vapors and descending condensed liquid should come into close contact with each other, allowing thermal energy transfer.

**3. Round Bottom Flask, Pipette, and Burette:**
The options A (round bottom flask), B (pipette), and C (burette) do not meet the criteria for providing multiple surfaces for heat exchange. Let's briefly explain why:

- **Round Bottom Flask (Option A):** A round bottom flask is a commonly used laboratory glassware that is primarily used for holding liquids and conducting chemical reactions. It does not provide multiple surfaces for heat exchange as required in the question.

- **Pipette (Option B):** A pipette is a laboratory tool used for accurately measuring and transferring small volumes of liquids. It is not designed for heat exchange between ascending vapors and descending condensed liquid.

- **Burette (Option C):** A burette is a long, graduated glass tube with a stopcock at the bottom. It is commonly used in titrations for precise volume measurements but does not provide the required surfaces for heat exchange.

**4. Fractionating Column (Option D):**
The fractionating column is a specially designed apparatus used in distillation processes to achieve separation of liquid mixtures based on differences in boiling points. It consists of multiple stages or trays, providing numerous surfaces for heat exchange.

- **Heat Exchange in the Fractionating Column:** As the vapor rises through the fractionating column, it comes into contact with the descending condensed liquid. Heat is exchanged between the ascending vapors and the descending liquid, allowing the separation of components with different boiling points.

- **Multiple Surfaces for Heat Exchange:** The fractionating column contains several trays or stages, each acting as a surface for heat exchange. The vapors and condensed liquid interact on these trays, promoting efficient heat transfer between the two phases.

Therefore, the fractionating column is the apparatus that best fits the description provided in the question, offering multiple surfaces for heat exchange between ascending vapors and descending condensed liquid.

In structure no 1 no charge is present.in third one positive charge is on "OH" which sjows negative I effect and also "O" atom is more electronegative than C so 3rd is more stable than 2

The addition of dihydrogen to propyne is a type of hydrogenation reaction, where the double bond in propyne is broken and replaced with two hydrogen atoms. This leads to the formation of a new compound, propene.

Explanation:

Propyne has the chemical formula C3H4, containing a triple bond between the second and third carbon atoms. When dihydrogen (H2) is added to propyne, it reacts with the triple bond and leads to the formation of a new compound, propene (C3H6). The reaction can be represented by the following chemical equation:

C3H4 + H2 → C3H6

This reaction is an example of an addition reaction, where the reactants combine to form a single product. The addition of dihydrogen to propyne breaks the triple bond between the carbon atoms and forms a single bond between them. The remaining carbon-carbon double bond in propene is more stable than the triple bond in propyne, making it a more favorable product.

Option (C) is the correct answer, as propene is the product formed when dihydrogen is added to propyne.

In summary, the addition of dihydrogen to propyne leads to the formation of propene, where the triple bond in propyne is broken and replaced with a carbon-carbon double bond.

Alkyl halides do not show functional isomerism. Alcohols and ethers, aldehydes and ketones, cyanides and isocyanides are functional isomers.

Because cl3c reacts string than all

Asymmetric carbon atoms are those carbon atoms which are attached to four different groups or atoms. These carbon atoms are also known as chiral centers.

(i) 2-Dimethyl cyclohexane:
- Cyclohexane has no asymmetric carbon atoms.
- When two methyl groups are attached to cyclohexane, it becomes 2,3-dimethyl cyclohexane.
- The carbon at position 2 is attached to two methyl groups and two hydrogen atoms. Therefore, it is not an asymmetric carbon atom.
- The carbon at position 3 is attached to one methyl group, one hydrogen atom, one methyl group, and one cyclohexane ring. Therefore, it is an asymmetric carbon atom.
- Hence, there is one asymmetric carbon atom in 2-dimethyl cyclohexane.

(ii) 3-Methyl cyclopentene:
- Cyclopentene has one asymmetric carbon atom.
- When a methyl group is attached to cyclopentene at position 3, it becomes 3-methyl cyclopentene.
- The carbon at position 3 is attached to one methyl group, one hydrogen atom, one double bond with carbon, and one cyclopentene ring. Therefore, it is an asymmetric carbon atom.
- Hence, there is one asymmetric carbon atom in 3-methyl cyclopentene.

(iii) 3-Methylcyclohexene:
- Cyclohexene has one asymmetric carbon atom.
- When a methyl group is attached to cyclohexene at position 3, it becomes 3-methylcyclohexene.
- The carbon at position 3 is attached to one methyl group, one hydrogen atom, one double bond with carbon, and one cyclohexene ring. Therefore, it is an asymmetric carbon atom.
- Hence, there is one asymmetric carbon atom in 3-methylcyclohexene.

Therefore, the correct answer is option 'A' (2,1,1) as there are 2 asymmetric carbon atoms in total, with 1 in 2-dimethyl cyclohexane, 1 in 3-methyl cyclopentene, and 1 in 3-methylcyclohexene.

Resonance energy is directly proportional to stability

Rules of checking out canonical stability1 neutral structure will be more stable2 resonating structure having all atom complete octet3 more the number of covalent bond more will be the stability 4 less formal charge more stable5 more electronegative atom have negTive charge and more electropositive atom positive charge6 if identical charge are in adjacent atom leasts stableACC TO QUESTION1 --- is neutrali2---- have complete octet of all atom3---- backbonding in positive charge via lone pair of och3which stabilize positive charge4---- repulsion between negative charge and lone pair least stableTHESE RULES MUST BE FOLLOW IN THE SEQUENCE AS THEY ARE WRITTEN

Correction option is A
because neutral species are more stable than polarised species
and when opposite charges are separated by less distance then the structure is more stable than that of the molecule in which opposite charges are separated by more distance

Conformers of 2-Fluoroethanol:

Conformers are different arrangements of atoms that can be achieved by rotating around single bonds. For 2-fluoroethanol, there are three different conformers possible:

1) Anti-conformer
2) Gauche-conformer
3) Syn-conformer

Statement Analysis:

a) Anti-conformer is the most stable conformer - This statement is incorrect. The most stable conformer of 2-fluoroethanol is the gauche-conformer.

b) There is intramolecular H-bonding in its most stable conformer - This statement is correct. In the most stable gauche-conformer, there is intramolecular hydrogen bonding between the hydroxyl (-OH) group and the fluorine atom.

c) The most stable conformer has greater steric strain than 2nd most stable conformer - This statement is incorrect. The most stable gauche-conformer has the least steric strain among all three conformers.

d) Dissolving in water lowers the percentage of the most stable conformer - This statement is correct. Dissolving in water disrupts the intramolecular hydrogen bonding in the most stable gauche-conformer, leading to a decrease in its percentage.

Therefore, the correct statements concerning various conformers of 2-fluoroethanol are B, C, and D.

Option D is non planar due to steric hindrance at the ortho position.All the other three are co planar.

Due to delocalisation of charge at 3 consecutive places and hence more no.of resonating structures.So 'd' is correct option.

In its resonating structures, C2 and C4 always show π-electron density

B

B

Bond is formed if atoms are getting more stable after bond formation and being stable means less energy state so they release energy while bond formation so it is exothermic process

Whenever alternate double bonds are present that means the molecule is in Resonance! Resonance gives stability to a molecule

Separation by distillation at the normal (1 atmosphere) boiling points is not an option, so water or steam is introduced into the distillation apparatus. The water vapor carries small amounts of the vaporized compounds to the condensation flask, where the condensed liquid phase separates, allowing easy collection.

A Friedel-Crafts alkylation reaction is an electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction in which a carbocation attacks an aromatic ring with the net result that one of the aromatic protons is replaced by an alkyl group. vinyl and aryl halides cannot be used to form carbocations.

Chromatography has been developed into a new method of separation of mixture of substances mainly when they are available in small amounts. This method is very useful when the components of a mixture have almost the same physical and chemical properties and hence can’t be separated by other usual methods of separations. The term chromatography means writing in colour (in Greek: Khromatos-colour, and graphos- written). It was discovered by Mikhail Tswett in 1906. 

The process by which an impure compound is converted into its crystals is known as crystallisation. It is based on the difference in the solubilities of the compound and the impurities in a suitable solvent.