All questions of Modern for Bank Exams Exam

Lord Lytton to strengthen the financial power took many steps like

• encourage the provinces in collecting the revenue.
• Abolished many import duty and supported free trade policy for the British.
• He also introduced the Statutory Civil Service exclusively for Indians, which was later abolished.

Overview of the Civil Disobedience Movement
The Civil Disobedience Movement, launched in 1930, was a significant phase in the Indian struggle for independence from British rule. Several statements have been made regarding this movement, and analyzing them helps clarify historical facts.
Statement 1: Official Approval by Congress
- The movement was initiated by Mahatma Gandhi without formal approval from the Indian National Congress (INC).
- The Congress was divided on the method and timing of launching such a mass movement.
Statement 2: 26th January as Independence Day
- The decision to observe 26th January as Independence Day was indeed made during the Civil Disobedience Movement.
- The INC declared this day in 1930 to symbolize the demand for complete independence.
Statement 3: Round Table Conferences
- The Round Table Conferences were convened in 1930, 1931, and 1932, but they were not exclusively a result of the Civil Disobedience Movement.
- The British Government's need to negotiate with Indian leaders was a broader context that included various factors.
Statement 4: Withdrawal of the Movement
- The movement was temporarily withdrawn in 1934 due to escalating violence, particularly after the incident at the Salt March and subsequent clashes.
- Gandhi believed in non-violence, and the violence undermined the movement’s objectives.
Conclusion
Based on the analysis:
- Statements 1 and 4 are correct: The movement was not formally approved, and it was withdrawn due to violence.
- Statement 2 is correct: The significance of 26th January was established during this period.
- Statement 3 is incorrect: The Round Table Conferences were not solely a result of this movement.
Thus, the correct answer is option C (2 and 4 only), as these statements accurately reflect the historical context of the Civil Disobedience Movement.

Salient features of this act were as follows:

• Congress would participate in the Round Table Conference.
• Congress would discontinue the Civil Disobedience Movement.
• The Government would withdraw all ordinances issued to curb the Congress.
• The Government would withdraw all prosecutions relating to offences other than a violent one.
• The Government would release all persons undergoing sentences of imprisonment for their activities in the civil disobedience movement.
• Manufacture of salt by Indians will be allowed.

Context of the Salt Disobedience Movement
The Salt March, led by Mahatma Gandhi in 1930, was a pivotal act of civil disobedience against British salt laws. Following Gandhi's arrest, the Indian National Congress and the Central Working Committee (CWC) took further actions to continue the resistance against British rule.
Actions Sanctioned by the CWC
The CWC, in the wake of Gandhi's imprisonment, endorsed several significant measures:

• Non-Payment of Revenue in Ryotwari Areas: The CWC urged peasants in ryotwari regions to refuse payment of land revenue, directly challenging British taxation policies.
• No-Chowkidar-Tax Campaign in Zamindari Areas: This campaign targeted the zamindars (landlords) by promoting the idea of not paying the chowkidar (watchman) tax, thus undermining the zamindari system.
• Violation of Forest Laws in the Central Provinces: The CWC encouraged local populations to defy restrictive forest laws that limited access to forest resources, a common issue in rural India at the time.

Importance of These Actions
These actions were crucial for sustaining the momentum of the independence movement. They not only demonstrated widespread resistance but also highlighted the diverse socio-economic issues faced by different groups in India.
Conclusion
Since all three statements reflect the CWC's strategic decisions to mobilize various segments of society against colonial rule, the correct answer is option 'D'—all the statements are accurate. This comprehensive approach was vital in galvanizing public support and fostering a unified resistance against British imperialism.

Poona Pact was an agreement signed between Mahatma Gandhi and Dr. B.R. Ambedkar in 1932. It was a significant event in the Indian freedom struggle and had implications for the political representation of the depressed classes (now known as Scheduled Castes).

Explanation:
1. Mahatma Gandhi ended his fast in the jail as a protest against separate electorates for the depressed classes:
- Mahatma Gandhi had gone on a hunger strike in September 1932 to protest against the British Government's decision to grant separate electorates to the depressed classes. This decision was made as a result of the Communal Award announced by the British Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald.
- Gandhi believed that separate electorates would further divide the Indian society along caste lines and weaken the unity of the nation. He saw it as a threat to the concept of a unified India.
- The fast was a way for Gandhi to put pressure on the British Government and to appeal to the conscience of the people. He wanted to create awareness about the issue and mobilize public opinion against separate electorates.
- After intense negotiations between Gandhi and Dr. Ambedkar, the Poona Pact was reached on September 24, 1932. As a result, Gandhi agreed to end his fast.

2. Reservation of seats for the depressed classes out of the general electorate in the provincial Legislatures:
- The Poona Pact led to the abandonment of separate electorates for the depressed classes. Instead, it provided for reserved seats for them within the general electorate in the provincial legislatures.
- The depressed classes were given a fixed number of seats in proportion to their population, which would be elected by the general electorate. This arrangement ensured their political representation and participation in the democratic process.
- This decision was significant as it recognized the importance of the depressed classes in the political sphere and aimed to uplift their social and economic conditions through political empowerment.
- The reservation of seats for the depressed classes was a major step towards social justice and equality. It aimed to address the historical discrimination and marginalization faced by these communities.
- The Poona Pact had a long-lasting impact on the political landscape of India. It paved the way for the inclusion of the depressed classes in the political decision-making process and contributed to the strengthening of the democratic fabric of the country.

Therefore, both statements 1 and 2 are correct. The Poona Pact resulted in the end of Gandhi's fast and the reservation of seats for the depressed classes within the general electorate in the provincial legislatures.

Background of the Round Table Conferences
The Round Table Conferences were a series of meetings held in London between 1930 and 1932 to discuss constitutional reforms in India. The first conference, held in 1930, was pivotal as it set the stage for the future political landscape.
Reasons for Congress's Absence
The Indian National Congress (INC) leaders chose not to attend the first Round Table Conference for several compelling reasons:
- Vague Dominions Status
The British government proposed a vague dominion status for India, which was seen by the Congress as insufficient for achieving complete independence. The INC aimed for a full self-governing status rather than a limited dominion arrangement, which they felt undermined their struggle for ‘Swaraj’ or self-rule.
- No Discussion on Future Constitution
There was no substantial offer regarding discussions about a future constitution. The Congress wanted a clear and definitive roadmap towards complete self-governance, which was lacking in the proposals presented.
- Exclusion from the Conference
While the Congress was a major political force, it was not formally invited to the conference. This exclusion was viewed as a deliberate effort by the British to sideline the Congress and engage with other political factions.
- Inclusion of Dalit and Muslim Leaders
The British government's invitation to Dalit and Muslim leaders was perceived as an attempt to create divisions within the nationalist movement. The INC believed that this tactic contradicted their vision of a united India striving for independence.
Conclusion
In summary, the Indian National Congress's non-participation in the first Round Table Conference stemmed primarily from the dissatisfaction with the vague dominion status proposed by the British government, which did not align with their aspirations for complete independence.

The correct answer is option 'D' - Neither 1 nor 2.

1. Jinnah and Ambedkar attended all the three Round table conferences.
This statement is incorrect. While Jinnah did attend all the three Round Table Conferences, Ambedkar did not attend the first Round Table Conference in 1930. He attended the second and third Round Table Conferences in 1931 and 1932 respectively. Ambedkar played a significant role in the framing of the Indian Constitution and was one of the principal architects of the Constitution of India.

2. Jawaharlal Nehru was the first satyagrahi identified by Gandhi for the individual satyagraha.
This statement is also incorrect. The individual satyagraha was a part of the Civil Disobedience Movement launched by Mahatma Gandhi in 1940. It aimed to protest against the British government's decision to involve India in World War II without consulting Indian leaders. Jawaharlal Nehru was not the first satyagrahi identified by Gandhi for the individual satyagraha. The first satyagrahi selected by Gandhi for the individual satyagraha was Vinoba Bhave, a social reformer and disciple of Gandhi. Nehru himself participated in the individual satyagraha later, but he was not the first satyagrahi.

In conclusion, both statements given in the question are incorrect. Jinnah and Ambedkar did not attend all the three Round Table Conferences, and Nehru was not the first satyagrahi identified by Gandhi for the individual satyagraha.

Some important aspects of these resolutions were:

• Basic civil rights of freedom of speech, Freedom of Press, Freedom of Assembly, Freedom of Association, Equality before Law.
• Elections based on Universal Adult Franchise.
• Free and compulsory primary education.
• Substantial reduction in rent and taxes.
• Better conditions for workers, including a living wage, limited hours of work.
• Protection of women and peasants Government ownership or control of key industries, mines, and transport, Protection of Minorities.

The correct answer is option A: 1, 2, and 3.

Explanation:
The Karachi session of the Indian National Congress, held in 1931, was an important event in the Indian freedom struggle. It had significant outcomes and endorsed the following:

1. Endorsement of the Delhi Pact: The Delhi Pact was a historic agreement signed between Mahatma Gandhi, representing the Indian National Congress, and Lord Irwin, the Viceroy of India, in March 1931. It aimed at resolving certain key issues and marked a significant step towards the attainment of Swaraj (self-rule). The Karachi session of the Congress endorsed the Delhi Pact, thereby reaffirming its commitment to the agreement.

2. Reiteration of the goal of purna swaraj: Purna Swaraj, meaning complete independence, was the ultimate goal of the Indian National Congress. The Karachi session reiterated this goal, emphasizing the Congress's determination to achieve full self-rule for India.

3. Adoption of resolutions on Fundamental Rights and National Economic Programme: The Karachi session saw the adoption of two important resolutions. The first resolution focused on Fundamental Rights, highlighting the Congress's commitment to safeguarding the basic rights and liberties of the Indian people. The second resolution dealt with the National Economic Programme, addressing issues related to economic development, agrarian reforms, industrialization, and equitable distribution of wealth.

These resolutions were significant as they reflected the Congress's comprehensive vision for an independent India, encompassing both political and socio-economic aspects.

In conclusion, the Karachi session of the Congress in 1931 was important because it endorsed the Delhi Pact, reiterated the goal of purna swaraj, and adopted resolutions on Fundamental Rights and the National Economic Programme. These outcomes demonstrated the Congress's unity, determination, and commitment towards achieving independence for India.

Reasons for choosing option A:

1. Indian National Congress (INC) did not attend it:
- The Indian National Congress decided to boycott the Third Round Table Conference due to the arrest of its leaders after the Civil Disobedience Movement.
- Without the presence of INC, the conference lacked representation from the major political party of India.

2. White paper published as a result of the conference became the basis of the Government of India Act 1935:
- The discussions and deliberations of the Third Round Table Conference led to the publication of a White Paper.
- This White Paper served as the basis for the Government of India Act 1935, which introduced significant reforms in the governance of India.

3. British proposed the idea of a ‘commonwealth’ of colonial nations in this conference:
- During the Third Round Table Conference, the British proposed the concept of a ‘commonwealth’ of equal nations, promoting cooperation and unity among colonial nations.
- This proposal laid the foundation for the establishment of the British Commonwealth of Nations, later known as the Commonwealth of Nations.
Thus, the correct answer is option A, as all three statements are true about the Third Round Table Conference.

**The Red Shirts movement was launched by Khan Abdul Gaffar Khan**

The Red Shirts movement was a political movement launched by Khan Abdul Gaffar Khan, also known as Badshah Khan, in the early 1930s. Khan Abdul Gaffar Khan was a prominent leader in the Indian independence movement and a close associate of Mahatma Gandhi. He was a follower of Gandhi's principles of non-violence and believed in the power of peaceful resistance to bring about political change.

**Background of the Red Shirts Movement**

The Red Shirts movement was primarily aimed at mobilizing the Pashtun population in the North-West Frontier Province (now Khyber Pakhtunkhwa) of British India, which is now a part of Pakistan. The Pashtuns, who are predominantly Muslim, were facing various challenges under the British colonial rule, including economic exploitation and political marginalization.

**Objectives of the Red Shirts Movement**

The Red Shirts movement had several objectives:

1. Political Mobilization: The movement aimed to mobilize the Pashtun population and raise political awareness among them. Khan Abdul Gaffar Khan believed that by organizing the people, they could collectively challenge the oppressive policies of the British government.

2. Non-violence and Civil Disobedience: The Red Shirts movement followed the principles of non-violence and civil disobedience, similar to the larger Indian independence movement led by Mahatma Gandhi. Khan Abdul Gaffar Khan believed that through peaceful resistance, they could achieve their goals and bring about social and political change.

3. Education and Social Reform: Along with political mobilization, the Red Shirts movement also focused on education and social reform. Khan Abdul Gaffar Khan established schools and educational institutions to provide education to the Pashtun population and promote social welfare.

**Impact and Legacy of the Red Shirts Movement**

The Red Shirts movement had a significant impact on the Pashtun society and the larger Indian independence movement. It inspired and mobilized thousands of Pashtuns to actively participate in the struggle for independence. The movement also played a crucial role in promoting non-violence and communal harmony in a region marked by ethnic and religious tensions.

Khan Abdul Gaffar Khan's Red Shirts movement remains an important chapter in the history of the Indian independence movement and serves as a reminder of the power of peaceful resistance in the face of oppression. His efforts in mobilizing the Pashtun population and promoting education and social reform continue to inspire generations in the region.

Reasons for the withdrawal of the Civil Disobedience Movement:

1. Gandhi's concerns:
- Mahatma Gandhi felt that the movement had become disorderly and violent.
- He was concerned about the potential harm to innocent people and the loss of focus on the original goals of the movement.

2. Internal divisions:
- There were internal divisions within the Congress party regarding the direction and strategy of the movement.
- Some leaders were in favor of continuing the movement while others believed in exploring other avenues.

3. Lack of mass support:
- The movement did not receive the kind of mass support that Gandhi had expected.
- The people were fatigued from previous movements and were not as enthusiastic to participate in another round of protests.

4. Political developments:
- The Government of India Act of 1935 was passed, which introduced provincial autonomy in British India.
- The Poona Pact between Gandhi and Dr. B.R. Ambedkar helped in resolving the issue of separate electorates for the depressed classes.

5. Preparing for future struggles:
- Gandhi believed that it was important to regroup, reassess strategies, and prepare for future struggles.
- He wanted to focus on constructive programs like the promotion of Khadi and social reforms.

Conclusion:
The withdrawal of the Civil Disobedience Movement by Mahatma Gandhi in 1934 was a strategic decision taken to address concerns about disorder, internal divisions, lack of mass support, political developments, and to prepare for future struggles in the freedom movement.

**Explanation:**

The Dandi March, also known as the Salt March or Salt Satyagraha, was a significant event in the Indian independence movement led by Mahatma Gandhi. It was launched against the British Raj in India, specifically targeting the state monopoly on the manufacture and sale of salt, as well as the exorbitantly high salt tax imposed by the British government.

**1. State monopoly on manufacture and sale of salt:**
- The British Raj in India had established a state monopoly on the manufacture and sale of salt, which meant that only the government had the authority to produce and distribute salt.
- This monopoly allowed the British government to control the production and pricing of salt, limiting access to this essential commodity for the Indian population.
- The state monopoly on salt was seen as a symbol of British economic exploitation and domination over India, as it deprived Indians of their right to produce and trade salt freely.

**2. Exorbitantly high salt tax:**
- In addition to the state monopoly, the British government imposed an exorbitantly high salt tax on the Indian population.
- The salt tax was a significant burden on the poor and marginalized sections of society, who were heavily dependent on salt for their dietary needs.
- The high tax on salt made it unaffordable for many Indians, exacerbating their poverty and suffering.
- The imposition of such a high tax on an essential commodity like salt was seen as an unjust and oppressive measure by the British government.

**Both 1 and 2 are correct:**
- The Dandi March was launched to challenge and protest against both the state monopoly on the manufacture and sale of salt and the exorbitantly high salt tax imposed by the British government.
- Mahatma Gandhi and his followers marched for over 240 miles from Sabarmati Ashram to the coastal village of Dandi in Gujarat, where they would produce salt in defiance of the British monopoly and tax laws.
- The act of making salt on the shores of Dandi was a symbolic gesture of non-violent civil disobedience, aiming to mobilize the Indian population and draw attention to the unjust practices of the British government.
- The Dandi March played a crucial role in galvanizing the Indian independence movement and raising awareness about the need for self-reliance and freedom from British economic exploitation.

Therefore, both statements 1 and 2 are correct, and the correct answer is option C.

The person who announced a particular event or news can vary depending on the context.