Problem Based Questions in Biology

Genetics:
1. A couple has one child with sickle cell anemia. What is the probability that their next child will also have the disease?
2. In pea plants, yellow seed color is dominant over green seed color. If a heterozygous yellow seed plant is crossed with a green seed plant, what is the probability of the offspring having green seeds?
3. In humans, color blindness is a sex-linked recessive trait. If a man with normal vision and a woman who is a carrier for color blindness have a child, what is the probability that the child will be color blind?

Evolution:
1. In the Galapagos Islands, there are 13 species of finches that evolved from a common ancestor. How did these finches adapt to their different environments?
2. The fossil record shows evidence of extinct species that are similar to modern-day species. What does this suggest about the process of evolution?
3. Why do some organisms have vestigial structures, such as the human tailbone or the wings of flightless birds?

Cell Division:
1. A cell has 20 chromosomes. How many chromosomes will each daughter cell have after mitosis?
2. What is the difference between mitosis and meiosis?
3. What happens if a cell undergoes mitosis but fails to complete cytokinesis?